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Suffragette City: How Did the 'Votes for Women' Campaign Affect London

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Suffragette City: How Did the 'Votes for Women' Campaign Affect London Suffragette City: How did the ‘votes for women’ campaign affect London 1906–1914? The UK campaign for women’s right to vote in parliamentary elections began in the mid-19th century. Campaigners used argument and debate to try to persuade the government. When this did not work by the beginning of the 20th century, new tactics were adopted. In 1903, the Women’s Social and Political Union (WSPU) was set up in Manchester. The WSPU aimed to adopt more militant (strong or more direct) tactics to win the vote. Their members later became known as Suffragettes. When the WSPU moved to London in 1906, the movement’s emphasis altered. From 1906–1914 the fight to win the vote became a public, and sometimes violent struggle that was very visible on the streets of the capital. Why did the campaign move to London in 1906? Moving the campaign to the streets of London made the WSPU more visible. It also meant they could hold major events that attracted lots of people and publicity. This paper napkin is printed with a programme for Women’s Sunday on 21 June 1908. This was the first big event organised by the WSPU. The centre of the napkin shows the route of the seven marches through London meeting in Hyde Park. Around the centre are portraits of the main speakers and the Suffragette leaders. Souvenir paper table napkin Napkins like this were produced for all large public events from Women’s Sunday, 1908 in London from the early- to mid-20th century. They would have been sold for about one penny by street traders lining the route of the event. The fact that one was made for this event shows the impact of Women’s Sunday on London life. © Museum of London 2011 London of © Museum The Women’s Sunday procession included over 700 banners and attracted a crowd of up to 300,000 people. 1 Why did the Suffragettes chain themselves to the railings of government buildings? The move to London also brought the WSPU closer to the seat of parliament. MPs could not ignore women chaining themselves to the railings of government buildings or causing public disruption nearby. Suffragettes used belts like this one to chain themselves to railings. It took the police a long time to release Suffragettes from the chain’s padlocks. This meant the women had more time to make long speeches about why women should be given the vote. Leather restraining belt, made about 1840, used by Suffragettes around 1908 Belts like these had been originally made to restrain mentally ill patients. This one was probably adapted by a blacksmith who would have added the shackles. The WSPU was set up by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters. Its motto was ‘deeds not words’. Violence and disruption Clashes with the police could lead to public disturbances in the streets of London. This photo comes from a front page of a newspaper with the headline ‘Violent scenes at Westminster’. The newspaper dates from 19 November 1910 and referred to a demonstration outside parliament. That day later became known as ‘Black Friday’ because of the violence of the police towards the women involved. From 1912 onwards, the WSPU shifted their tactics towards attacks on buildings and property. In May 1912, 150 Suffragettes took part in a shop-window-smashing Newscutting from a daily, campaign in London’s West End. Suffragettes also national newspaper, attacked works of art, including slashing the Rokeby 19 November 1910 Venus by Velasquez at the National Gallery. Many London museums and galleries banned female visitors as a result. In June 1913 the Suffragette Emily Wilding Davison died after being trampled by the King’s horse when she ran onto a racecourse. 2011 London of © Museum 2 Suffragettes in prison Over 1,000 Suffragettes went to prison as a result of militant activities like these. This police summons was issued to the Suffragette Janie Terrero. She was required to attend Bow Street Court charged with wilful (deliberate) damage. She had been caught window smashing and was sentenced to four months in Holloway prison. While she was in prison, Janie went on hunger strike twice. Like Janie, Suffragette prisoners often went on hunger strike. In prison they were not classed as political prisoners but as common criminals. Their hunger strike was in protest against this treatment. The authorities feared that Suffragettes on hunger strike might die from starvation. As a result Suffragettes were force fed. Police summons to Janie Terrero, 1 March 1912 In 1913 the government decided to release hunger-striking prisoners so they could recover, then re-arrest them. Suffragettes called this ‘The Cat and Mouse Act’. © Museum of London 2011 London of © Museum 3 Hunger strikes The WSPU gave medals to hunger-striking women. This one was given to Florence Haig the third and last time she went to Holloway prison. This was for breaking the windows of DH Evans department store on Oxford Street in March 1912. She was in prison for four months where she went on hunger strike and was force fed. The medal’s ribbon shows the purple, white and green colours of the WSPU. The fact that the WSPU issued medals for hunger strikes shows that it operated like a military campaign. It also shows that they wished to reward the women for their dedication to the ‘Votes for Women Cause’. At the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Emmeline Pankhurst, the WSPU founder, called a halt to Suffragette militancy. She felt it was now important Hunger strike medal given to support the war effort. to Florence Haig, 1912 Further resources for See also teachers/tutors Collections Online is an online database which allows users to find out more about Explore the images for this topic in the Museum of London’s objects, both on the Picturebank: display and in store. Go to www.museumoflondon.org.uk/picture bank. www.museumoflondon.org.uk/collections. The National Archives Education Visit the Museum Gallery: ‘Early 1900s Women’s Suffrage’: Galleries of interest to this topic: http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ed ucation/britain1906to1918/g3/gallery3. People’s City: 1850–1950 at the Museum htm of London. © Museum of London 2011 London of © Museum 4 .
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