Index

Page numbers followed by “n” refer to endnotes

A Article 17(1) of the Unlawful ABSDF. See All Burma Students Association Act, 82 Democratic Front (ABSDF) Article 18 of the Peaceful Assembly AGIPP. See Alliance for Gender and Peaceful Procession Law, 84 Inclusion in the Peace Process ARTICLE 19 (organization), 106, 244, (AGIPP) 245 Ahidjo, A., 270 Article 19 of the Universal Ahr Man, 114 Declaration of Human Rights, Akyab Commercial News, 16 61 ALC. See Art and Language Center Article 19(a) of the News Media Law, (ALC) 67 All Burma Students Democratic Front Article 25(b) of the News Media Law, (ABSDF), 226n31 73, 78, 82, 175n15, 217 Alliance for Gender Inclusion in the Article 75 of the 2013 Peace Process (AGIPP), 15 Telecommunications Law, 142 Alliance Française, 26 Article 354 of the constitution, 67 Allott, A., 25 Article 500 of the Penal Code, 82, 152, anti-government protests, 5 165, 168 anti-mine activists, 188 Article 505(b) of the Penal Code, 78 anti-Muslim violence, 210, 211, Athan, 4, 26, 45n3, 80, 331 224n5 Atkinson, P., 184 Ant Khaung Min, 78 Aung Htun U, 117 Art and Language Center (ALC), 154 Aung Kyaw Naing, 40, 82, 220, Article 8(f) of the privacy law, 70 226n34 Article 16 of the UN’s Declaration on Aung Kyi, 67 the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Aung Lwin, 152, 153, 159, 160, 213 162–72, 174n9, 217

395

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Aung San, 14, 18, 232, 279, 293 Brang Mai, 116, 213–14 Suu Kyi, 74, 82, 241, 245, BRC. See Burma Relief Centre (BRC) 247, 345, 350 British Colonial Period, 4, 15–18, 25, boycott of elections of 2010, 2 65, 168, 288, 292 expectations for her as leader, 3, Broadcasting Law, 36, 67, 68, 215 323 Brooten, L., 179, 191 house arrest, 22 BSPP. See Burmese Socialist Program and human rights, 309 Party (BSPP) as leader of the opposition, 22, 73 Buchanan, D., 269 media coverage of, 4, 37, 78, Buddhist nationalism, 281 133–34, 241 Burma Broadcasting Service (BBS), and peace negotiations, 15, 82, 241 25 release from house arrest, 39 Burma Herald, 16 social media coverage of, 345, Burma News International (BNI), 348–50, 354 45n6, 108, 210–14, 220, 392 as State Counsellor, 45n4 Burma Press Council, 18 Aung Than Htut, 185 Burma Relief Centre (BRC), 105–7 Aung Thet Mann, 34 Burma Socialist Program Party Aung Zaw, 178, 192 (BSPP), 21, 157 Ayaun Thit, 21 Burma Translation Society, 133 Aye Aye Zin, 156 Burmese Socialist Program Party Aye Mye Htet, 107 (BSPP), 18, 288, 293, 295 “”, 19 B Byerly, I., 270 Ba Ba Win, 294 Bagan Cyber Tech, 28, 46n16 C Ba Gyan, 318 Ca Mu, 186 Ba Htoo, 154 Carroll, W.K., 179 Bangkok Post, 154 Censorship, 3, 13, 21, 22, 35, 202 Ban Tha Song Yang, 24 creative expression under, 20 Barmanization, 213, 319 military rule and, 1962–2010, Ba Thaw, 22 18–19 BBS. See Burma Broadcasting Service of music, 267–68 (BBS) of online content, 80 bilateral ceasefire agreement, 218, Printers and Publishers 226n35 Registration Law of 1962, 18, Bi Mon Te Nay Journal, 78 65 BNI. See Burma News International Press Scrutiny Board, 19 (BNI) relaxation of, 37–38, 72, 133, 155, Bo Aung Kyaw, 17 204, 292 Bob, C., 181 rules, colonial origins of, 16, 168

