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A Structural Analysis of Dogri Temporal Markers
Dialectologia 23 (2019), 235-260. ISSN: 2013-2247 Received 11 April 2017. Accepted 8 OctoBer 2017. A STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DOGRI TEMPORAL MARKERS Tanima ANAND & Amitabh VIKRAM DWIVEDI Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India** [email protected] / amitabhvikram @yahoo.co.in Abstract The present paper aims to investigate the structural and semantic properties of the temporal markers in Dogri language. It centralizes at investigating the modifications which are carried out in Dogri for the previous generalizations of the already formulated tense theories propounded by Comrie (1985), Olphen (1975), Guru (1982), Kuryɬowicz (1956), Partee (1973), and alike. The study focuses on the linguistic realization of tense in Dogri where the grammaticalization and lexicalization of temporal markers is discussed. It employs a quantitative approach and considers linguistic typology as a frame of reference to study the range of variation in tense, also taking into consideration the apparent anomalies and deviations which Dogri occupies within the boundaries of the already generated theories of grammatical tense. The present study involves the analysis of the discourse, both written and spoken. The discourse is corpus constituting the spontaneous Dogri spoken in the standardized form in the Jammu region. Keywords structural, semantic, cross-linguistic, typology, empirically, corpus, Dogri ANÁLISIS ESTRUCTURAL DE LOS MARCADORES TEMPORALES EN DOGRI Resumen Este trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar las propiedades estructurales y semánticas de los marcadores temporales en la lengua dogri. Se centra en la investigación de las modificaciones llevadas a cabo en dogri por las generalizaciones previas de las ya formuladas teorías sobre el tiempo verbal propuestas por Comrie (1985), Olphen (1975), Guru (1982), Kuryɬowicz (1956), Partee (1973) y otros. -
Language and Literature
1 Indian Languages and Literature Introduction Thousands of years ago, the people of the Harappan civilisation knew how to write. Unfortunately, their script has not yet been deciphered. Despite this setback, it is safe to state that the literary traditions of India go back to over 3,000 years ago. India is a huge land with a continuous history spanning several millennia. There is a staggering degree of variety and diversity in the languages and dialects spoken by Indians. This diversity is a result of the influx of languages and ideas from all over the continent, mostly through migration from Central, Eastern and Western Asia. There are differences and variations in the languages and dialects as a result of several factors – ethnicity, history, geography and others. There is a broad social integration among all the speakers of a certain language. In the beginning languages and dialects developed in the different regions of the country in relative isolation. In India, languages are often a mark of identity of a person and define regional boundaries. Cultural mixing among various races and communities led to the mixing of languages and dialects to a great extent, although they still maintain regional identity. In free India, the broad geographical distribution pattern of major language groups was used as one of the decisive factors for the formation of states. This gave a new political meaning to the geographical pattern of the linguistic distribution in the country. According to the 1961 census figures, the most comprehensive data on languages collected in India, there were 187 languages spoken by different sections of our society. -
Multilingual Practices in Kullu (Himachal Pradesh, India)
Multilingual practices in Kullu (Himachal Pradesh, India) Julia V. Mazurova, the Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences Project participants Himachali Pahari Grammar description and lexicon of Kullui Fieldwork research Kullui – an Indo-Aryan language of the Himachali Pahari (also known as Western Pahari) • Expedition 2014 Fund of Fundamental Linguistic Research, project 2014 “Documentation of Kullui (Western Pahari)”, supervisor Julia Mazurova • Expedition 2016 Russian State Fund for Scientific Research № 16-34-01040 «Grammar description and lexicon of Kullui», supervisor Elena Knyazeva Goals of the research Linguistic goals • Documentation of Kullui on the modern linguistic and technical level: dictionary, corpus of morphologically glossed texts with audio and video recordings. • Theoretical research of the Kullui phonology and grammar • Fieldwork research of the Himachali dialectal continuum • Description of the areal and typological features of the Himachali dialectal continuum Goals of the research Socio-linguistic goals • Linguistic situation in the region. Functional domains of the languages • Geographical location of the Kullui language • Differences between Kullui and neighbor dialects • Choosing informants • Evaluating of the language knowledge of the speakers • Language vitality • Variation in Kullui depending on age, gender, social level, education and other factors Linguistic situation in India ➢ Official languages of the Union Government of India – Hindi and English ➢ Scheduled languages (in States of India) -
