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Reconstruction of Post-War Ruined Cities Through Tourism Development Case Study: Khorram-Shahr, Iran

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Reconstruction of Post-War Ruined Cities Through Tourism Development Case Study: Khorram-Shahr, Iran RECONSTRUCTION OF POST-WAR RUINED CITIES THROUGH TOURISM DEVELOPMENT CASE STUDY: KHORRAM-SHAHR, IRAN SEYED MEHDI MIRISAEE THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT UNIVERSITY OF MALAYA KUALA LUMPUR 2017 UNIVERSITI MALAYA ORIGINAL LITERARY WORK DECLARATION Name of Candidate: Seyed Mehdi Mirisaee Registration/Matric No: BHA090014 Name of Degree: Doctor of Philosophy Title of Thesis (“this Work”): RECONSTRUCTION OF POST-WAR RUINED CITIES THROUGH TOURISM DEVELOPMENT, CASE STUDY: KHORRAM-SHAHR, IRAN Field of Study: Conservation Study I do solemnly and sincerely declare that: 1) I am the sole author/writer of this Work; 2) This Work is original; 3) Any use of any work in which copyright exists was done by way of fair dealing and for permitted purposes and any excerpt or extract from, or reference to or reproduction of any copyright work has been disclosed expressly and sufficiently and the title of the Work and its authorship have been acknowledged in this Work; 4) I do not have any actual knowledge nor do I ought reasonably to know that the making of this work constitutes an infringement of any copyright work; 5) I hereby assign all and every rights in the copyright to this Work to the University of 6) Malaya (“UM”), who henceforth shall be owner of the copyright in this Work and that any reproduction or use in any form or by any means whatsoever is prohibited without the Written consent of UM having been first had and obtained; 7) I am fully aware that if in the course of making this Work I have infringed any copyright whether intentionally or otherwise, I may be subject to legal action or any other action as may be determined by UM. Candidate’s Signature Date: 12/07/2017 Subscribed and solemnly declared before, Witness’s Signature Date: Name: Designation: ii ABSTRACT Reconstruction of post-war ruined cities is one of the most important objectives for the public and governments, because the ultimate goal is to repatriate immigrants and to establish an ordinary life for new and former residents after the conflict. Communities that have experienced urban restoration in the past decade chose the tourism sector as a potential source of revenue, which subsequently contributes to urban reconstruction. Nonetheless, the potential of tourism development in the post-war reconstruction has been minimally investigated by researchers. Thus, the question on how to use post-war tourism potential to reconstruct ruined cities after war remains unclear. This study focuses on tourism strategies in the reconstruction of the post-war city of Khorramshahr, Iran, which had significant urban destructions and the social changes to the city after eight years of conflict although had the prosperous background in tourism. Aspects of the research were on tourism strategies in the reconstruction of the post-war city based on the four main concepts that were derived from the literature review: government policy, architecture, urban fabric, and infrastructure. The sequential mixed method (qualitative and quantitative) was adopted to carry out this study. The findings of this study highlighted: firstly, the important evidences to support the need to review the current tourism policy in Khorramshahr to build support of residents and to improve the flow of tourism benefits to them. Secondly, the Jame Mosque area and the river banks as post-war tourism have been the most relevant tourist attraction criteria in Khorramshahr. Based on the above findings, this study offered some suggestions that: (a) the government roles should be revised to provide opportunities for the private sector and resident of Khorramshahr; (b) the attractions of new development that can work with the leisure tourism should be identified; and (c) the harbour plays an important role and its significance in the reconstruction process should be given due consideration. Significantly, this study provided the valuable reference materials to urban policy-makers, designers, architects, and tourism stakeholders from the study outcomes with regard to development of post-war tourism. iii ABSTRAK Membangunkan semula bandar-bandar yang musnah akibat perang selepas tamat konflik merupakan salah satu objektif utama pihak awam atau kerajaan yang bertujuan untuk mengembalikan kehidupan biasa penduduk dan menghantar pulang pendatang atau pelarian ke tempat asal mereka. Kebanyakan komuniti yang berpengalaman dalam pemuliharaan bandar beberapa dekad lalu telah memilih sektor pelancongan sebagai sumber potensi pendapatan yang seterusnya boleh menyumbang kepada pemuliharaan bandar. Namunbegitu kajian potensi pelancongan selepas tamat perang bagi bandar-bandar yang musnah tersebut sangatlah kurang di