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self-censorship, 40, 81, 206, 219, D 269 Darusman, M., 328 See also pre-publication censorship Dawei Development Association Center for International Media (DDA), 153, 155 Assistance (CIMA), 98 Dawei Special Economic Zone (SEZ) Centre for Law and Democracy, 102 megaproject, 153, 157 Cheesman, N., 65, 165 Dawei Township Court, 175n15 Chen, W., 115 Dawei Watch Media Group, 153 Chiang Mai, 106, 115 Daw Suu. See CIMA. See Center for International DDA. See Dawei Development Media Assistance (CIMA) Association (DDA) civic engagement, 373 defamation laws, 168–69 mobile applications for, 371–72 defamation lawsuits, 331 civil society, 63, 66, 83, 142–43, 154 Delco, 158–60, 163, 170, 172, 173 actors, 43, 85, 88, 156, 157 democracy movement, 109, 121, 178 groups, 43, 71, 145, 359, 391 democracy spring, 20–22 mobilization, 152 Democratic Voice of Burma (DVB), clientelism, 7–8 26, 28, 105, 113 clientelistic systems, 9 Dhamma Thadinsa, 16 Clinton, H., 273 digital free-to-air channels, 68 Code of Conduct, 56, 255, 263n6 digital media activists, 377–86 Coffey, A., 184 digital media convergence, 61 colonial-era laws, 4, 220 digital technologies, 61, 288 commercial media, 10 Ding Ying, 158 communal violence, 123, 230–34, 237, “discipline-flourishing democracy”, 377 12 communism, 125n5, 269, 272 documentary filmmaking, 17, 26 communist regimes, 10 Draft National Land Use Policy, 161 Comparing Media Systems, 6 Dunkley, R. 25, 35 Computer Science and Development DVB. See Democratic Voice of Burma Law, 27, 142 (DVB) Conference on Media Development, 59, 84, 85, 95, 120, 121 E copy thachin, 273–74, 283, 300 Eaint Khine Oo, 248, 249 coup Earthrights International (ERI), 155 of 1962, 18, 37, 232, 293, 312 “echo chamber” effect, 336 of 1988, 20, 21, 22, 24, 295 economic liberalization, 10 Cowell, A., 295, 297 Ei Ei Moe, 2 “cultural activism”, 180 EITI. See Extractive Industry Cyclone Nargis, 28–30, 118, 133, Transparency Initiative (EITI) 183–85, 202 Election Laws, 253

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electoral legal framework, 262–63 from overseas, 26, 288, 295, 299 Electronic Transaction Law, 69, 141, young filmmakers, 108, 215, 296, 142, 367, 368 297–98, 310, 392 Eleven Media, 35, 72, 76, 80, 132, 135, film studios, 20, 287, 290, 292, 301 137, 155 financial technology companies, 144 Emergency Provisions Act, 65, 78 Flew, T., 9 Environmental Conservation Law, Fokwang, J., 270 160 Forever Group, 36, 45n15, 67 Environmental Impact Assessment Framework for Economic and Social Procedure Law, 160, 161 Reform (FESR), 141 ERI. See Earthrights International Free Basics, 144, 145 (ERI) Freedom of expression, 2, 17, 71, 124, ethnic armed organizations, 15, 214, 311, 323 218–21, 231–32 and Aung San Suu Kyi, 82 ethnic civil society organizations and film industry, 38, 308, 311 (CSOs), 14 legal framework for, 63–66, 179, ethnic media, 3, 38, 210–21, 213, 280, 331 220–23 and music industry, 280, 283 challenges, 77, 215, 219, 221 promotion of, 221 institutional support, 105, 107, 120 public awareness of, 60, 216, 322, operating overseas, 213 374 relationships with ethnic armed restrictions on, 10, 39, 66, 71, 358, organizations, 106, 214, 218 369 training, 108, 112 Free Expression , 80 See also Burma News International Free Voice Netherlands (FVN), 110 (BNI) Frontier Media, 35, 203–4 ethnic rights, 41, 352 FVN. See Free Voice Netherlands European Union Election Observation (FVN) Mission, 260 Extractive Industry Transparency G Initiative (EITI), 70 “Gagging Act”, 16 Gelfer, D., 274 F gender balanced reporting, 86, 244, Facebook, 1–2, 144, 145, 335, 338–40, 246, 249, 390 373 gender equality/inequality, 15, 107, FESR. See Framework for Economic 244, 246, 249, 350 and Social Reform (FESR) in the peace process, 15 film industry, 17, 38, 287–304, 308 in the media industry, 86, 244–49 filmmakers, 13, 38, 287–88, 291, movement, 2, 27 297–99, 303, 311 The Global New Light of Myanmar, 34, development assistance for, 114 68, 246

