Conocimiento Tradicional Y Valoración De Plantas Útiles En Reserva De Biosfera El Cielo, Tamaulipas, México

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Conocimiento Tradicional Y Valoración De Plantas Útiles En Reserva De Biosfera El Cielo, Tamaulipas, México CONOCIMIENTO TRADICIONAL Y VALORACIÓN DE PLANTAS ÚTILES EN RESERVA DE BIOSFERA EL CIELO, TAMAULIPAS, MÉXICO TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE AND VALUATION OF USEFUL PLANTS IN EL CIELO BIOSPHERE RESERVE, TAMAULIPAS, MÉXICO Sergio G. Medellín-Morales1*, Ludivina Barrientos-Lozano1, Arturo Mora-Olivo2, Pedro Almaguer-Sierra1, Sandra G. Mora-Ravelo2 1División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Instituto Tecnológico de Ciudad Victoria, Blvd. Emilio Portes Gil No. 1301, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. 87010. ([email protected]), ([email protected]), ([email protected]). 2Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Instituto de Ecología Aplicada, Calle División del Golfo No. 356, Col. Ampliación La Libertad, Ciudad Victoria, Tamaulipas. 87019. ([email protected]), ([email protected]) RESUMEN ABSTRACT La investigación se realizó en dos ejidos, Alta Cima y San The research was carried out in two ejidos, Alta Cima and José, Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo, de diciembre 2012 a San José, El Cielo Biosphere Reserve, from December 2012 to marzo 2016. Objetivos: a) determinar riqueza de plantas úti- March 2016. Objectives: a) to determine the wealth of useful les; b) calcular nivel de preferencia de los pobladores respecto plants; b) to calculate the level of preference of inhabitants a las mismas; y c) determinar prioridades de conservación y regarding these; and c) to define priorities for conservation aprovechamiento sustentable mediante valoración socioeco- and sustainable exploitation through socioeconomic and nómica y ecológica. Se realizaron entrevistas al azar al 30 % ecological valuation. Random interviews were performed de los hogares; 20 entrevistas a informantes de calidad y dos with 30 % of the households; 20 interviews with quality talleres participativos comunitarios. Se utilizaron diversas informants; and two community participative workshops. metodologías para obtener el “valor de uso” y prioridades de Various methodologies were used to obtain the “use value” conservación. Se identificaron 156 plantas útiles preferidas and priorities for conservation. The following were identified: y 62 familias botánicas, siendo las más frecuentes: Labiatae, 156 preferred useful plants and 62 botanical families, with Rosaceae, Asteraceae y Fabaceae. Los taxa con mayor valor the most frequent being Labiatae, Rosaceae, Asteraceae and de uso fueron nogal cimarrón (Juglans mollis Engelm.), mora Fabaceae. The taxa with highest use value were cimarrón (Maclura tinctoria (L.) D. Don ex Steud.), malva babosa (He- walnut (Juglans mollis Engelm.), berry (Maclura tinctoria (L.) liocarpus donellsmithii Rose), maravilla (Mirabilis jalapa L.) D. Don ex Steud.), malva babosa (Heliocarpus donellsmithii y encino roble o rojo (Quercus germana Schltdl. & Cham.). Rose), maravilla (Mirabilis jalapa L.), and Mexican royal Estos valores de uso no necesariamente están relacionados oak (Quercus germana Schltdl. & Cham.). These use values con su valoración económica, ecológica y social. Son cinco las are not necessarily related to their economic, ecological and especies con mayor valor socioeconómico y ecológico vitales social valuation. The species with highest socioeconomic and para la economía y subsistencia en la Reserva de la Biosfera El ecological valuation are five species, vital for the economy Cielo (RBEC): palmilla (Chamaedorea radicalis Mart.), zar- and subsistence in El Cielo Biosphere Reserve (Reserva de la zamoras silvestres (Rubus sapidus Schltdl. y Rubus coriifolius Biosfera El Cielo, RBEC): palmilla (Chamaedorea radicalis Liebm.) y uvas de monte (Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millardet y Mart.), wild blackberries (Rubus sapidus Schltdl. and Rubus Vitis tiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.). coriifolius Liebm.), and wild grapes (Vitis cinerea (Engelm.) Millardet and Vitis tiliifolia Humb. & Bonpl. ex Schult.). Palabras clave: área natural protegida, bosque mesófilo de mon- taña, comunidades campesinas, etnobotánica, valor de uso. Key words: natural protected area, mountainous mesophyll forest, peasant communities, ethnobotany, use value. * Autor responsable v Author for correspondence. Recibido: mayo, 2015. Aprobado: marzo, 2017. Publicado como ARTÍCULO en ASyD 15: 354-377. 2018. 