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The Urban Features of the Formation of the Ensemble Development of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra (The Latter Half of the 17Th-18Th Centuries)

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The Urban Features of the Formation of the Ensemble Development of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra (The Latter Half of the 17Th-18Th Centuries) DOI: 10.4467/25438700SM.18.075.9991 OKSANA CHOBITKO* The urban features of the formation of the ensemble development of the kyiv-pechersk lavra (the latter half of the 17th-18th centuries) Abstract Significant development of monastic construction in the Naddnipryanshchyna (the Dnipro Ukraine), Livoberezhzhia (the Left-bank Ukraine) and Slobozhanshchyna (Sloboda Ukraine) during the time of the Hetmanate had a solid socio-political background, the main of which was the liberation from the national and religious oppression and the formation of statehood. The economic conditions were no less important. The economic power of the monasteries allowed to rebuild the ancient monasteries, which already had brick buildings, rebuilt the ancient monasteries that were entirely wooden to the masonry ones. The subject of the formation of stone building on the territory of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra in the 17th -18th centuries is of ex- ceptional interest for research, as it is the only architectural ensemble, united by unique monuments, which has no analogues in the Ukrainian architecture. Key words: urban aspect, Orthodox monasteries, the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra Introduction transport – life support and trading function), According to historical experience, a large number of favorable climate, soils (agricultural function). An architectural monuments was built considering the na- example is the location of St. Michael’s Golden- tural environment, and when it comes to religious buil- Domed Monastery, the Upper and Lower Lavra, dings of the Hetmanate in the lands of the Dnipro and Vydubychi Monastery [4, 10-13]. It is precisely in the Left-bank Ukraine, they tried to locate them on the the time of the Hetmanate that the prosperity of most picturesque high-rise sites, with the possibility of Orthodoxy begins after years of long unfavorable viewing them from afar, and in the presence of water Uniate domination. In the days of the Hetmanate files – rivers, lakes, ponds – with the inclusion of them in until the days of Catherine the Great, who began the general composition [7–9]. A typical example of the the policy of secularization – the removal of Hetmanate’s time is a temple or monastic ensemble si- the monastery land into the state treasury – tuated on a high bank of a river or on a hill above a lake, the monasteries and temples were the richest surrounded by greenery, at a certain distance from the landowners who had plough lands, vegetable background development [7-9]. The temple building plots, gardens, apiaries, lakes and hayfields. kept the same tradition in the future. For example, St.Sophia Monastery, St. Andrew’s 1. Characteristics of the urban ensemble of the Church, Three Saints Church, St. Michael’s Golden- Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra. Domed Monastery, Upper and Lower Lavra, Trinity As already noted, the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra occupies Monastery of St. Jonas, Vydubychi Monastery in Kyiv a special place among the ensemble development were built on rising ground [7-9]. Often the existence of of the Hetmanate. ancient caves in the mountains was an additional factor The periodization of the planning and compositional for the location of the monastery [12]. structure of this complex should be determined. Thus, the monastery was often officially founded in The town-planning basis of the Upper Lavra the days of the Hetmanate, and the settlements in this ensembles, the territories of the Near and Far place or the caves of the hermits in the mountains could Caves, the Pechersk town with their boundaries, have existed since ancient times, which was explained check points, planning and spatial links, which had by a combination of favorable factors: rising ground been defined in previous times, was preserved (protection and complete inspection – defense function), in the Mazepa period. As before, there is a clear availability of water (water supply, fish farming, river functional division of the territory into a residential * Oksana Chobitko, architect, postgraduate student of Kyiv National University of Construction and Architecture, [email protected] 29 (a town with a market) and monastic. The foundations of section. It is a single-domed, pillarless building the architectural and town-planning peculiarities of this without a passage. The volume and spatial solution territory, the main ways that linked the structural parts of of this structure is characteristic of the church the complex with each other and with the environment building: in plan view it is a Greek cross with blunt were laid. angles of the branches – typical for traditional Analysis of the dynamics of the development of the Kyiv- crossing-square temples of this period. Initially, this Pechersk Lavra ensemble and the Pechersk