An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri GLOSSARY
An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri GLOSSARY Braj B Kachru Kashmir News Network http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri A Basic Course and Referene Manual for Learning and Teaching Kashmiri as a Second Language PART II GLOSSARY BRAJ B. KACHRU Department of Linguistics, University of lllinois Urban, lllinois 61810 U.S.A June, 1973 The research project herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the United States Office of Education, Department of health, Education, and Welfare, Washington, D.C. Contract No. OEC-0-70-3981 Project Director and Principal Investigator: Braj B. Kachru, Department of Linguistics, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, U.S.A. Disclaimer: We present this material as is, and assume no responsibility for its quality, any loss and/or damages. © 2006 Braj B. Kachru. All Rights Reserved. Kashmir News Network http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri Kashmir News Network http://koshur.org/SpokenKashmiri An Introduction to Spoken Kashmiri - GLOSSARY by Braj B. Kachru TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ....................................................................................................1 GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................2 ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................3 1.0 KASHMIRI-ENGLISH ........................................................................ 1-4 2.0 ENGLISH-KASHMIRI ...................................................................... 2-32 3.0 A PARTIAL LIST OF ENGLISH -
A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs & Sayings
^>\--\>\-«s-«^>yss3ss-s«>ss \sl \ I'!- /^ I \ \ "I I \ CORNELL UNIVERSITY LIBRARY Cornell University Library PN 6409.K2K73 A dictionary of Kashmiri proverbs & sayi 3 1924 023 043 809 Cornell University Library The original of tliis book is in tine Cornell University Library. There are no known copyright restrictions in the United States on the use of the text. http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924023043809 — : DICTIONARY KASHMIRI PROVERBS & SAYINGS Explained and Illustrated from the rich and interesting Folklore of the Valley. Rev. J. HINTON KNOWLES, F.R.G.S., M.R.A.S., &c., (C. M. S.) MISSIONARY TO THE KASHMIRIS. A wise man will endeavour " to understand a proverb and the interpretation." Prov. I. vv. 5, 6. BOMBAY Education Society's Press. CALCUTTA :—Thackbb, Spink & Co. LONDON :—Tetjenee & Co. 1885. \_All rights reserved.'] PREFACE. That moment when an author dots the last period to his manuscript, and then rises up from the study-chair to shake its many and bulky pages together is almost as exciting an occasion as -when he takes a quire or so of foolscap and sits down to write the first line of it. Many and mingled feelings pervade his mind, and hope and fear vie with one another and alternately overcome one another, until at length the author finds some slight relief for his feelings and a kind of excuse for his book, by writing a preface, in which he states briefly the nature and character of the work, and begs the pardon of the reader for his presumption in undertaking it. A winter in Kashmir must be experienced to be realised. -
Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language Authors : M
Information Digest Volume 3 Revised Edition September 2003 Project ‘ZAAN’ A joint Project of Kashmiri Pandits’ Association, Mumbai & (Registered Charitable Educational Trust. Regn No. E-1715-Thane) Ground Floor, Pushp Vihar Shastri Nagar, Vasai Road (W) 401 202 Dist. Thane, Maharashtra (India) Tel: 0250 - 2342777 E.Mail: [email protected] Book : Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language Authors : M. K. Raina & Neelam Trakru First Edition: March 2001 Revision : September 2003 Publishers : Lalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust under Project ‘ZAAN’ Website : www.zaan.net © Copyright 2003. All rights of reproduction reserved with the Lalla-Ded Educational and Welfare Trust Copyrights © 2000-2010 Kashmir News Network (KNN) All Rights Reserved. Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 2 Copyrights © 2000-2010 Kashmir News Network (KNN): Language Section ( http://koshur.org ) All Rights Reserved. Basic Reader for Kashmiri Language (Revised) Page 3 IIInnndddeeexxx Foreword to the First Edition 5 Preface to the First Edition 6 A Note from Authors for the revised Edition 7 Symbols and Abbreviations for Indo-Roman Type 11 Section 1 ~ Introduction to Nagari-Kashmiri Alphabet 13 • Vowels and Symbols in Nagari-Kashmiri 15 • Combination of Anusvara with Vowels and Symbols 20 • Consonants in Nagari-Kashmiri 23 • Consonants forming Conjuncts with Vowels ; & o 27 • Using Ardhachandra W 30 • Using k and Ardhachandra W kW (vkW) 31 • Using Symbols ” and ”a 32 • Using Symbols • and •a 33 • Using (,]), and k] (vk]) 34 • Difference in Pronunciation -