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grass-roots change agents, 11–13 and current regulatory framework, Grömping, M., 335 141–43 data revolution and explosion of H digitally stored data, 139–41 Hackett, R.A., 179 political transition, 138 Hallin, D.C., 6, 8 risks and opportunities, 143–45 Hamilton, A., 289 “instrumentalism”, 7 Hamm, M., 284 “insurgent press”, 17 hate speech, 27, 71, 88, 123, 302, 321 Interfaith Harmonious Coexistence against Rohingya, 42, 328, 385 Law, 71 laws, 70, 71, 81 Interim Press Council (IPC), 66, 67, 85 online, 31, 42–43, 140, 328, 349–50, International Covenant on Civil and 359–60, 372–74, 379–86 Political Rights, 61 Hinthar Media, 213 International Criminal Court (ICC), Hla Hla Soe, 342–43, 349, 350, 352 1, 44n1, Hla Swe, 341, 345, 351, 352, 355, 357 International Media Support (IMS), Hla Thein, 262 102 Hnin Ei Hlaing, 291, 297, 299 Iosifidis, P., 9 Ho, W.-C., 269 IPC. See Interim Press Council (IPC) Holmertz, D., 108 , 36, 76, 136, 380 HRHDFF. See Human Rights Human analysis of its natural disaster Dignity Film Festival (HRHDFF) coverage, 177–79, 184–93 Hsan Moe, 79 DDoS attack on, 137 Hsa-tu-gaw, 16 media development aid, 105, 115, Htet Khine, 384 118 Htin Kyaw, 4 news coverage of Tanintharyi, 154 Human Rights Human Dignity Film Festival (HRHDFF), 297, 308–9 J human rights violations, 1, 44n1, 82, Jacobson, A.S. 245, 249 190, 211, 231, 235 Jacquet, C., 39 documented in films, 308, 311 Jai Jai, 297–99, 303 Human Rights Watch, 106, 230 Ja Seng Ing, 38, 87, 389 Jet Mya Thaung, 283 I Jones, L., 157 IMMF. See Indochina Media journalism training, 98, 105, 108, 372 Memorial Foundation (IMMF) judiciary, 79, 166, 168 Indochina Media Memorial and censorship, 60, 80 Foundation (IMMF), 105, 106–7 and corruption, 71, 166 Indonesian Revolution of 1945–49, 271 independence of, 65, 82, 86, 167, information and communications 209, 226n34 technologies (ICTs) sector, 137 judicial torture, 80–81, 166

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and media reform, 60, 64–66, 72, , 2, 41, 77, 85, 192, 207, 82, 87 208, 220, 391 Judson, A., 16 Kyaw Swa Win, 78 Kyaw Thu Win, 41 K Kyaw Win, 45n15 Kachin ethnic armed groups, 202 Kyaw Zwa Moe, 115, 118 Kachin Independence Army (KIA), Kyeet, 372 207, 245 Kyemon, 34, 68 Kachin Independence Organisation (KIO), 207 L Kanbauk, mining in, 158–59 Lall, M., 12 Karen Information Center, 108 Lan Kyal, 234 Karen National Union (KNU), 108 Lao Tzu, 351 Keane, J., 9 law and order, 65, 165–68 Kean, T., 59 Lawi Weng, 76, 191, 192 Khin Hla, 185 lawmaking process, 62–64, 82–83 Khin Maung Hla, 186 Leehey, J., 19 Khin Maung Win, 118, 125n9 Legacy Music, 278, 282 , 23, 35, 46n16 legal reform, 59–70, 82, 87, 141 Khin Oo, 377–85 Leong, L., 335 Khin Soe, 160, 162 Letyar Tun, 216 Khon Soe Moe Aung, 215 Li, C.-T., 361n8 KIC, 212 Li, L.J., 157, 161 King Mindon, 16 Lin, S.-D., 361n8 KIO. See Kachin Independence literacy campaigns, 19 Organisation (KIO) Lockard, C., 270 Knaus, J., 110, 111, 113 Lok-tha Pyei-thu Nei-zin, 21 Kofi Annan, 348 Lyndal Min, 104, 105 Ko Gyi, 382 Lynn Satt New, 301 Kokang conflict, 208 Ko Ko, 36 M Ko Ko Lwin, 278 Ma Ba Tha, 4, 5, 41, 80, 81, 381, 382, Ko Myint, 280 385 Ko Ni, 4, 45n4, 80 Mae Pay Soh, 372 Krishna Sen, 7 Mae Sai, 185 kroncong, 271 Mae Sot, 104, 105 Kürti, L., 284n2 Mai Naing Naing Oo, 116 Kyal Yie Lin Six, 301 Mancini, P., 6, 8 Kyaw Hsan, 45n15, 67 Mandela, N., 22 Kyaw Min Swe, 125n8 market liberalization, 329–31 Kyaw San, 38, 134 Mark, S.S., 174n11

