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The Development of the Sporozoite of Plasmodium Gallinaceum (Apicomplexa : Haemosporina)

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The Development of the Sporozoite of Plasmodium Gallinaceum (Apicomplexa : Haemosporina) THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SPOROZOITE OF PLASMODIUM GALLINACEUM (APICOMPLEXA : HAEMOSPORINA) by David Peter Turner, B.Sc. (Lond.), A.R.C.S. A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of the University of London Department of Zoology and Applied Entomology, Imperial College Field Station, Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY. May 1980 TO MY MOTHER AND FATHER WITH AFFECTION AND GRATITUDE This day relenting God Hath placed within my hand A wondrous thing; and God Be praised. At his command, Seeking His secret deeds With tears and toiling breath, I find thy cunning seeds, 0 million-murdering Death. Sir Ronald, Ross Inspired by his discovery of the wonderful "pigmented cells" (oocysts) protruding from the stomach wall of a dapple-wing mosquito. -4 ABSTRACT This thesis describes an investigation into the development of the P. gallinaceum sporozoite. Observations by light microscopy failed to distinguish between sporozoites from mature oocysts and those from salivary glands. The only significant morphological change at the ultrastructural level occurred in the organisation of the rhoptry-microneme complex and resulted in a proliferation of the micronemes and a disappearance of the rhoptries in the salivary gland forms. The cell surface properties of sporozoites were investigated by the techniques of free-flow electrophoresis and lectin-binding studies. The electrophoretic mobility of sporozoites was measured as a function of pH and data from these observations demonstrated that there was a significant reduction in cell surface charge of salivary gland sporo- zoites, compared to sporozoites from mature oocysts and qualitative differences between the two populations were shown to exist. The electrophoretic mobility of sporozoites was also examined after enzy- matic and chemical modification of the cell surface groups. Trypsin treatment significantly reduced the electrophoretic mobility of both groups of sporozoites, although neuraminidase did not produce any change in cell surface charge. Evidence for the presence of carbohydrates on the cell surface membrane of sporozoites was further sought by fluorescent lectin staining using a FITC-conjugated preparation of Concanavalin A. Results demonstrated that ligands similar to aC-D-glucose and -D-mannose are not present in an exposed or reactive form on the cell surface membrane of P. gallinaceum sporozoites. The results of the free-flow electrophoresis and lectin- binding studies showed that the cell surface membrane of P. gallinaceum sporozoites lacks certain exposed carbohydrate and sialic acid residues which are common constituents of many cells, although it was shown to be rich in protein, possibly in association with amino, but not SH groups. The biological significance of these findings was then examined by comparing the infectivity to chicks of sporozoites from mature oocysts and those from salivary glands. The latter group were shown to be 10,000 times more infective than sporozoites from mature oocysts. The infectivity of salivary gland sporozoites was further investigated after enzymatic modification of the cell surface membrane. Incubation with neuraminidase, which did not alter the electrophoretic mobility of sporozoites, did not have any effect on their infectivity, although trypsin treatment, which produced a significant decrease in the electrophoretic mobility, completely eliminated their infectivity to chicks. Finally, following numerous attempts to culture primary exoerythrocytic schizonts by inoculation of infective salivary gland sporozoites in vitro, a suitable technique was eventually established. The relevance of these findings is discussed. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to thank my supervisor, Dr. R. E. Sinden for his continued interest and encouragement during the period of this study. Also, I am grateful to Professor P. C. C. Garnham, Dr. L. H. Bannister, Dr. R. S. Bray, Dr. N. Gregson and Dr. R. Killick-Kendrick for their help and discussion and to Mr. T. Ludlow and Dr. S. Young for their assistance with the statistics. I would like to thank Professor T. R. E. Southwood for allowing me to make use of the Field Station facilities and the Science Research Council for financial support. Special thanks are due to Mr. B. Balchin and Mr. S. Weir of Tetra Poultry Limited, who cheerfully supplied me with chicks and eggs for this work. I would also like to thank Miss Patricia Hunt for patiently and accurately typing this thesis and Col. L. MacL. Young who proof read much of it. Finally, it is a joy to thank my wife, Christina, for the great deal of support and understanding she has always given me and who has made it all worthwhile. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT 00 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 6 CHAPTER 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION .. .. .. .. .. 