Lesson 4: History of Saturn Discoveries
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Exomars Schiaparelli Direct-To-Earth Observation Using GMRT
TECHNICAL ExoMars Schiaparelli Direct-to-Earth Observation REPORTS: METHODS 10.1029/2018RS006707 using GMRT S. Esterhuizen1, S. W. Asmar1 ,K.De2, Y. Gupta3, S. N. Katore3, and B. Ajithkumar3 Key Point: • During ExoMars Landing, GMRT 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, 2Cahill Center for Astrophysics, observed UHF transmissions and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, 3National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Pune, India Doppler shift used to identify key events as only real-time aliveness indicator Abstract During the ExoMars Schiaparelli separation event on 16 October 2016 and Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) events 3 days later, the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) near Pune, India, Correspondence to: S. W. Asmar, was used to directly observe UHF transmissions from the Schiaparelli lander as they arrive at Earth. The [email protected] Doppler shift of the carrier frequency was measured and used as a diagnostic to identify key events during EDL. This signal detection at GMRT was the only real-time aliveness indicator to European Space Agency Citation: mission operations during the critical EDL stage of the mission. Esterhuizen, S., Asmar, S. W., De, K., Gupta, Y., Katore, S. N., & Plain Language Summary When planetary missions, such as landers on the surface of Mars, Ajithkumar, B. (2019). ExoMars undergo critical and risky events, communications to ground controllers is very important as close to real Schiaparelli Direct-to-Earth observation using GMRT. time as possible. The Schiaparelli spacecraft attempted landing in 2016 was supported in an innovative way. Radio Science, 54, 314–325. A large radio telescope on Earth was able to eavesdrop on information being sent from the lander to other https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RS006707 spacecraft in orbit around Mars. -
Aerothermodynamic Analysis of a Mars Sample Return Earth-Entry Vehicle" (2018)
Old Dominion University ODU Digital Commons Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Summer 2018 Aerothermodynamic Analysis of a Mars Sample Return Earth- Entry Vehicle Daniel A. Boyd Old Dominion University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/mae_etds Part of the Aerodynamics and Fluid Mechanics Commons, Space Vehicles Commons, and the Thermodynamics Commons Recommended Citation Boyd, Daniel A.. "Aerothermodynamic Analysis of a Mars Sample Return Earth-Entry Vehicle" (2018). Master of Science (MS), Thesis, Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Old Dominion University, DOI: 10.25777/xhmz-ax21 https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/mae_etds/43 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Theses & Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. AEROTHERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A MARS SAMPLE RETURN EARTH-ENTRY VEHICLE by Daniel A. Boyd B.S. May 2008, Virginia Military Institute M.A. August 2015, Webster University A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Old Dominion University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE AEROSPACE ENGINEERING OLD DOMINION UNIVERSITY August 2018 Approved by: __________________________ Robert L. Ash (Director) __________________________ Oktay Baysal (Member) __________________________ Jamshid A. Samareh (Member) __________________________ Shizhi Qian (Member) ABSTRACT AEROTHERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS OF A MARS SAMPLE RETURN EARTH-ENTRY VEHICLE Daniel A. Boyd Old Dominion University, 2018 Director: Dr. Robert L. Ash Because of the severe quarantine constraints that must be imposed on any returned extraterrestrial samples, the Mars sample return Earth-entry vehicle must remain intact through sample recovery. -
Huygens Probe Set to Detach from Cassini Orbiter Tonight 24 December 2004
Update: Huygens Probe Set to Detach From Cassini Orbiter Tonight 24 December 2004 mission is approximately $3 billion. Many of these sophisticated instruments are capable of multiple functions, and the data that they gather will be studied by scientists worldwide. Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser (ACP) will collect aerosols for chemical-composition analysis. After extension of the sampling device, a pump will draw the atmosphere through filters which capture aerosols. Each sampling device can collect about 30 micrograms of material. Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) can take images and make spectral measurements using sensors covering a wide spectral range. A few hundred metres before impact, the instrument will switch on its lamp in order to acquire spectra of the surface material. The highlights of the first year of the Cassini- Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE) uses radio Huygens mission to Saturn can be broken into two signals to deduce atmospheric properties. The chapters: first, the arrival of the Cassini orbiter at probe drift caused by winds in Titan's atmosphere Saturn in June, and second, the release of the will induce a measurable Doppler shift in the carrier Huygens probe on Dec. 24, 2004, on a path signal. The swinging motion of the probe beneath toward Titan. (read PhysOrg story) its parachute and other radio-signal-perturbing effects, such as atmospheric attenuation, may also The Huygens probe, built and managed by the be detectable from the signal. European Space Agency (ESA), is bolted to Cassini and fed electrical power through an Gas Chromatograph and Mass Spectrometer umbilical cable. It has been riding along during the (GCMS) is a versatile gas chemical analyser nearly seven-year journey to Saturn largely in a designed to identify and quantify various "sleep" mode, awakened every six months for atmospheric constituents. -