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Marsh, L., 288 , 342, 350–51, 368 Ma Thein, 185 Min Lu, 318 The Maulmain Chronicle, 15 Mizzima, 34, 35, 36, 76, 136, 224n4 Maung Saungkha, 3, 45n3 media development aid, 105, 118 Maung Thawka, 22 MMA, 276–78, 280–81 McCargo, D., 7, 179, 190, 390 mobile applications for civic McCarthy, G., 335 engagement, 371–72 McElhone, J.M., 95, 96, 120, 125n7, mobile services, growth in, 32 238n3 Mon Mon Myat, 114, 115, 117, 119 McLean, S., 107, 108, 112 Motion Picture Council, 294 MCM. See Myanmar Consolidated Motion Picture Organization, 23 Media (MCM) Moustache Brothers, 30 media M-PESA, 144 activism, 151, 179 Myanma Alin, 17, 34, 68 actors as social mobilizers, 179–81 Myanmar Consolidated Media assistance, 11, 60, 97–98 (MCM), 131 during pre-election period, 252–53 Myanmar Core Press Council and Rohingya situation, 41–43 (MCPC), 67 media development, 60, 99, 104, 114, Myanmar Dana, 132 120, 209 Myanmar Egress, 29, 108, 109, 118 organizations and networks, 100 Myanmar ICT Development and political transitions, 97–104 Organisation (MIDO), 343, 368, Media Development Investment 372 Fund (MDIF), 103, 111, 220 Myanmar Institute for Democracy, media laws, 59–70, 82, 87, 141 261 during political opening, 66–69 Myanmar Journalists Network (MJN), media mobilization, 98 84 media policies, 61–63 Myanmar media, 30, 239–42, 251, 390, media reform, 60, 64, 135, 168–69 393 media studies, 387–90 British Colonial Period, 15–18 media systems approach, 389, 390 Cyclone Nargis, 28–30 media transition, 5–8, 62 ethnic states, 210–21 Mekong Media Fellowship, 115 and free expression, 13–15 memes, 355–57 Generation Wave movement, 27 Merrison, L., 26, 295, 296, 303 military rule and censorship, 18–20 Milton, A., 10, 63 National League for Democracy Mina, A.X., 335 (NLD), 24, 40–41 Min Aung Hlaing, 1, 2, 328, 341, 345, political and legal framework for, 348–51, 353, 354, 357, 358, 368 63–71 Mingalar Company Ltd, 37 political economy of, 32–34 Mining Law, 160 private media, 35–37