11 CHAPTER 2. HISTORICAL REVIEW .. .. .. .. 15 2.1. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 15 2.2: Biology of malarial sporozoites .. .. .. .. 15 2.2.1. Discovery and early history .. .. .. 15 2.2.2. Fate of the sporozoite: discovery and early history of the exoerythrocytic forms .. 16 2.2.3. Experimental research on malarial sporozoites 18 2.3. Biology of P. gallinaceum .. .. .. .. .. 22 2.3.1. Discovery and isolation .. .. .. .. 22 2.3.2. Distribution and hosts .. .. .. .. 23 2.3.3. Experimental research on P. gallinaceum .. 25 CHAPTER 3. GENERAL MATERIALS AND METHODS .. .. .. 29 3.1. Parasite .. .. .. 00 .. .. .. .. 29 3.2. Avian hosts .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 29 3.3. Mosquito hosts .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 30 3.4. Parasite transmission .. .. .. .. .. 30 3.5. Harvesting of sporozoites .. .. .. .. .. 34 CHAPTER 4. MORPHOLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS .. .. .. .. 1+1 4.1 . Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 1+1 4.2. Materials and Methods .. .. .. .. .. 42 4.2.1. Preparation and examination of material for light microscopy .. .. .. .. 42 4.2.2. Preparation and examination of material for electron microscopy .. .. .. .. 43 -8 Page 4.3. Results 0 ,0 .. 44 4.3.1. Morphology with the light microscope 44 4.3.2. Morphology with the electron microscope .- 47 4.4. Discussion .. .. .. .. .. .. -. 50 CHAPTER 5. CELL SURFACE CHARGE: MEASUREMENT OF CELLULAR ET,FCTROPHORETIC MOBILITY .. .. .. 56 5.1. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 56 5.2. Materials and Methods .. .. .. .. .. .. 57 5.2.1. Preparation of sporozoites and electrophoretic measurements .. .. .. 57 5.2.2. Calibration of electrophoresis cell: determination of the stationary phase .. .. 58 5.2.3. Chemical and enzymatic modification of sporozoite surface groups .. .. •• •- 59 5.3. Results .. .. .. 62 5.3.1. Variation of electrophoretic mobility with development of sporozoite .. .. .. .. 62 5.3.2. Mobility of sporozoites as a function of pH .. 64 5.3.3. The action of enzymes on sporozoite mobility .. 66 5.3.4. The effect of an amino blocking agent on sporozoite mobility .. .. .. .. .. 71 5.4. Discussion .. -• •- •• -- -. .. .. 73 CHAPTER 6. CELL SURFACE SACCHARIDES: LECTIN-BINDING PROPERTIES .. .... .. .. .. .. 81 6.1. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81 6.2. Materials and Methods .. .. .. .. .. .. 84 6.2.1. Preparation of sporozoites and treatment for lectin examination .. .. .. .. 84 6.2.2. Lectin and saccharide inhibitor .. 00 .. 84 6.2.3. Labelling of sporozoites with FITC-Con A .. 84 - 9 Page .. .. .. 85 6.3. Results .. .. .. .. .. 6.3.1. Reactivity of FITC-Con A with sporozoites .. 85 .. .. .. 85 6.4. Discussion .. .. .. .. .. CHAPTER 7. INFhCTIVITY OF P. GALLINACEUM SPOROZOITES .. 90 7.1. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 90 .. .. 7.2. Materials and Methods .. .. .. .. 91 7.2.1. Preparation and inoculation of sporozoites .. 91 7.2.2. Enzyme treatment of sporozoites .. .. .. 92 7.3. Results .. .. .. .. .. .. •• .• 92 7.3.1. Infectivity of oocyst versus salivary gland sporozoites .. .. .. .. .. 92 7.3.2. Effect of enzymes on sporozoite infectivity .. 94 .. .. .. .. 7.4. Discussion .. .. .. .. 96 .. .. CHAPTER 8. EXOERYTHROCYTIC SCHIZOGONY IN VITRO 105 .. 8.1. Introduction • .. .. .. .. .. 105 .. 8.2. Materials and Methods .. .. .. 106 8.2.1. Sterilisation procedure .. 106 8.2.2. Preparation of tissue cultures: general methods.. .. .. .. 106 8.2.3. Preparation of tissue cultures: other methods .. .. .. .. .. .. 108 8.2.4. Sporozoite inoculation .. 109 8.2.5. Centrifugation procedure .. .. .. .. 110 8.2.6. Production of phanerozoites in vivo and in vitro .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 110 8.3. Results .. .. .. •• •• •• •• •• 112 8.3.1. Phanerozoites in vivo and in vitro .. .. 112 8.3.2. Infectivity of sporozoites prepared by sterile procedure.. .. .. .. .. .. .. 112 8.3.3. Development of cells in vitro .. .. .. 112 8.3.4. Attempts of establishing cryptozoites . 117 - 10 - Page 8.4. Discussion.. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 120 CHAPTER 9. GENERAL DISCUSSION .. .. .. .. .. .. 127 9.1. Introduction .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 127 9.2. Escape from the oocyst .. .. .. .. .. .. 127 9.3. Passage through the haemocoele .. .. .. .. 1a8 9.4. Sporozoites in the salivary glands .. .. .. .. 132 9.5. Inoculation into the vertebrate host .. .. .. 134 9.6. Entry and survival of intracellular sporozoites .. 137 .7. Summary .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 9 .. 139 REFERENCES -. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 141 .. .. .. APPENDICES .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 169 CHAPTER 1 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION The family Plasmodiidae McSi ll, 1903, contains the single genus Plasmodium Marchiafava and Celli, 1885 and includes nearly 100 species of true malaria parasites of mammals, birds and reptiles. Members of the genus are obligate intracellular parasites for almost all of their life cycle
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