The Languages of the Northern Himalayas, Being Studies in the Grammar of Twenty-Six Hima- Layan Dialects

184 NOTICES OF BOOKS

of Damaun. He was sentenced to the galleys, but escaped, and on his return to France published an account of his sufferings which aroused much indignation. His story reminds us of the Secretary of Philip II, whom the Inquisition attempted to destroy for having dared to make love to a royal mistress. It is impossible to form any estimate of the number of persons who passed through the hands of the Goanese Inquisitors. Fonseca says that at certain autos 4,046 persons—i.e. 3,034 men and 1,012 women—were sentenced; but he neither gives the number nor the dates of these autos. The amount of work must have varied greatly. Sometimes for seven or eight years running autos were held every year, or even half-yearly, and then there would come an interval of two or three years without an auto. But the number of cells in the Palace of the Inquisition and the large number of autos recorded by Mr. Adler show that the office of Inquisitor was no sinecure. J. KENNEDY.

THE LANGUAGES OF THE NORTHERN HIMALAYAS, BEING STUDIES IN THE GRAMMAR OF TWENTY-SIX HIMA- LAYAN DIALECTS. By the Rev. T. GRAHAME BAILEY, B.D., M.A., M.R.A.S. Asiatic Society Monographs, vol. xii. London, 1908. In this work Mr. Grahame Bailey has given an account of most of the numerous dialects spoken in those parts of the Sub-Himalaya that lie to the north of the Pafljab. The area covered extends from the hills round Simla in the east to Hazara in the west. With one exception (the Tibeto-Burman Lahull) these are all Indo-Aryan, and, with one other exception, viz. Sasi, the secret language of a criminal tribe, they may be provisionally grouped as dialects of four different languages—Paiijabi, Western Paharl, Kasmlri, and Lahnda.

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Panjabi appears under the form of Dogii. The standard Dogri spoken in the state of Jammu is not touched, but Mr. Bailey describes two sub-dialects—Bhateali spoken in the state of Chamba, and Kaiigri of the British district of Karigra. The account of Kangii was originally written by the late Mr. E. O'Brien, the author of the well-known Multani Vocabulary, but has been edited and added to by Mr. Bailey. For want of a better term, the name " Western Pahari" has been applied to the Aryan hill dialects, all closely allied to the RajasthanI spoken in Rajputana, that have their south-eastern boundary in the state of Sirmaur. and in the north-west extend beyond Chamba. The term includes, besides the two forms of Sirmaurl, the many dialects of the Simla Hills—the principal of which is Kyuthali, the vernacular of Simla itself—the dialects of Kulu, those of the state of Mandi, of the Gaddis of Bharmaur, and of Chamba. North-west of Chamba there are also dialects of this group, such as Paiigwall, Padarl, Bhadrawahl, and so on, which gradually merge, through RambanI and Pogull, spoken in the Jammu state, into Kasmlrl or its dialect Kishtawarl. To these must be added the speech of the wandering hill Gujurs or, as they are called in the plains, Gujars. Large numbers of people of this tribe have settled in the plains of the Panjab, and have given their name to the districts of Gujrat and Gujrawala, but here they speak Panjabi. In the hills, on the contrary, they have retained their old RajasthanI dialect.1 North-west of the Jammu state we reach the country round Naoshera, which Mr. Bailey has not yet had an opportunity of examining. Beyond it, further north- west, lies Punch. He has given us an account of Punch!,

1 It is a question whether we should not rather say that the people of Rajputana speak a form of Gujuii, rather than that the Gujurs speak a form of RajasthanI, but that is a question tpo large for discussion here.

the main dialect of this state, and also of the dialects spoken in the adjoining British districts of Murree and Hazara. These are all interesting dialects of Lahnda, Punchi showing us that language as it is affected by the neighbouring and cognate Kasmiri. As for Kaimirl itself, that most fascinating and most difficult of all Indian languages, we have sketches of three of its dialects, Pogull, Rambani, and Kishtawari. All this is first-hand work, done by actual study with trained ears, and forms a new and valuable contribution to philology. Till Mr. Bailey wrote this series of monographs practically nothing was known about the languages of the Western Himalaya.1 I do not propose, within the limits of this review, to touch upon the dialects of Pafijabl, Kasmiri, or Lahnda, interesting though they be; but space may be found for a few remarks upon Western Pahari. The earliest Aryan inhabitants of the lower Himalaya, from Hazara to Nepal, of whom we have any record are the Khasas, frequently mentioned in the Raja-taranginI as a thorn in the side of the rulers of Kasmir.2 We possess very little definite knowledge as to the ethnic relationship of these people to the other Aryan tribes of India, and it is therefore important that Mr. Bailey's work gives us direct evidence on the point. At various periods in Indian history the Khasas were conquered by Rajputs. The Rajputs of Kangra were perhaps the earliest of these invaders, but there are records of other immigrations from the plains of India down to Musalman times. The pressure of Moslem attacks upon Kanauj and Rajputana

1 To be strictly accurate, we should except Mr. O'Brien's short sketches of Kangri and Gadl, which have been edited by Mr. Bailey, but these, though excellent, form only a small portion of the whole. 2 By far the fullest and best account of the Khasas is that contained in chapter iv of vol. ii of E. T. Atkinson's Gazetteer of the Himalayan Districts of the North-Western Provinces of India (Allahabad, 1884), an admirable work too little known to European students.