town at this tower, like the Church of All Saints, was probably time indicates, firstly, about the active change of wooden characterized by its completion – a dome with structures by stone ones, and secondly, about the a cupola crowned with a cross (not preserved). abundance of the architectural dominants on the territory This cupola can still be seen on iconographic of the Pechersk, and thirdly, about significant work on sources of the second half of the 18th century. improving the system of fortifications of the Pechersk. Thus, this tower is depicted with a baroque cupola It was then that the architectural ensemble of the Kyiv- on a light tholobate in the drawing of 1780 with Pechersk Monastery and the system of fortifications of a panorama of the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery. Four the Pechersk were formed, which can rightly be referred faceted dimensional towers rising from the cross of as the most important urban measures of the Mazepa the plan, are completed with the gables. era. The defensive structures played the most important Another tower with the church in the name of role in this process. Like all other Orthodox monasteries, Venerable John Kushnik, patron of Hetmans I. the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery played the role of suburban Samoilovych and I. Mazepa, was built in 1696 and, fortification and had its defensive fortifications, which at according to some researchers, on the means the turn of the 17th – 18th centuries have undergone radical that Hetman I. Mazepa took from the treasures of restructuring. During this period a solid stone wall with I.Samoilovych. towers and gates, with gate churches was built around The construction of this church tower is two Ill. 2. Dormition Cathedral. Fot. O. Chobitko it. Construction was carried out between 1695 and 1706 octagons one on the other, covered with a dome, years. The north-western wall was built not earlier than with a false lamp. This tower was recorded in 1744 1697, because a brick, which indicated this year, was by V. Bertholz. complex and bright Mazepa era in the end of the 17th Monastery. It should be noted that the basis of found on this site. The Holy Gates of the Kyiv-Pechersk Monastery – and 18th centuries, since the architectural monuments the aforementioned city-forming process was the The leading role in the formation of the architectural Trinity Gate Church, is located in the center of the are not worse than the written sources revealing the principle of the spatial and structural unity of the city perception of the monastery belonged to the main gate, western part of the defensive wall. The appearance peculiarities of the Ukrainian construction culture of that and the landscape. Enriched with the construction which was called the Holy and was located in the Ukrainian of the Trinity Gate Church during the restoration, time. The lower chronological limit of the formation of of the stone fence with towers and temples – the Orthodox monasteries, depending on the town-planning performed during the times of Mazepa, has the Lavra development in the time of the Hetmanate important architectural accents of the ensemble, situation, mainly from the west or south. The installation undergone some changes. period was determined by 1648 – the beginning of the the panorama of the Pechersk Monastery acquired of one more gates in the northern part of the defensive Liberation War (the Khmelnytskyi Uprising ), which a vivid and picturesque character. wall made some influence on the subsequent planning 2. Features of urban, architectural and building resulted in significant changes in architecture and The control over the construction of the wall of the monastery. These gates were called Konovski in traditions of the Mazepa era urban development. The upper chronological limit was carried out by Hetman I. Mazepa himself, as some archival documents of the 18th century. The analysis of the formation of the architectural was determined not by the year 1765, the moment of evidenced by his long stay in Kyiv, in particular, in The system of the monastic defensive wall also includes ensemble makes it possible to follow the ideological liquidation of hetmanship according to the decree of the Pechersk town. For example, it was there that the Onufry Tower-temple, which is located on its eastern foundations of the Ukrainian culture of the very Empress Catherine the Great, but by the year 1781, Mazepa signed the Universal dated September 30, when Ukraine was divided into the provinces. 1700, as well as the Univarsal dated October 27 of Witnesses of the era are important to cover the issues that year. Ill. 1. View to the territory of the Upper Lavra. Fot. O. Chobitko of architecture and the formation of the architectural Form of monastic life in the Pechersk monastery on ensemble of the Kyiv-Pechersk Lavra of the Mazepa the basis of the statute of St. Theodore the Studite time. First and foremost these are the architectural needed a special territory and a certain functional monuments that have survived to this day, including zoning. It was according to the above-mentioned the monastic wall around the Upper Lavra with a gate design that he built his architectural ensemble.
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