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and Rohingya situation, 41–43 National Ceasefire Agreement, 218 state/media relationships, 8–10 National Endowment for Democracy state-run broadcasting, 25 (NED), 105, 106, 110, 125n5 Myanmar Media Association, 23 Nationalities Brotherhood Forum Myanmar Musicians Association, 268 (NBF), 213 Myanmar National Democratic National League for Democracy Alliance Army (MNDAA), 219 (NLD) Myanmar nationalism and identity, digital future under, 373–74 349–50 engagement with civil society, 65, Myanmar Now, 80, 118, 203, 204, 246 85 See also Swe Win formation of government in 2016, Myanmar Peace Centre, 84 40–41, 59–60 Myanmar Posts and and free expression, 3, 323, 330–31 Telecommunications (MPT), 27 general elections of 1990, 24 Myanmar Press Council, 67, 78, 81, general elections of 2010, 2 85, 240, 256 general elections of 2015, 251 Myanmar Radio, 20, 26 and Human Rights, Human Myanmar Thandawsint, 78 Dignity film festival, 312 Myanmar Times, 25, 35, 117, 131, 135, and Ma Ba Tha, 382 136 and media law, 3–4, 66, 70, 73–75, Myanmar Women Journalists Society 81–82, 87, 122, 368–69 (MWJS), 248–49 silencing critics, 80, 87, 368 Myawaddy Daily, 34 national security, 206, 311 Myint Kyaw, 115, 117, 119, 167–69 content deemed harmful to, 37, 69, Myint Moe Aung, 281 77, 79 Myitkyina News Journal, 213 media laws pertaining to, 61, 64, Myo Aung, 154–56, 166, 217 69, 142, 144, 311, 368 Myo Win Nyunt, 383 Nationwide Ceasefire Agreement Myo Yan Naung Thein, 78 (NCA), 226n35, 241 Nay Phone Latt, 116, 343, 349, 366–67, N 375n1 Nagai, K., 28 Nay Win Htun, 280 Nai Kasauh Mon, 77, 120, 217, 219, Nay Win Maung, 35, 108 226n33 NED. See National Endowment for Nai Nai, 244, 248 Democracy (NED) Nair, L., 101 Nelson, M., 100 nammeh-kyi deh, 277 New Democratic Army-Kachin Nan Paw Gay, 212, 216, 221, 227n37 (NDAK) militia, 158 National Broadcasting Council, 79 Ne Win, 16, 18, 21, 65, 133, 232, National Broadcasting Development 293–95, 317 Authority, 79, 80 New Light of Myanmar, 34, 134, 246

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News Media Law, 65–66, 71, 77, 78, Phyu Phyu Kyaw Thein, 275, 282 85, 89n6, 254 Pieslak, J., 284 Norris, P., 101 Piper, T. 111, 112 Nyamnjoh, F., 270 PII. See personally identifiable Nyan Lynn, 117 information (PII) Nyan Paw, 318 Polarized Pluralist Model, 8 Nyein Nyein Naing, 114 policy inaction, 62 policy silence, 62 O political cartooning, 18, 21 O’Brien, K.J., 157, 161 “political music”, 279 Official Secrets Act, 2, 65, 71, 77 Political Representation Law, 253 Oo Oo Nyein, 82 political transitions, 5–8, 123, 138, Ooredoo, 34, 70, 143, 301 202–3, 213 Open Society Foundations (OSF), media development and, 97–101 105–6, 116 media legal reforms during, 61–63 Open Society Foundation’s Burma politics of language and ethnicity, Program, 109 214–16 OSF. See Open Society Foundations pop music industry in transition (OSF) artistic freedom and its discontents, over-the-top (OTT) service, 140 279–82 foreigners in Myanmar popular P music scene, 272–75 Panglong Agreement, 14, 232 literature on music scenes, 268–72 Pan, M., 116 Myanmar Musicians Association Panneerselvan, A.S., 101 and Advent of the Royalty “pariah-state” status, 151 Pascal Khoo Thwe, 215 Payment System, 275–79 path dependency, 10 post-Communist East Central Europe, Peaceful Assembly and Procession 63 Law, 69, 84, 162 post-independence civilian rule, Pekacz, J., 270 15–18 Pe Myint, 86, 89n14, 116 Posts and Telecommunications Penal Code, 65, 77 Department (PTD), 139 PEN Myanmar, 3, 116, 216, 322, 343, post-Soviet Czechoslovakia, 271 368 post-Soviet democratic governments, personally identifiable information 270 (PII), 141 pre-exhibition censorship, 38 Phandeeyar, 372 pre-publication censorship, 30, 37, 38, Phyo Min Thein, 342, 343, 350, 351, 132, 133, 243 381–82 lifting of, 66, 86, 120, 135, 252, 257, Phyo Zayar Kyaw, 301 308

