JOURNAL OF UKRAINIAN STUDIES John-Paul Himka: Serfdom in Galicia iBaH C. KoponeijBKHH : YnpaiHCLKHn eKOHOMicT iBaH BepHaflCBKHH Iurii Badzo: An Open Letter to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU KDpifi IIepcJ)eLi;bKHH : ynpamcLKi mobhI pncn b dijiopycBKifi xpoHii^i Bhxobi^b BepoHiKa IIIyBap: ynpamctKi MHCTeijbKi od’e^HaHHa b Kmu;i XIX - nonaTKy XX ctojutth Jaroslaw Zurowsky: Ievhen Deslav: A Forgotten Ukrainian Filmmaker Guide to Research Reviews 17 WINTER 1984 MANAGING EDITOR Roman Senkus EDITORIAL BOARD Bohdan Bociurkiw, Carleton University • Yury Boshyk, University of Toronto • Oleh Ilnytzkyj, University of Alberta • Wsevolod W. Isajiw, University of Toronto • Bohdan Krawchenko, University of Alberta • Manoly R. Lupul, University of Alberta • Peter J. Potichnyj, McMaster University • Bohdan Rubchak, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle • Roman Serbyn, Universite du Quebec a Montreal • Myroslav Shkandrij, University of Manitoba • Danylo H. Struk, University of Toronto • Orest Subtelny, York University. The Journal of Ukrainian Studies is published semiannually, in the summer and winter, by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. Annual sub- scription rates are $9.00 for individuals and $13.00 for libraries and insti- tutions. Cheques and money orders are payable in Canadian or American funds only to Journal of Ukrainian Studies. Please do not send cash. Subscribers outside Canada: please pay in U.S. funds. The Journal publishes articles on Ukrainian-related subjects in the humani- ties and social sciences. The criterion for acceptance of submissions is their scholarly contribution to the field of Ukrainian studies. The Journal also publishes translations, documents, information, book reviews, letters and journalistic articles of a problem-oriented, controversial nature. Those wishing to submit manuscripts should observe the guidelines on the inside back cover. Manuscripts, books for review, and all correspondence regarding sub- scriptions, changes of address, and editorial matters should be sent to: Journal of Ukrainian Studies, Department of Slavic Languages and Literatures, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada, M5S 1A1. (C) 1984 by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies. Typesetting by Harmony Printing Limited, Toronto, Canada. Printed by the University of Toronto Press. ISSN 0228-1635 JOURNAL OF UKRAINIAN STUDIES Volume 9, Number 2 Winter 1984 Articles John-Paul Himka. Serfdom in Galicia 3 lean C. Koponeybnuu. yKpaiHCBKHH eKOHOMicT iBaH BepHaActKHH 29 lurii Badzo. An Open Letter to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU 47 lOpiu nep<fieU/bK,uu. ynpamctKi MOBHi pncn b OijiopycbKin xpomiji Ehxobijh 71 Beponina Ulyeap. yKpamcBKi MHCTeijbKi oO’eflHaHHH b Kimji XIX—nonaTKy XX ctojiIttb: 79 Jaroslaw Zurowsky: Ievhen Deslav: A Forgotten Ukrainian Filmmaker 87 Guide to Research The Archival and Manuscript Collection of the Shevchenko Scientific Society, New York City (Yury Boshyk, Roman Waschuk, and Andriy Wynnyckyj) 93 Reviews Maurycy Horn. Walka chfopow czerwonoruskich z wyzyskiem feudalnym w latach 1600-16lf8, part 3: Opor chtopski w dobrach szlacheckich wystapienia wtoscian przeciw obcym panom (Stepan Velychenko) 105 George Luckyj. Panteleimon Kulish : A Sketch of His Life and Times (Romana Bahrij-Pikulyk) 107 Paul R. Magocsi. The Rusyn-Ukrainians of Czechoslovakia : An Historical Survey (IlaBjio Mypainico) 112 Vasyl Veryha. Dorohamy druhoi svitovoi viiny: Legendy pro uchast ukraintsiv u Varshavskomu povstanni 191f.li r. ta u pro Ukrainsku Dyviziiu Halychyna” (Lubomyr Y. Luciuk) 115 Hryhorii Kostiuk. U sviti idei i obraziv. Vybrane : Krytychni ta istoryko-literaturni rozdumy (Myroslav Shkandrij) 116 Heroes of Their Day : The Reminiscences of BohdanPanchuk (Stanley W. Frolick) 118 Antin Hlynka, posol Federalnoho Parlamentu Kanady (Stanley W. Frolick) 122 Books Received 124 Letter to the Editor 126 Journal Contributors John-Paul Himka is an assistant professor of East European history at the University of Alberta. He is the author of Socialism in Galicia: The Emergence of Polish Social Democracy and Ukrainian Radicalism ( 1860- 1890) (1983). Iwan S. Koropeckyj is a professor of economics at Temple University in Philadelphia. An expert on Soviet economics, he is the author of nu- merous articles and the editor of The Ukraine within the USSR: An Economic Balance Sheet (1977), Soviet Regional Economics: Selected Works of Vsevolod Holubnychy (1982), and Selected Contributions of Ukrainian Scholars to Economics (1984). George A. Perfecky is an associate professor of Slavic linguistics at La Salle University in Philadelphia. A specialist on Ukrainian medieval and cossack chronicles, he is the author of numerous articles and The Hypatian Codex, II : The Galician-Volynian Chronicle (1973). Veronika Shuvar is an art historian living in Eastern Europe. Jaroslaw Zurowsky is a Ph.D. candidate in Ukrainian literature at the University of Ottawa. TKypHaJi TKypHaji John-Paul Himka