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Primera Guerra Mundial 1 Primera Guerra Mundial Primera Guerra Mundial 1 Primera Guerra Mundial Primera Guerra Mundial De izquierda a derecha y de arriba a abajo: Soldados de la 4ª División de Artillería australiana el 29 de octubre de 1917, durante la Tercera Batalla de Ypres. Memorial del osario de Douaumont, donde descansan los restos de soldados muertos durante la Batalla de Verdún. Aviones alemanes Albatros D.III estacionados en Francia en marzo de 1917. Soldados revolucionarios rusos en la Avenida Foundry de Petrogrado durante la Revolución de Febrero. Dos soldados británicos equipados con máscaras antigas y una ametralladora Vickers en junio de 1916, durante la Batalla del Somme. Trinchera alemana conquistada por soldados aliados en el transcurso de la Batalla del Somme. Fecha 28 de julio de 1914 - 11 de noviembre de 1918 Lugar Europa, África, Oriente Medio y brevemente en China, las costas de América del Norte y Sur y las islas del Océano Pacífico) Causas Asesinato del archiduque Francisco Fernando de Austria (28 de junio), declaración de guerra austríaca a Serbia (28 de julio) y movilización rusa contra Austria-Hungría (29 de julio). Resultado Victoria aliada • Disolución de los imperios alemán, austrohúngaro, otomano y ruso. • Formación de nuevos países en Europa y Oriente Medio. • Transferencia de colonias alemanas y otras regiones del antiguo Imperio Otomano a los Aliados u otros poderes. • Creación de la Sociedad de Naciones. (más...) Beligerantes Primera Guerra Mundial 2 Potencias Centrales: Imperio austrohúngaro [1] Imperio alemán Imperio colonial alemán Imperio otomano Reino de Bulgaria (1915-18) Aliados de las Potencias Centrales: Emirato de Jabal Shammar Estado de Dervish Sultanato de Darfur República Democrática de Azerbaiyán ...y otrosAliados: Francia África Occidental Francesa Marruecos Francés Reino Unido Australia Canadá India Británica Nueva Zelanda Sudáfrica Terranova Imperio ruso (1914-17) Reino de Italia (1915-18) Libia italiana Estados Unidos (1917-18) Bélgica Imperio del Japón Grecia (1917-18) Reino de Montenegro Rumania (1916-18) Reino de Serbia República Portuguesa (1917-18) ...y otros Figuras políticas Primera Guerra Mundial 3 Francisco José I Carlos I Guillermo II de Alemania Mehmed V Fernando I de Bulgaria Raymond Poincaré René Viviani Georges Clemenceau Jorge V del Reino Unido Herbert Henry Asquith David Lloyd George Nicolás II de Rusia Víctor Manuel III Woodrow Wilson Fernando I de Rumania Pedro I de Serbia Emperador Taishō Alberto I de Bélgica Józef Piłsudski Comandantes Franz Conrad von Hötzendorf Erich von Falkenhayn Paul von Hindenburg Erich Ludendorff Alfred von Tirpitz Reinhard Scheer Franz von Hipper İsmail Enver Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Nikola Zhekov Philippe Pétain Joseph Joffre Ferdinand Foch Louis Franchet d'Espèrey Robert Nivelle John Jellicoe Douglas Haig Nikolái Ivánov Nicolás Nikoláyevich Románov el Joven Alexéi Brusílov Luigi Cadorna Armando Diaz John J. Pershing Constantin Prezan Radomir Putnik Fuerzas en combate Primera Guerra Mundial 4 [2] 13 250 000 12 000 000 7 800 000 8 841 541 2 998 321 8 660 000 1 200 000 5 615 140 Total: 25.248.321 4 743 826 1 234 000 800 000 707 343 380 000 250 000 Total: 42.959.850 Bajas Soldados Soldados Muertos: 4 386 000 Muertos: 5 520 000 Heridos: 8 388 000 Heridos: 12 831 000 Desaparecidos: Desaparecidos: [3] 3 629 000 4 121 000 Total: 16.403.000 bajas Total: 22.477.500 bajas La Primera Guerra Mundial, también conocida como Gran Guerra,[4] En Alemania «der grosse Krieg» era la Guerra de los Treinta Años.[5]</ref> fue una guerra mundial, focalizada principalmente en Europa, que comenzó el 28 de julio de 1914 y finalizó el 11 de noviembre de 1918. Hasta el comienzo de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, esta guerra era llamada Gran Guerra o simplemente Guerra Mundial. En Estados Unidos originalmente se la nombró como Guerra Europea. Más de 9 millones de combatientes perdieron la vida, una cifra extraordinariamente elevada, dada la sofisticación tecnológica e industrial de los beligerantes, con su consiguiente estancamiento táctico. Está considerado el quinto conflicto más mortífero de la historia de la Humanidad.[6] Tal fue la convulsión que provocó la guerra, que allanó el camino a grandes cambios políticos, incluyendo numerosas revoluciones con un carácter nunca antes visto, en varias de las naciones involucradas. En la guerra se vieron involucradas todas las grandes potencias industriales y militares de la época, divididas en dos alianzas opuestas. Por un lado se encontraba la Triple Alianza, formada por las Potencias Centrales: el Imperio alemán y Austria-Hungría. Italia, que había sido miembro de la Triple Alianza junto a Alemania y Austria-Hungría, no se unió a las Potencias Centrales, pues Austria, en contra de los términos pactados, fue la nación agresora que desencadenó el conflicto.Por otro lado se encontraba la Triple Entente, formada por el Reino Unido, Francia y el Imperio Ruso. Ambas alianzas sufrieron cambios y fueron varias las naciones que acabarían ingresando en las filas de uno u otro bando según avanzaba la guerra: Italia, Japón, el Reino Unido y Estados Unidos se unieron a la Triple Entente, mientras el Imperio Otomano y Bulgaria se unieron a las Potencias Centrales (Triple Alianza). En total, más de 70 millones de militares, incluyendo 60 millones de europeos, se movilizaron y combatieron en la guerra más grande de la historia. Aunque el imperialismo que venían desarrollando desde hacía décadas las potencias involucradas fue la principal causa subyacente, el detonante del conflicto se produjo el 28 de junio de 1914 en Sarajevo con el asesinato del archiduque Francisco Fernando de Austria.