BHADARWAHI:AT YPOLOGICAL SKETCH Amitabh Vikram DWIVEDI
BHADARWAHI: A TYPOLOGICAL SKETCH Amitabh Vikram DWIVEDI Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, India [email protected] Abstract This paper is a summary of some phonological and morphosyntactice features of the Bhadarwahi language of Indo-Aryan family. Bhadarwahi is a lesser known and less documented language spoken in district of Doda of Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir State in India. Typologically it is a subject dominant language with an SOV word order (SV if without object) and its verb agrees with a noun phrase which is not followed by an overt post-position. These noun phrases can move freely in the sentence without changing the meaning of the sentence. The indirect object generally precedes the direct object. Aspiration, like any other Indo-Aryan languages, is a prominent feature of Bhadarwahi. Nasalization is a distinctive feature, and vowel and consonant contrasts are commonly observed. Infinitive and participle forms are formed by suffixation while infixation is also found in causative formation. Tense is carried by auxiliary and aspect and mood is marked by the main verb. Keywords: Indo-Aryan; less documented; SOV; aspiration; infixation Povzetek Članek je nekakšen daljši povzetek fonoloških in morfosintaktičnih značilnosti jezika badarvahi, enega izmed članov indo-arijske jezikovne družine. Badarvahi je manj poznan in slabo dokumentiran jezik z območja Doda v regiji Jammu v Kašmirju. Tipološko je zanj značilen dominanten osebek in besedni red: osebek, predmet, povedek. Glagoli se povečini ujemajo s samostalniškimi frazami, ki lahko v stavku zavzemajo katerikoli položaj ne da bi spremenile pomen stavka. Nadaljna značilnost jezika badarvahi je tudi to, da indirektni predmeti ponavadi stojijo pred direktnimi predmeti. -
Kashmiri (Koshur) Author: Micaela Folan
Rhode Island College M.Ed. In TESL Program Language Group Specific Informational Reports Produced by Graduate Students in the M.Ed. In TESL Program In the Feinstein School of Education and Human Development Language Group: Kashmiri (Koshur) Author: Micaela Folan Program Contact Person: Nancy Cloud ([email protected]) By Micaela Folan TESL 539 Fall 2011 Kashmiri is spoken by 5,420,000 people in India. Most speakers are in the northern most state, Jammu and Kasmir. The language spreads through the Himalayas and plains across country boundaries outlined below in blue. There are 5,640,940 speakers in the world including India, Pakistan, China, the United Kingdon and United Sates. This land was historically settled by Indian inhabitants. Over the years Muslim rulers have forced religious conversions. Pakistan has raged war on this land for the past 70 years to gain control. The UN has established the borders colored here. They were not agreed upon by Pakistan, shown in the green, or China, shown in the yellow. (Wikipedia) “Nameste” is “Hello” Men shake hands and link arms as a sign of friendship. Women avoid touching and eye contact which is seen as flirting. Hugging and Kissing is not appropriate outside of a marriage in a private home. Their ears are sacred and should be treated nicely. Ruff touches are seen as an insult. Indians run late for appointments, but this is their social normalcy and not considered rude. They remove their shoes when entering most indoor locations (places of worship, homes, some shops and businesses). Indirect eye contact is best. -
A Dictionary of Kashmiri Proverbs.P65
A DICTIONARY OF KASHMIRI PROVERBS ii A DICTIONARY OF KASHMIRI PROVERBS A © The Author All rights reserved. No part of this book protected by this copyright Dictionary notice may be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without prior written Of permission from the copyright owner. First Edition 1992 Kashmiri Second Revised Edition 2006 Published by: Proverbs Indian Institute of Language Studies C-13, Greenview 33, Sector 9 Rohini, Delhi 110085 www.iils.org Omkar N. Koul ISBN 81-86323-21-X Printed at: Radha Press 2465 Main Road, Kailash Nagar, Delhi- 110031 Indian Institute of Language Studies iv A DICTIONARY OF KASHMIRI PROVERBS Ø Proverbs are like butterflies, some are caught others fly away. Proverbs in a language do reflect the socio-cultural milieu and wide Preface range of experience of the people who use them in a particular society. They do not have to be always true. Folk wisdom is sometimes contradictory. For For the purpose of this dictionary, a proverb is defined as a statement that example, the following two proverbs regarding a couple or two friends are may contain an advice, a warning, a prediction or simply an observation. contradictory: Idiomatic expressions and similies which are the part of the language are not included in this dictionary. 1. halen ba:nan vuk1r’ tha:n, hivis hiviy samkha:n Proverbs are of different types. Some proverbs are simple folk say- ‘The twisted pots have twisted lids.’ ings (for example, p@tshis potsh khara:n ‘One guest does not like the other’). -