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Press Scrutiny Board (PSB), 19, 20 Robertson, S.P., 331 Price, M.E., 11, 98, 100–102 Rock Against Communism, 271 Printing and Publishing Enterprise Rohingya Bill, 66 citizenship status of, 14, 71, 207, Printing and Publishing Enterprise 236, 241, 348 Law (PPEL), 65, 66, 71 crisis, 41–42, 44n1, 122, 192, 211, 385 private media, 35–37, 135, 256, 259 hate speech against, 42, 328, 385 private newspapers, 18 ICC evaluation, 44n1 privatization, 9, 11, 103, 191, 394n1 identity, 235–36, 348 public service broadcasters, 68, 80, 98, intercommunal conflict, 230–34, 103, 124 237, 377 Public Service Media Bill, 68 massacre of, 2 Publishers Registration Law, 18 media, 210–14, 224n7, 225n17 reporting on, 2, 41–42, 74, 76, R 77, 192, 207, 210–14, 230–35, Rakhine State, 16, 211–12, 229 241–42, 390 Buddhist community, 234, 237 Root Investigative Agency, 211, 213 humanitarian crisis, 122, 210–11, Rotberg, R., 82 220, 373 Roudakova, N., 6 human rights violations in, 1–2, Rozema, G., 107, 112 211, 231, 235 identity, language and rumours, S 235–38 Safe Online Space (SOS), 372 media coverage of humanitarian , 28–30, 38, 45n12, crisis, 40, 41, 123, 207, 210–11, 113, 118, 133, 202, 334, 359 241 Sai Aw, 221 Rakhine Commission, 348–49 Sai Lek, 218–19, 226n28, 226n30, Rangoon, 104 226n31 Reagan, R., 104 Sai Sai Kham Leng, 282 reformasi movement, 334 , 367 resource mobilization, 180 Sawa ethnic group, 271 Resources Survival group, 160–62, Saw Reagan, 291, 299 173Say Yaung Zon, 30 Reuters journalists and Schissler, M., 336 Kyaw Soe Oo, 2–3, 41, 76, 77, 85, Section 131 of the Penal Code, 85 122–23, 192–93, 207, 220 Section 66(d) of the Revolutionary Council, 294 Telecommunications Law, 4, 40, . See Seven 41, 70, 79–83, 172, 216–17, 331, Step Roadmap to Disciplined 368, 369, 391–92 Democracy Segura, M., 12

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Sein Win, 116, 125n8, 342, 352 SPDC. See State Peace and Sekine, Y., 157 Development Council (SPDC) self-censorship, 40, 206–7, 217, 219, stakeholder engagement, 142 269, 317 state-centrism, 8 self-regulation, 78–80 state-funded media, 260 Seng Mai, 77, 117, 215 State Law and Order Restoration Seng Mai Maran, 245, 248 Council (SLORC), 21–23, 158, 295 Sen, K., 11 state media, 4, 233, 316 Seven Step Roadmap to Disciplined state/media relationships, 8–10 Democracy, 2, 29, 39, 63–64, 133 state-owned entities, 135 SEZ, 154 state-owned newspapers, 68 Sgaw Karen language, 16 State Peace and Development Council Shan Herald Agency for News (SPDC), 154 (SHAN), 107–8 state-run broadcasting, 25 Shwe Gyaw Gyaw, 283 Steemer, J., 9 Shwe Mann, 34, 35, 45n14 “Stop Killing Press”, 84 Shwe Ta Lay, 17 Subramaniam, S., 334 Shwe Taung Group, 37 surveillance, government, 144, 177, Shwe Than Lwin, 36, 45n15 178, 320, 317, 320 Sinpeng, A., 335 easing of, 155 SkyNet, 36, 68 of the internet, 28, 138, 142, 144, A Smile for an Election Campaign, 366 175n15, 217 Swedish labour movement, 109 Smith, M., 17, 23 Swe Win, 5, 41, 80, 81, 87, 117, 351, social media, 1, 237, 316, 329, 331–37 357 platforms, 42, 230 as public sphere, 332–33 T social mobilization, 181 Ta’ang National Liberation Army, 81 social mobilizers, 179, 180, 190 Tai Freedom News Agency, 226n31 social movements, 181 Takatho Khin Maung Zaw, 290 social networking, 329 Tanintharyi, civil society and media social welfare organizations, 154 in, 153–57 Soeharto, 11 , 70, 206, 218, 298 Soe Lynn Htwe, 224n8 telecommunications Soe Moe Tun, 40 development of, 27, 31–32, 89n9, Soe Myint, 118 329, 370–71, 374 Soe Soe Myar, 117 licensing of, 69, 70, 341 Soe Yazar Tun, 84 ownership of, 33 Sonny Swe, 25, 35 reform and liberalization of, 37, Sørensen, M.P., 333, 337, 352 329, 339, 366–68, 370 Southeast Asian Press Alliance, 110 regulation of, 141–43