[7] Su verdugo fue Gavrilo Princip, un joven nacionalista serbio. Este suceso desató una crisis diplomática cuando Austria-Hungría dio un ultimátum al Reino de Serbia y se invocaron las distintas alianzas internacionales forjadas a lo largo de las décadas anteriores. En pocas semanas, todas las grandes potencias europeas estaban en guerra y el conflicto se extendió por todo el mundo. El 28 de julio, los austro-húngaros iniciaron las hostilidades con el intento de invasión de Serbia. Mientras Rusia se movilizaba, Alemania invadió Bélgica, que se había declarado neutral, y Luxemburgo en su camino a Francia. La Primera Guerra Mundial 5 violación de la soberanía belga llevó al Reino Unido a declarar la guerra a Alemania. Los alemanes fueron detenidos por los franceses a pocos kilómetros de París, iniciándose una guerra de desgaste en las que las líneas de trincheras apenas sufrirían variación alguna hasta 1917. Este frente es conocido como Frente Occidental. En el Frente Oriental, el ejército ruso logró algunas victorias frente a los austro-húngaros, pero fueron detenidos por los alemanes en su intento de invadir Prusia Oriental. En noviembre de 1914, el Imperio Otomano entró en la guerra, lo que significó la apertura de distintos frentes en el Caúcaso, Mesopotamia y el Sinaí. Italia y Bulgaria se unieron a la guerra en 1915, Rumania en 1916 y Estados Unidos en 1917. Tras años de relativo estancamiento, la guerra empezó su desenlace en marzo de 1917 con la caída del gobierno ruso tras la Revolución de Febrero y a la firma de un acuerdo de paz entre la Rusia revolucionaria y las Potencias Centrales tras la célebre Revolución de Octubre en marzo de 1918. El 4 de noviembre de 1918, el Imperio Austro-Húngaro solicitó un armisticio. Tras una gran ofensiva alemana a principios de 1918 a lo largo de todo el Frente Occidental, los Aliados hicieron retroceder a los alemanes en una serie de exitosas ofensivas. Alemania, en plena revolución, solicitó un armisticio el 11 de noviembre de 1918, poniendo fin a la guerra con la victoria aliada. Tras el fin de la guerra, cuatro grandes imperios dejaron de existir, el alemán, ruso, austro-húngaro y otomano. Los Estados sucesores de los dos primeros perdieron una parte importante de sus antiguos territorios, mientras que los dos últimos se desmantelaron. El mapa de Europa y sus fronteras cambiaron completamente y varias naciones se independizaron o se crearon. Al calor de la Primera Guerra Mundial también se fraguó la Revolución rusa, que concluyó con la creación del primer Estado autodenominado socialista de la historia, la Unión Soviética. Se fundó la Sociedad de Naciones, con el objetivo de evitar que un conflicto de tal magnitud se volviera a repetir. Sin embargo, dos décadas después estalló la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Entre sus razones se pueden señalar: el alza de los nacionalismos, una cierta debilidad de los Estados democráticos, la humillación sentida por Alemania tras su derrota, las grandes crisis económicas y, sobre todo, el auge del fascismo. La Paz Armada A finales del siglo XIX, el Reino Unido dominaba el mundo tecnológico, financiero, económico y sobre todo político. Alemania y Estados Unidos le disputaban el predominio industrial y comercial. Durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX y los inicios del siglo XX se produjo el reparto colonial de África (a excepción de Liberia y Etiopía) y de Asia Meridional entre las potencias europeas, así como el gradual aumento de la presencia europea y japonesa en China, un estado que para entonces se hallaba muy debilitado. Reino Unido y Francia, las dos principales potencias coloniales, se enfrentaron en 1898 y 1899 en el denominado incidente de Faschoda, en Sudán, pero el rápido ascenso del Imperio alemán hizo que los dos países se unieran a través de la Entente cordiale. Alemania, que solamente poseía colonias en Camerún, Namibia, África Oriental, algunas islas del Pacífico (Nueva Guinea, las Marianas, las Carolinas, las Islas Salomón, entre otras) y enclaves comerciales en China, empezó a pretender más a medida que aumentaba su poderío militar y económico posterior a su unificación en 1871. Una desacertada diplomacia fue aislando al Reich, que sólo podía contar con la alianza incondicional del Imperio austrohúngaro. Por su parte, el Imperio ruso y, en menor medida, los Estados Unidos controlaban vastos territorios, unidos por largas líneas férreas (Transiberiano y ferrocarril Atlántico-Pacífico, respectivamente).
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