Noun Morphology of Kashmiri-Pahari Sanna Usman Rahila Safdar Humera Syed Tram*
Interdisciplinary Journal of Linguistics (IJL Vol .7) Interdisciplinary Journal of Linguistics \ olumc |7| 2014. Pp.232-240 Noun Morphology of Kashmiri-Pahari Sanna Usman Rahila Safdar Humera Syed Tram* Abstract The present paper takes up the study of Kashmir-Pahari speech variety and aims to describe the basic noun morphology. Kashmir-Pahari is a variety of Western Pahari spoken in Reasi, Narwal, Kamah, etc. districts of Jammu and Kashmir. The paper aims to study the noun inflections i.e. Number, Gender, and Case in depth. Keywords Kashmiri-Pahari, Morphology, Noun Inflections, Number, Gender, Case, Postpositions. Introduction The Pahari languages {j)ohar 'mountain') are a geographic group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas, from Nepal in the east, through the Indian states of Uttarakand, Himachal Pradesh and Jammu and Kashmir, to Azad Kashmir and Murree in Pakistan. The term Pahari in Urdu means ‘"mountain dwellers The history of Pahari language in the state of J&K can be related to the time when J&K was a Hindu state. During that period Buddhism started to spread its roots in J&K and the preachers of Buddhism chose Pahari as their language for communication. This period was a marker for development and spread of Pahari in state of J&K as various scripts were developed for Pahari language. The main script for writing Pahari in that period was Sharda script. The script was replaced with Persio-Arabic after the Muslim invasion in state. With time Pahari language lost its roots and the state and was left on the mercy of the native speakers. -
Varieties of Kashmiri English
================================================================== Language in India www.languageinindia.com ISSN 1930-2940 Vol. 18:1 January 2018 India’s Higher Education Authority UGC Approved List of Journals Serial Number 49042 ================================================================ Varieties of Kashmiri English Sobial Jahane Gazzalie, Ph.D. Scholar ==================================================================== Abstract English is one of the largest spoken languages in the world. It is also widely spoken in India with the influence of different ‘variety’ of Indian languages which ultimately results a variety known as ‘Indian English’. Indian English is serried phrase that refers to variety (various forms) of English used in different states of India. The term ‘variety’ is used to refer to any variant of a language which can be sufficiently delimited from another variant. In general term it is any distinctive form of language or linguistic expression. Linguists commonly use language variety (or simply variety) as a cover term for any of the overlapping subcategories of a language including dialect, idiolect, register and social dialect. In this paper we will discuss one of the varieties of Indian English which is called as ‘Kashmiri English’. This paper will highlight the conditions and main functions of English in Kashmir. It will focus on the sub-varieties of Kashmiri English. Keywords: Variety, Sub-variety, Indian English, Dialect, Idiolect, Kashmiri English, Boatman English, Shawl, Kangiri, Code-switching, Code-mixing, -
A Case Study on the Language Situation in Northern Pakistan
multiethnica 61 Linguistic diversity, vitality and maintenance: a case study on the language situation in northern Pakistan HENRIK LILJEGREN AND FAKHRUDDIN AKHUNZADA The multilingual and multicultural region of northern ce and advocacy that have been carried out in recent Pakistan, which has approximately 30 distinct languages, years, particularly through the work of the Forum for Language lnitiatives (FLI) and its partner organizations is described and evaluated from the perspective of throughout the region. language vitality, revealing the diverse and complex interplay of language policies, community attitudes and generational transmission. Based on the experience The region: its people and languages of conscious language maintenance efforts carried out It is essential to point out from the start that the re in the area, some conclusions are offered concerning gion dealt with here is not a single geopolitical unit the particular effectiveness of regional networking and with generally agreed on boundaries. lnstead, it is roade up of several political units with varying status within non-governmental institution support to promote local today's Pakistan. In order to operationalize the descrip languages and sustain their vitality in times of great tion and decide what areas and languages to include change. or leave out, a somewhat artificial decision was roade to define northern Pakistan as that part of the country that is situated above the 34th parallel, or all Pakistan I ntrod uction held territory north of the city of Peshawar. The three Northem Pakistan's mountain region is characterized main units that makeup this region of 125,000 km2 by great linguistic and cultural diversity.