jalankan oleh penyelidik-penyelidik. Oleh itu, persoalan tentang bagaimana untuk menggunakan potensi pelancongan kepada regenerasi Bandar terutamanya bandar yang musnah akibat perang masih lagi tidak jelas. Kajian ini memfokuskan kepada strategi pelancongan dalam pembinaan semula bandar Khoram Shar, Iran yang mengalami kerosakan teruk dalam perang selama lapan tahun dan telah mengalami perubahan sosial walaupun dahulunya mempunyai latarbelakang pelancongan yang makmur. Aspek yang di kaji adalah strategi-strategi pelancongan dalam membangunkan semula Bandar berdasar kanempat pemboleh-ubah utama yang diperolehi daripada kajian literatur. Metod kajian bercampur antara Kualitatif dan Kuantitatif yang berturutan telah digunpakai dalam kajian ini. Hasil daripada kajian ini telah menunjukkan: pertama, bukti-bukti utama yang menyokong keperluan untuk mengkaji semula dasar-dasar pelancongan sedia ada di Khoram Shar untuk membina sokongan penduduk tempatan dan membaiki penyaluran keuntungan daripada pelancongan kepada mereka; kedua, kawasan masjid tertua dan kawasan tebing sungai sebagai sumber semulajadi telah menjadi ciri-ciri tarikan pelancongan paling sesuai bagi bandar-bandar selepas perang Iran. iv Berdasarkan hasil kajian seperti di atas, cadangan yang boleh dikemukakan oleh kajian ini adalah: (a) kerajaan yang memberi peluang kepada sector swasta perlu disemak semula; (b) daya tarikan pembangunan baru yang sesuai dengan pelancongan sambil riadah perlu dikenalpasti; dan (c) peranan utama pelabuhan dan pentingnya dalam proses pembinaan semula perlu diberi pertimbangan sewajarnya. Ternyata sekali bahawa kajian ini telah mengemukakan ciri-ciri tarikan pelancong utama yang sangat sesuai untuk diguna-pakai dalam pemulihan bandar yang musnah akibat perang di Iran dan boleh menjadi bahan rujukan kepada pembuat dasar bandar, perekabentuk bandar, arkitek dan orang yang berkepentingan dalam pelancongan. Sebagai rumusan, adalah jelas bahawa dasar-dasar pelancongan sedia ada yang digunapakai oleh pihak berkuasa tidak memberi kesan yang signifikan dalam pembinaan semula bandar; dan aktiviti pelancongan sekarang tidak digemari oleh penduduk tempatan kerana mereka tidak dapat melihat bagaimana keuntungan boleh diperolehi daripada pelancongan selepas perang masa kini. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Firstly, praise be to Allah, Lord of the worlds. It would not have been possible to write this doctoral thesis without the help and support of the kind people, to only some of whom it is possible to give particular mention here. Foremost, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisors Professor Dr. Yahaya Ahmad, Dr. Ibrahim Mohd @ Ahmad and Associate Professor Dr. Faizah Ahmad for the continuous support of my PhD study and research, for his patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and immense knowledge. I extend my thanks to the faculty because all I know so far from the research, have learnt in university Malaya. I would like to thank all academic staffs in University of Malaya for the invaluable guidance and insight. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family that encouraged me from far distance. Finally, my heartfelt gratitude is dedicated to my kind wife for her graciously patient and for enduring the hardships of being away from each other. I always take advantage of her kind support and inspiration. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT iii ABSTRAK iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT vi TABLE OF CONTENTS vii LIST OF FIGURE xiii LIST OF TABELS xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Problem Statement 4 1.3 Research Gap 5 1.4 Research Aim and Objectives 6 1.5 Significance of the Research 8 1.5.1 Complexities of Post-war Reconstruction 8 1.5.2 Tourism and Urban Reconstruction 11 1.6 Overview of Research Methodology 14 1.7 Scope and Limitation of the Research 15 1.8 Research Report Structure 17 CHAPTER 2: POST-WAR RECONSTRUCTION AND TOURISM DEVELOPMENT 21 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Terminology and Definition of Reconstruction 23 vii 2.3 Theoretical Foundation and Reconstruction Strategies 24 2.3.1 Physical and Operational Based Strategies for Reconstruction 27 2.3.2 Integrated Strategy for Reconstruction 31 2.3.3 Social Based Strategies for Reconstruction 33 2.3.4 Reconstruction as Development Continuum 35 2.4 Specification of Post-war Reconstruction in Urban Areas 37 2.4.1 Scale of Destructions 38 2.4.2 Reconstruction during the War 38 2.4.3 Political Considerations for Reconstruction 39 2.4.4 Relocation of Cities for Reconstruction 40 2.5 Tourism Development and Urban Reconstruction 41 2.5.1 Level of Tourism Development Plans 42 2.5.2 Tourism and Host Community Development 44 2.5.3 Tourism as a Peace Promoter for Post-war Reconstruction 46 2.5.4 War Remnants as Tourist Attractions 47 2.6 Reviews of Urban Reconstruction Strategies through Tourism Development 48 2.6.1
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