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Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites NATURAL REMEDIES IN THE FIGHT AGAINST PARASITES Edited by Hanem Khater, Giovanni Benelli and M. Govindarajan Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/63275 Edited by Hanem Khater, Giovanni Benelli and M. Govindarajan Contributors Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti, Lilián Yépez-Mulia, Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio, Jonathan Isaí Andrade-Becerra, Ericka N. Pompa-Mera, Peng Liu, Jose Vega, Alison Wunderlich, Erica O.P. Zica, Vanessa F. S. Ayres, Anderson C. Guimarães, Renata Takeara, Nelissa Pacheco Vaz, Laurence Marchat, Esther Ramirez-Moreno, Jacqueline Soto-Sanchez, Gildardo Rivera, De La Garza, Cynthia Ordaz-Pichardo, Nidia Leon-Sicairos, Julio César Carrero, Hanem Fathy Khater Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia © The Editor(s) and the Author(s) 2017 The moral rights of the editor(s) and the author(s) have been asserted. All rights to the book as a whole are reserved by InTech. The book as a whole (compilation) cannot be reproduced, distributed or used for commercial or non-commercial purposes without InTech's written permission. Enquiries concerning the use of the book should be directed to InTech's rights and permissions department ([email protected]). Violations are liable to prosecution under the governing Copyright Law. Individual chapters of this publication are distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License which permits commercial use, distribution and reproduction of the individual chapters, provided the original author(s) and source publication are appropriately acknowledged. More details and guidelines concerning content reuse and adaptation can be found at http://www.intechopen.com/copyright-policy.html. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Edi Lipovic Technical Editor SPi Global Cover InTech Design team First published June, 2017 Printed in Croatia Legal deposit, Croatia: National and University Library in Zagreb Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Natural Remedies in the Fight Against Parasites, Edited by Hanem Khater, Giovanni Benelli and M. Govindarajan p. cm. Print ISBN 978-953-51-3289-9 Online ISBN 978-953-51-3290-5 PUBLISHED BY World’s largest Science, Technology & Medicine Open Access book publisher 102,000+ 3,050+ INTERNATIONAL 99+ MILLION OPEN ACCESS BOOKS AUTHORS AND EDITORS DOWNLOADS AUTHORS AMONG BOOKS 12.2% DELIVERED TO TOP 1% AUTHORS AND EDITORS 151 COUNTRIES MOST CITED SCIENTISTS FROM TOP 500 UNIVERSITIES SON REU M TE O R H S T Selection of our books indexed in the BOOK CITATION Book Citation Index in Web of Science™ INDEX I Core Collection (BKCI) N D E X E D Interested in publishing with us? Contact [email protected] Numbers displayed above are based on data collected at the time of publication, for latest information visit www.intechopen.com Contents Preface VII Section 1 Introduction 1 Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Back to the Future - Solutions for Parasitic Problems as Old as the Pyramids 3 Hanem Fathy Khater Section 2 Biological Control 21 Chapter 2 Biological Control of Parasites 23 Tebit Emmanuel Kwenti Section 3 Botanical Control 59 Chapter 3 Mexican Medicinal Plants as an Alternative for the Development of New Compounds Against Protozoan Parasites 61 Esther Ramirez-Moreno, Jacqueline Soto-Sanchez, Gildardo Rivera and Laurence A. Marchat Chapter 4 Can the Cure for Chagas’ Disease be Found in Nature? 93 Nelissa Pacheco Vaz Chapter 5 Plant-Derived Compounds as an Alternative Treatment Against Parasites in Fish Farming: A Review 115 Alison Carlos Wunderlich, Érica de Oliveira Penha Zica, Vanessa Farias dos Santos Ayres, Anderson Cavalcante Guimarães and Renata Takeara VI Contents Section 4 Miscellaneous Biorationals 137 Chapter 6 Involvement of Gap Junction Proteins in Infectious Diseases Caused by Parasites 139 José Luis Vega, Iván Barría, Juan Güiza, Jorge González and Juan C. Sáez Chapter 7 Lactoferrin in the Battle against Intestinal Parasites: A Review 155 Nidia León-Sicairos, Cynthia Ordaz-Pichardo, Julio César Carrero and Mireya de la Garza Chapter 8 Plasmepsin: Function, Characterization and Targeted Antimalarial Drug Development 183 Peng Liu Chapter 9 Vaccination against Trichinella spiralis: Potential, Limitations and Future Directions 219 Jonathan I. Andrade-Becerra, Ericka N. Pompa-Mera, Rosa María Ribas-Aparicio and Lilián Yépez-Mulia Preface Since millions of years, parasites had and still have to survive the struggle for life competed