gave them an additional impetus, and in the twelfth and following centuries large numbers of Rajputs entered and settled in the lower Himalaya. There they intermarried with the Khasa women, and their children adopted the language of their Rajput fathers. It follows that each of the numerous Aryan dialects spoken in the mountainous tract between Chamba and Nepal is at present some corrupt form or other of Rajasthani speech. These are now grouped under the general name of " Pahari", and we have the Eastern Pahari, or Naipall, of Nepal ; the Central Pahari of Kumaon, Garhwal, and Jaunsar-Bawar; and the Western Pahari which immediately concerns us. The Khasa language, as a language, has disappeared, but we find traces of it still remaining in Western Pahari, and a few of these may be noted. They all tend to show that the old Kha^a language belonged to the same group as Kasmiri and those other languages of the north- west frontier which I call " Modern Paisaci". They also show signs of connexion with what I call the " Outer Band " of Indo-Aryan languages. Thus, in Pronunciation, while the tendency to drop initial h (Bailey, I, ii) is typical of Rajasthani, we have the Modern Paisaci tendency to epenthesis, noted by Mr. Bailey in Curahl (III, ii), but really extending much further east.1 Again, in the Doda-Sirajl buto, " he was," we have two typical Modern Paisaci peculiarities—the disaspiration of bh and the retention of the medial t. The curious preference which Bhadrawahl exhibits for dh, in words like dhld (III, 53), "a brother," may perhaps be compared with the Shlna jrd, if we bear in mind that in Modern Paisaci dh often becomes j, while the I is accounted for by forms such as the Gawarbati bliaia. In the declension of nouns, while we have passim the typical Rajasthani genitive termination -rd, and, as in Rajasthani, its locative, -re, used as the dative termination ' I have noted its existence in Garhwall and Kumauni.

(I, 16),1 we have also the dative termination -jo (II, i), itself the locative of the -jd which reappears in the Sindhi genitive termination -jo.2 Moreover, the dative -jo reappears in Shina as the termination of the ablative. Similarly, the Mandeali ablative terminations ge and the (II, i) find their cognates in the Maiya gai (dative), the Khowar and Shina te, and the Veron tu (also all datives). In Jaunsar-Bawar and in the Simla Hills there is a common Verb Substantive, dtht, "I am," used only with the negative. That this is the same as the Garwi and Maiya thu and is cognate with the Gawai'bati da-na-im and the Shina ha-n-us, is confirmed by another word for " I am ", O88U, which is evidently formed from the same base as the Veron aso and the Khowar asu-m. Again, the formation of the future tense of the finite verb is most instructive. In most languages of the Outer Band the conjugation of this tense is mixed, and varies from person to person. Thus, to take a very distant example, in Bihari the first and second persons are conjugated on a base whose characteristic letter is a final b, while the third person is formed from the present participle. Moreover, in the same language, the b of the first person is commonly changed by the vulgar to m. In Western Paharl the commonest future form ends in -la, which is typical of Rajasthanl, but in the dialects which begin to shade off into Kasmlrl (III, ii, iii), and which have naturally been less strongly under the sway of the imported Rajasthanl, we find another future, the characteristic letter of which is m (i.e. b, as in Bihari), and which is foreign both to Rajasthanl and Kaimlrl. On the other hand, it can be at once compared with the Gawarbati dlemo, " I shall

1 Mr. Bailey calls this an oblique genitive, but it is clearly a dative. 2 It is hardly necessary to repeat that nearly all Indo-Aryan dative terminations are really locatives of the corresponding genitive terminations, just as the Sanskrit krte is the locative of krtas. 3 Bashgali Kafir, one of the Pisaca languages, forms its future with the same suffix.

strike/' and dlibd, " he will strike." We must therefore accept this form of the future as a relic of the old Khasa language, showing its connexion both with the Modern Paisaci and with the Outer Band of Indo-Aryan languages. In the dialects subject to the influence of Panjabi there is a third form of the future ending in -ng or -nghd (III, iii), with a prefixed nasal. The connexion with the Panjabl-Hindostani future in -gd is evident, although the origin of the prefixed nasal and of the aspiration of the -ghd is unknown to me. These peculiarities may help us to ascertain the real origin of the perplexing -ga of Panjabi and Hindostanl.1 With this form must be compared the Sasi future in -ngrd (IV, 72), in which I presume that the -rd is another pronunciation of the Rajasthani -Id, so that hongrd, "I shall be," is really a double future. Space will not permit me to give further examples, but the above will show that we are justified in saying that the lost language of the Kha^as must be classed as having been connected with the " Pisaca " dialects of the north-west frontier on the one hand, and on the other with the " Outer Band " of Indo-Aryan languages. The mutual connexion of these two latter is being more and more strongly suggested to me, as I make progress in the study of the remaining materials collected for the Linguistic Survey of India. Sufficient has been written to show that Mr. Grahame Bailey has not only provided a series of grammars that will be of great use to District Officers in the practical work of administration, but has also given to us students in Europe a valuable tool for opening out the secret history of languages of India. GEORGE A. GRIERSON.

] I cannot satisfy myself that the usually accepted derivation of this -yd from the Sanskrit -gatas is correct.