SERFDOM IN GALICIA In working on a study of the Ukrainian national movement’s pene- 1 tration into the Galician village in the late nineteenth century , I found that my story made little sense without a description of the socioeconomic relations that really forged the Ukrainian peas- antry in Galicia, namely the relations of serfdom. Therefore I composed this descriptive essay. It is based largely on the impor- tant work on Galician serfdom by the Ukrainian Marxist historian Roman Rozdolsky and on an excellent collection of source materials 2 published in Soviet Ukraine . I have supplemented these materials with documents I found in the archives in Lviv as well as with other sources I had at hand. This is not an exhaustive treatment of the subject, but it should sqrve to introduce English-language readers to a topic unjustly neglected in Ukrainian studies in North America. 1 The study, from a preliminary draft of which this article is ex- tracted, will be published by the Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies under the title “The Awakening Village.” 2 Roman Rozdolski, Stosunki poddancze w dawnej Galicji, 2 vols. (Warsaw: Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe, Klasova borotba 1962) ; selianstva Skhidnoi Halychyny (1772-1849) : Dokumenty i materialy (Kiev: Naukova dumka, 1974). Journal of Ukrainian Studies 9, no. 2 {Winter 1984) — : Journal The Nature of Serfdom Ta iak tiazhko na tu horu kamin vykotyty Oi tak davno bulo tiazhko panshchynu robyty. Ukrainian folk song3 Under serfdom, Galician peasants paid rents in labour, nature, and money to the lord of the manor, the state, and the church. According to the land cadastre of 1810-20, peasants paid out 84.7 percent of their annual income in rents. The lion’s share of rents went to the landlords (80.0 percent), the rest to the state (16.1 percent) and church (2.8 percent). The greater part of feudal rents was paid in labour (83.2 percent in 1845), and much less in nature (10.8 percent) and money (6.0 percent).4 The primary labour rent was the corvee, unpaid labour on the lord’s estate. The corvee was reminiscent of slavery, but the serf was no slave. The slave was nothing more than an instrument of production for his master; the serf, however, was a self-sustain- ing producer who worked a certain number of days on the lord’s estate and a certain number of days on his own farm, which pro- duced his means of subsistence. All the slave’s labour belonged to his master, while the serf’s labour was divided in two, with a clear separation in time and space. 5 Under old Poland, serfs could be forced to perform corvee labour for as much as four, five, or even six days a week. The Austrian government, however, prohibited imposing more than three days a week on any peasant. 6 The number of days of corvee required annually varied from village to village and was recorded in a document known as the inventory. The number of days of corvee required of individual serfs in a particular village depended 3 “As hard as it is to roll a stone up a hill, that’s how hard it used to be to do corvee labour.” “Na panskii roboti,” in Khodyly opryshky Zbirnyk, ed. I. M. Senko (Uzhhorod: Karpaty, 1983), 45. 4 F. I. Steblii, “Peredmova,” Klasova borotba, 10. See also Rozdolski, 1:262-3, and R. Rosdolsky, “The Distribution of the Agrarian Product in Feudalism,” Journal of Economic History 11 (summer 1951) : 247-65. 5 Rozdolski, Stosunki poddancze, 1:121, 129-30. Labour rent “is not only directly unpaid surplus-labour, but also appears as such.” Karl Marx, Capital, 3 vols. (New York: International Publishers, New World Paper- backs, 1967), 3:790. 6 Rozdolski, Stosunki poddancze, 1:174-75. 4 ^KypHaji on the stratum to which they belonged, which in turn was deter- mined by the size of their farm. Thus the inventory for Mechy- shchiv, Berezhany circle, 7 compiled in 1773, established that serfs with more than 12 Joch8 of land would be considered half peasants; serfs with less than 9 Joch would be considered gardeners. 9 So- called full peasants were obliged to perform the maximum corvee in the village. For example, full peasants in Ivachiv Dolishnii, Ter- nopil circle, performed 133 days of corvee a year, while half peas- ants performed 81, and quarter peasants, as well as gardeners, per- formed 52. 10 The corvee was rendered either with draught animals provided by the peasant or without draught animals (“pedestrian corvee”). Generally, full peasants did corvee labour with two draught animals, half peasants with one, and the lower strata of the peasantry with none. For this reason, full, half, and quarter peasants were also known respectively as “paired” peasants, “single” peasants, and “pedestrians.” 11 Galician landlords did not reconcile themselves easily to the imperial government’s limitation on the number of weekly corvee days, that is, three for a full peasant. Some landlords demanded that their serfs compensate them in money for the abolished labour days, threatening to confiscate land or cattle from serfs who did not pay.