354 CONOCIMIENTO TRADICIONAL Y VALORACIÓN DE PLANTAS ÚTILES EN RESERVA DE BIOSFERA EL CIELO, TAMAULIPAS, MÉXICO INTRODUCCIÓN INTRODUCTION on pocos los estudios que se avocan a tratar de here are few studies that attempt to try entender y documentar el proceso que realizan to understand and document the process los pobladores locales para usar y aprovechar that local inhabitants carry out to use and Slos recursos vegetales de que disponen. Esto es parti- Ttake advantage of the plant resources available. cularmente importante cuando se localizan estas co- This is particularly important when these peasant munidades campesinas en áreas protegidas. La flora communities are found in protected areas. The useful útil representa un componente central en el conjunto flora represents a central component in the set of de estrategias e insumos que conforman los medios strategies and inputs that make up the livelihoods de vida y por tanto la supervivencia de las comuni- and therefore the survival of rural communities dades rurales (Chambers & Conway, 1992) y es ele- (Chambers and Conway, 1992), and it is a key mento clave de los ecosistemas locales. element of local ecosystems. Los bosques de niebla, como los del macizo Cloud forests, such as those in the mountain range montañoso de la Sierra de Guatemala en el estado of Sierra de Guatemala in the state of Tamaulipas, are de Tamaulipas, son sitios biodiversos que contienen biodiverse sites that contain approximately 10 % of aproximadamente 10 % de la variabilidad vegetal del the plant variability in the country and, at the same país y brindan, a la vez, una serie de servicios ambien- time, provide a series of environmental services to the tales al área que los rodea (Williams, 2007). Por ello, surrounding area (Williams, 2007). Therefore, and y por ser un área protegida, es importante realizar because it is a protected area, it is important to perform estudios etnobotánicos que ayuden a comprender las ethnobotanical studies that help to understand the formas de manejo, conocimientos y valores que los forms of management, knowledge and values that habitantes locales construyen en torno a ellos. Para el local inhabitants build around them. For the case of caso de la Reserva de la Biosfera El Cielo (RBEC) se El Cielo Biosphere Reserve (RBEC), various studies han realizado diversos estudios que incluyen especies have been performed that include useful species, útiles como los de Lara (1989), Hernández-Sando- such as those by Lara (1989), Hernández-Sandoval val et al. (1991), Mora-López y Medellín-Morales et al. (1991), Mora-López and Medellín-Morales (1991), González-Romo y Gispert (2005), Pérez- (1991), González-Romo and Gispert (2005), Pérez- Quilantán et al. (2005), Mora-Olivo et al. (2005), Quilantán et al. (2005), Mora-Olivo et al. (2005), Garza et al. (2005), Berrones y Medellín-Morales Garza et al. (2005), Berrones and Medellín-Morales (2005) y Medellín-Morales y Osorio (2007). Sin em- (2005), and Medellín-Morales and Osorio (2007). bargo, solo dos trabajos versan específicamente sobre However, only two studies focus specifically on the la diversidad etnobotánica en la zona de estudio; el ethnobotanical diversity in the study zone: those de González-Romo y Gispert (2005) y el de Pérez- by González-Romo and Gispert (2005), and Pérez- Quilantán et al. (2005). Quilantán et al. (2005). Al decretarse la RBEC (1985) como área natural When the RBEC was decreed (1985) as natural protegida se limitó el uso de las especies maderables protected area, the use of timber-yielding species (los aserraderos existentes fueron clausurados); esto was limited (the existing sawmills were closed); this incentivó el uso y manejo de las especies no madera- encouraged the use and management of non-timber bles. Se plantea la hipótesis de que el nivel de conoci- species. The hypothesis is set out that the level of miento etnobotánico en las comunidades en estudio ethnobotanical knowledge in the study communities será diferente dada su diferente elevación y a la com- will be different given their different elevation and the posición étnica de sus habitantes. Los objetivos de ethnic composition of its inhabitants. The objectives la investigación fueron: a) Cuantificar la utilidad y of the research were: a) To quantify the usefulness and diversidad de usos de las plantas vasculares silvestres y diversity of uses of the wild and cultivated vascular cultivadas en dos comunidades del bosque de niebla plants in two communities of the cloud forest of the de la RBEC; b) Investigar el grado de conocimiento RBEC; b) To research the degree of knowledge of de las plantas vasculares en las comunidades estudia- vascular plants in the communities studied; and c) das; y c) Determinar cuáles son las especies vegetales To define which are the most valued and demanded MEDELLÍN-MORALES et al. 355 AGRICULTURA, SOCIEDAD Y DESARROLLO, JULIO - SEPTIEMBRE, 2018 vasculares más valoradas y demandadas para ambas vascular plant species for both communities from the comunidades desde el punto de vista ecológico, eco- ecological, economic and social points of view. nómico y social. The two communities studied (Alta Cima and Las dos comunidades estudiadas (Alta Cima y San José) are located in the belt of cloud forest of San José) se encuentran ubicadas en el cinturón de the RBEC, at altitude between
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