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Cold War and Black Liberation: the United States and White Rule in Africa, 1948-1968

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Cold War and Black Liberation: the United States and White Rule in Africa, 1948-1968 Cold War and black liberation: the United States and white rule in Africa, 1948-1968 http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20013 Use of the Aluka digital library is subject to Aluka’s Terms and Conditions, available at http://www.aluka.org/page/about/termsConditions.jsp. By using Aluka, you agree that you have read and will abide by the Terms and Conditions. Among other things, the Terms and Conditions provide that the content in the Aluka digital library is only for personal, non-commercial use by authorized users of Aluka in connection with research, scholarship, and education. The content in the Aluka digital library is subject to copyright, with the exception of certain governmental works and very old materials that may be in the public domain under applicable law. Permission must be sought from Aluka and/or the applicable copyright holder in connection with any duplication or distribution of these materials where required by applicable law. Aluka is a not-for-profit initiative dedicated to creating and preserving a digital archive of materials about and from the developing world. For more information about Aluka, please see http://www.aluka.org Cold War and black liberation: the United States and white rule in Africa, 1948-1968 Author/Creator Noer, Thomas J. Publisher University of Missouri Press (Columbia) Date 1985 Resource type Books Language English Subject Coverage (spatial) United States, Southern Africa (region) Coverage (temporal) 1948 - 1968 Source Northwestern University Libraries, Melville J. Herskovits Library of African Studies, 327.6073 N769c Rights Reprinted from Cold War and Black Liberation: The United States and White Rule in Africa, 1948-1969 by Thomas J. Noer, by permission of the University of Missouri Press, copyright (c) 1985 by the Curators of the University of Missouri. Description This book, based principally on archives in the United States, including four presidential libraries, State Department records, and private papers of former government officials, describes U.S. policy toward the white governments of South Africa, Rhodesia, and the Portuguese colonies during the period of 1948 to 1969, covering the presidencies of Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, John F. Kennedy, and Lyndon B. Johnson. Format extent 296 pages (length/size) http://www.aluka.org/action/showMetadata?doi=10.5555/AL.SFF.DOCUMENT.crp2b20013 http://www.aluka.org Northwestern University Library Evanston, Illinois 60201 LLIL Cold War and Black Liberation COLD WAR and ~A BLACK LIBERATION The United States and White Rule in Africa, 1948-1968 Thomas J. Noer I University of Missouri Press Columbia, 1985 'I /.~. y Copyright © 1985 by The Curators of the University of Missouri University of Missouri Press, Columbia, Missouri 65211 Printed and bound in the United States of America All rights reserved A FR Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Noer, Thomas J. Cold War and Black liberation. Bibliography: p. Includes index. 1. Africa-Foreign relations-United States. 2. United States-Foreign relations-Africa. 3. Africa-Foreign relations-1945-1960. 4. Africa-Foreign relations-1960- . 5. United States-Foreign relations-19456. Decolonization- Africa. 7. National liberation movements-Africa. I. Title. DT38.5.A35N64 1985 327.7306 84-19665 ISBN 0-8262-0458-9 ( TM This paper meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standard for Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, Z39.48, 1984. To Linda CONTENTS PREFACE, ix ACKNOWLEDGMENTS, xiii 1. WHITE RULE ON A BLACK CONTINENT Background of a Diplomatic Dilemma, 1 2. RACE AND CONTAINMENT The Truman Administration and the Origins of Apartheid, 15 3. "PREMATURE INDEPENDENCE" Eisenhower, Dulles, and African Liberation, 34 4. NEW FRONTIERS AND OLD PRIORITIES America and the Angolan Revolution, 1961-1962, 61 5. THE PURSUIT OF MODERATION America and the Portuguese Colonies, 1963-1968, 96 6. "NO EASY SOLUTIONS" Kennedy and South Africa, 126 7. DISTRACTED DIPLOMACY Johnson and Apartheid, 1964-1968, 155 8. THE U.S.A. AND UDI America and Rhodesian Independence, 185 9. CONSENSUS AND COMPLACENCY America and the "Long Haul" in Rhodesia, 214 10. EPILOGUE From Nixon to Reagan, 238 CONCLUSIONS East and West, Black and White, 253 BIBLIOGRAPHY, 259 INDEX, 269 PREFACE History is what we select from the past to help us understand the present. As a result, history often follows the headlines. While in theory historians are committed to dispassionate reconstruction of the past, in fact they often pick their subjects with an eye on current issues. From Herodotus's account of the Peloponnesian War to the most recent book on the