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Effects of Climate and Land Use on Diversity, Prevalence, and Seasonal Transmission of Avian Hematozoa in American Samoa

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Effects of Climate and Land Use on Diversity, Prevalence, and Seasonal Transmission of Avian Hematozoa in American Samoa Technical Report HCSU-072 EFFEcts OF CLIMATE AND LAND USE ON DIVERSITY, PREVALENCE, AND SEASONAL TRANSMISSION OF AVIAN HEMATOZOA IN AMERICAN SAMOA 1 2,3 4 5 Carter T. Atkinson , Ruth B. Utzurrum , Joshua O. Seamon , Mark A. Schmaedick , Dennis A. LaPointe1, Chloe Apelgren2, Ariel N. Egan2, and William Watcher-Weatherwax2 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Kīlauea Field Station, P.O. Box 44, Hawai`i National Park, HI 96718 2 Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai`i at Hilo, P. O. Box 44, Hawai`i National Park, HI 96718 3 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Wildlife and Sport Fish Restoration Program, Honolulu, HI 4 Department of Marine and Wildlife Resources, American Samoa Government, Pago Pago, American Samoa 5 Division of Community and Natural Resources, American Samoa Community College, Pago Pago, American Samoa Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai`i at Hilo 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 (808) 933-0706 January 2016 This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreement G15AC00191 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U.S. Geological Survey. This article has been peer reviewed and approved for publication consistent with USGS Fundamental Science Practices (http://pubs.usgs.gov/circ/1367/). Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. i TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ....................................................................................................................... iii List of Figures ...................................................................................................................... iii Abstract ............................................................................................................................... 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 3 Methods .............................................................................................................................. 4 Mist Netting and Blood Collection ....................................................................................... 4 Mosquito Sampling ............................................................................................................ 4 Diagnostics ....................................................................................................................... 6 Microscopy .................................................................................................................... 6 PCR ‒ Blood .................................................................................................................. 8 PCR – Mosquitoes .......................................................................................................... 9 Sequencing: ................................................................................................................ 10 Climate Data................................................................................................................... 10 Data Analysis .................................................................................................................. 10 Prevalence ‒ Birds ....................................................................................................... 10 Prevalence – Mosquitoes .............................................................................................. 10 Phylogenetics .............................................................................................................. 10 Results .............................................................................................................................. 11 Prevalence ..................................................................................................................... 11 Host Species ............................................................................................................... 11 Habitat: ...................................................................................................................... 15 Season: ...................................................................................................................... 15 Year: .......................................................................................................................... 19 Taxonomy and Morphology ............................................................................................. 19 Plasmodium: ............................................................................................................... 19 Trypanosoma .............................................................................................................. 23 Microfilaria: ................................................................................................................. 23 Haemococcidians: ........................................................................................................ 23 Vectors .......................................................................................................................... 23 Recaptures ..................................................................................................................... 30 Lesions ........................................................................................................................... 30 Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 33 Diversity ......................................................................................................................... 33 Plasmodium: ............................................................................................................... 33 ii Trypanosoma .............................................................................................................. 35 Filarial Worms ............................................................................................................. 35 Haemococcidians ......................................................................................................... 36 Vectors .......................................................................................................................... 36 Climate .......................................................................................................................... 37 Land Use ........................................................................................................................ 37 Conservation Significance ................................................................................................ 38 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................ 39 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................. 40 Appendix I ......................................................................................................................... 46 LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Historic and modern landbirds from Tutuila and the Manu‘a Islands of Ofu-Olosega and Ta‘u in American Samoa.. ..................................................................................................... 5 Table 2. Localities, sampling periods and dates for collection of forest bird blood and mosquitoes on Tutuila and Ta‘u Islands ................................................................................. 7 Table 3. PCR primers used in the study ................................................................................. 9 Table 4. Pairwise percent differences in nucleotide sequences among lineages found in forest birds and mosquitoes. ........................................................................................................ 12 Table 5. Overall prevalence of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, microfilaria, and Isospora by host species at five study sites on Tutuila and Ta‘u Islands. ......................................................... 13 Table 6. Measurements of Trypanosoma sp. from American Samoa, T. corvi from a Rufous Treepie, T. avium from European Pied Flycatche, and T. culicavium from experimentally infected canaries. ............................................................................................................................ 25 Table 7. Pooled mosquito collections from Amalau, Olo Ridge, and Faleasao that were tested for Plasmodium.. ..................................................................................................................... 31 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Locations of study sites on Tutuila and Ta‘u Islands ................................................. 6 Figure 2. Overall prevalence of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, microfilaria, and Isospora by host species at five study sites on Tutuila and Ta‘u Islands. ......................................................... 14 Figure 3. Prevalence of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, microfilaria, and Isospora by island. ........ 16 Figure 4. Overall prevalence of Plasmodium, Trypanosoma, microfilaria, and Isospora on Tutuila and Ta‘u Islands by land use. ................................................................................ 17 Figure 5. Total Rainfall, mean daily wind speed, and mean daily minimum and maximum temperatures for winter (May‒October) and summer (November‒April) seasons at Pago Pago International Airport. .........................................................................................................
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