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Telecommunications Law, 4, 40, 41, Union Election Commission (UEC), 69, 70, 79–83, 216–17, 331, 368, 39, 253, 255–58, 261, 262, 393 369, 391–92 Union Election Commission Law, 253 Than Htaik Thu, 79 Union of Burma Cinematograph Law, Than Htut Aung, 35, 356 294 , 59, 187 Union of Myanmar Economic Than Zaw Aung, 167, 169, 172 Holdings (UMEHL), 253 Thaung Su Nyein, 35 Union Solidarity and Development Thee Lay Thee, 30 Party (USDP), 64, 158, 187, 251, , 356 341 administration, 37–41, 77–78, 160, United Nations Human Rights 253, 254 Council (UNHRC), 1 mass amnesty by, 78 unlawful assembly, 73, 89n4 negotiations with ethnic armed unlawful association, 4, 65, 76, 81, 82, organizations, 219 226n35 political transition under, 60, 69, Unlawful Association Act 1908, 4, 65, 292 76, 81, 82 reform agenda of, 59, 141, 155, 257, U Nyi Nyi Lwin, 279 307, 308–9, 330, 351, 367 USAID, 105, 106, 313 Thein Swe, 25 U.S. civil rights movement, 180 Thein Tun, 35 Thiha Saw, 19, 83, 124 V interview with, 131–36 Van Toll, K., 110, 111 water festival, 23 Vernacular Press Act, 16 Thura Shwe Mann, 342, 343, 345, violence against women, 246, 287, 348–50, 358 299 Thurein Hlaing, 154–56 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP), Thu Thu Swe Thei, 299 139 Tin Aye, 253, 254, 257 Voltmer, K., 63, 82 Tin Tin Thet, 169, 171 Toe Naing Mann, 34 W Tydeman, L., 109, 111–13, 120 Wade, F., 42 Waisbord, S., 12 U Wallach, J., 270 U Ba Thaw, 22 Wa Lone, 2, 41, 77, 85, 192, 207, 208, UEC. See Union Election Commission 220, 391 (UEC) The Way To Heaven, 16 U Kyaw Winn, 116 Waziya, 297 UNESCO, 97, 102 Weiss, M., 334 UN Human Rights Council, 44n1 Win Aung, 35

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Win Maw, 45n15 Film School (YFS), 26 Win Oo, 158, 165, 170, 174n7 Yangon Heritage Trust, 297 Win Tin, 22, 309, 317 Yangon Journalism School, 95, 114, Wirathu, 4 119, 201 women activists, 86 Yangon Press International (YPI), 117 women editors, 86, 249n1 Yangon Times, 36 women journalists, 86, 108, 220, Yeh, M.-Y., 361n8 243–49 Ye Htut, 59, 89n8, 120, 341, 343, 345, women’s empowerment, 372 350, 351, 354–56 women’s filmmaking, 288 Ye Naing Moe, 40, 87, 96, 114, 115, women’s rights, 243–47, 352 119, 122, 123, 390 Working People’s Daily, 21 interview with, 201–9 World Bank, 69, 89n9 Ye Naing Win, 35, 46n16 World Health Organization (WHO), Yeni, 185, 186, 191 204 YPI. See Yangon Press International World Press Freedom Day, 219 (YPI)

Y Z Yadanabone Daily, 34 Zakhung Ting Ying, 158 Yae Khe, 84 Zargana, 21, 23 Yanghee Lee, 189 Zaw Htoo Aung, 278, 281 Yangon, 16, 37, 45n9, 59, 84, 155, 204, Zaw Myint Maung, 318 231, 268, 274, 292 Zaw Win Htut, 277 movie industry, 292 , 27, 45n12 music scene, 272–82 Zin Mar Aung, 342, 343, 352 Yangon City FM, 26 Zuckerberg, M., 42, 43, 328, 373

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