changing status of gays, historians have always reflected the times in their choice of topics as well as in their interpretations. This search for relevance is readily apparent in the changing emphasis in studies of American foreign relations. In the past two decades, authors have concentrated on periods and geographic areas that seemed most significant for an understanding of contemporary international issues. In the early 1960s, historians reacted to the triumph of Fidel Castro by directing their attention to U.S. relations with Latin America. They churned out dissertations, articles, and books on past American policies, and grants funded a bevy of institutes, workshops, and programs. With the gradual emergence of Vietnam as the dominant U.S. concern in the middle of the decade, diplomatic historians shifted their focus from the South to the East. Publishers sought material on American involvement in Asia rather than Latin America, and graduate students learned Chinese instead of Spanish. If this periodic realignment of historical interest continues, Africa should be the next area of attention. While it lacks the proximity of Cuba and the direct military involvement of Vietnam, black Africa now occupies a position nearly analogous to theirs in terms of public interest and international attention. The victory of black nationalists in Angola and Mozambique in the mid-1970s, the continuing problems of the transition to majority rule in Zimbabwe-Rhodesia, and the sustained international pressure on South Africa for an end to its racist policies have stimulated a growing interest in Africa, particularly the southern half. Recent debate over the importance of human rights and the role of private investments in the making of U.S. foreign policy has also helped focus attention on the region. Although the dispute over human rights and foreign policy is not new, the controversy generated by the Carter administration's commitment to personal freedom centered heavily on southern Africa. The conflict between students and university administrators over the removal of college investments in corporations active in South Africa, the dispute within the corporations themix x / Preface selves over alleged cooperation with apartheid, and the recent revelation of covert U.S. activities in Angola and Mozambique have all contributed to a new awareness of the continent. Politicians, the press, and even the general public now appear conscious of the symbolic significance of and tangible interests involved in U.S. relations with southern Africa. Despite the contemporary interest in and controversy over current policies, there is no reliable account of past American involvement in the area. Historians have avoided writing about U.S. relations with black Africa for a variety of reasons. Preoccupied with military conflict and great power confrontations, most have dismissed Africa as unimportant to America and concentrated on areas that they assumed had greater strategic, economic, or cultural significance. This has usually meant Europe. The historiography of the Cold War, for example, has centered on its European origins and development. Historians seldom examine American policy in countries outside Europe except at times of intense crisis such as the Cuban revolution, or the wars in Korea, Vietnam, and the Middle East. To most historians, the only period of African history of any importance to the United States began when Ghana gained independence in 1957. To many professional historians, this is "current events." It may be fit material for journalists, but not for scholars dedicated to research in all relevant sources and detached objectivity that comes from studying events long past. Such prejudice against "instant" history has not prevented the examination of America's role in Asia, Latin America, or Europe, but it has successfully limited efforts on Africa. Historians have also avoided dealing with Africa out of sheer ignorance. Only recently have undergraduate and graduate curriculums included courses on African history, languages, politics, and economics. While most historians specializing in international relations have had a thorough background in Europe, Asia, or Latin America, they generally have little knowledge of Africa. As a result of the historians' lack of interest, journalists, political scientists, and former government officials have done most of the work on U.S.-African relations. While they have produced some excellent studies, their efforts suffer from two serious limitations: lack of evidence and a strident, partisan tone. With a few, rare exceptions, these studies have been based exclusively on newspapers, magazines, memoirs, and other published sources. While this may not detract from the accuracy of an author's conclusions, it offers little documentation to support them. Without primary sources, findings are largely assumptions
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