with individuals of their own species as well as with higher numbers of competitors. A note‐ worthy quote of the overall biodiversity found in any ecosystem can be attributed to parasit‐ ism since every species of animal is parasitized by at least another organism. The disease burden caused by parasites is significant and represents a challenging health problem, main‐ ly in tropics and in developing countries. Chemical control is mostly effective, but there are some major limitations to face, including toxicity on nontarget organisms, the rapid devel‐ opment of drug and pesticide resistance, and high operational costs. Consequently, there is an urgent need for discovery of new, eco-friendly, and effective drugs. For centuries, medic‐ inal and aromatic plants have been used to combat parasites in traditional medicine and, in many parts of the world, are still used for this purpose. Besides the introductory chapter “Back to the Future: Solutions for Parasitic Problems as Old as Pyramids," this book discusses, in eight chapters, three major topics of natural para‐ sitic control as biological, botanical, and miscellaneous control strategies. Biological Control: A chapter reviews natural enemies or biological control agents including predators, parasites and parasitoids, and pathogens (covering viruses, bacteria, protozoa, fungi , , , and nematodes); the effect of biocontrol agents on native biodiversity; case studies of the successful implementation of biocontrol methods; and challenges facing biological control strategies and their future perspectives. Botanical Control: Three chapters highlight the advantages of the use of plant-derived com‐ pounds such as essential oils, plant extracts, and Mexican plants, as an alternative way to control and prevent parasites of humans, livestock, and wildlife. Miscellaneous Biorationals: The last four chapters focus on other natural control methods in‐ cluding the benefits of involvement of gap junction proteins, permitting cellular communi‐ cation in infectious diseases caused by parasites; lactoferricins (an iron-binding glycoprotein of the innate immune system) against intestinal parasitic diseases; plasmepsin for antimalar‐ ial drug development; and, finally , vaccination against Trichinella spiralis, highlighting its potential, limitations, and future perspective. Natural product research shows a promising potential in finding new lead structures be‐ sides rational drug design. The editors of this book have a special research interest in natural control of parasites as well as arthropod pests. Therefore, we enthusiastically present this book with numerous updates on topics of vigorous timely research. This textbook is designed for students and teachers at the same time. It emphasizes princi‐ ples about natural control of the major parasites of humans, domestic animals, and crops. As VIII Preface always, we have strived for readability, enhancing chapters with figures and tables. Essen‐ tial terms are defined and lists of abbreviations are provided. Numbered references at the end of each chapter make supporting data and further study easily accessible. Clear labeling makes all illustrations approachable and self-explanatory to the readers. We thank the continuing efforts of the contributors to this book, exposing their thought about weaknesses in the biology of parasites and how nature contributes to solving parasitic problems. This knowledge, in turn, suggests safe materials for parasitic control. Then, we are grateful to the efforts of all coworkers of each group who kindly provided text and figures in their final format. Our sincere thanks are directed to Mr. Edi Lipovic, InTech Publishing Process Manager; Prof. Dr. Azza A. Moustafa, Research Institute of Medical Entomology, Egypt; Galal Abouelella, British University in Egypt; colleagues at Benha University, Egypt; Prof. Dr. Adel Shaheen, Department of Fish Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Dr. Ahmed Radwan, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; and Prof. Dr. Abdou Mahdi and Prof. Dr. Mohamed Hafez, Plant Pathology Department, Facul‐ ty of Agriculture, for their valuable support and advice. Prof. Dr. Hanem Khater Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Moshtohor, Egypt Giovanni Benelli, Ph.D., Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy Dr. M. Govindarajan. M.Sc., M.Phil., Ph.D., Unit of Vector Biology, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Tamilnadu, India Section 1 Introduction Chapter 1 Introductory Chapter: Back to the Future -
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