The Microscope Parts And
The Microscope Parts and Use Name:_______________________ Period:______ Historians credit the invention of the compound microscope to the Dutch spectacle maker, Zacharias Janssen, around the year 1590. The compound microscope uses lenses and light to enlarge the image and is also called an optical or light microscope (vs./ an electron microscope). The simplest optical microscope is the magnifying glass and is good to about ten times (10X) magnification. The compound microscope has two systems of lenses for greater magnification, 1) the ocular, or eyepiece lens that one looks into and 2) the objective lens, or the lens closest to the object. Before purchasing or using a microscope, it is important to know the functions of each part. Eyepiece Lens: the lens at the top that you look through. They are usually 10X or 15X power. Tube: Connects the eyepiece to the objective lenses Arm: Supports the tube and connects it to the base. It is used along with the base to carry the microscope Base: The bottom of the microscope, used for support Illuminator: A steady light source (110 volts) used in place of a mirror. Stage: The flat platform where you place your slides. Stage clips hold the slides in place. Revolving Nosepiece or Turret: This is the part that holds two or more objective lenses and can be rotated to easily change power. Objective Lenses: Usually you will find 3 or 4 objective lenses on a microscope. They almost always consist of 4X, 10X, 40X and 100X powers. When coupled with a 10X (most common) eyepiece lens, we get total magnifications of 40X (4X times 10X), 100X , 400X and 1000X. -
Exomars Atmospheric Mars Entry and Landing Investigations and Analysis (AMELIA)
ExoMars Atmospheric Mars Entry and Landing Investigations and Analysis (AMELIA) F. Ferri1, F. Forget2, S.R. Lewis3, O. Karatekin4 and the International AMELIA team 1CISAS “G. Colombo”, University of Padova, Italy 2LMD, Paris, France 3The Open University, Milton Keynes, U.K. 4Royal Observatory of Belgium, Belgium [email protected] IPPW9 Toulouse, F 16-22 June 2012 ExoMars Entry, Descent and Landing Science F. Ferri & AMELIA team ESA ExoMars programme 2016-2018 The ExoMars programme is aimed at demonstrate a number of flight and in-situ enabling technologies necessary for future exploration missions, such as an international Mars Sample Return mission. Technological objectives: • Entry, descent and landing (EDL) of a payload on the surface of Mars; • Surface mobility with a Rover; • Access to the subsurface to acquire samples; and • Sample acquisition, preparation, distribution and analysis. Scientific investigations: • Search for signs of past and present life on Mars; • Investigate how the water and geochemical environment varies • Investigate Martian atmospheric trace gases and their sources. ESA ExoMars 2016 mission: Mars Orbiter and an Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM). ESA ExoMars 2018 mission: the PASTEUR rover carrying a drill and a suite of instruments dedicated to exobiology and geochemistry research IPPW9 Toulouse, F 16-22 June 2012 ExoMars Entry, Descent and Landing Science F. Ferri & AMELIA team EDLS measurements • Entry, Descent, Landing System (EDLS) of an atmospheric probe or lander requires mesurements in order to trigger and control autonomously the events of the descent sequence; to guarantee a safe landing. • These measurements could provide • the engineering assessment of the EDLS and • essential data for an accurate trajectory and attitude reconstruction • and atmospheric scientific investigations • EDLS phases are critical wrt mission achievement and imply development and validation of technologies linked to the environmental and aerodynamical conditions the vehicle will face. -
How Do the Lenses in a Microscope Work?
Student Name: _____________________________ Date: _________________ How do the lenses in a microscope work? Compound Light Microscope: A compound light microscope uses light to transmit an image to your eye. Compound deals with the microscope having more than one lens. Microscope is the combination of two words; "micro" meaning small and "scope" meaning view. Early microscopes, like Leeuwenhoek's, were called simple because they only had one lens. Simple scopes work like magnifying glasses that you have seen and/or used. These early microscopes had limitations to the amount of magnification no matter how they were constructed. The creation of the compound microscope by the Janssens helped to advance the field of microbiology light years ahead of where it had been only just a few years earlier. The Janssens added a second lens to magnify the image of the primary (or first) lens. Simple light microscopes of the past could magnify an object to 266X as in the case of Leeuwenhoek's microscope. Modern compound light microscopes, under optimal conditions, can magnify an object from 1000X to 2000X (times) the specimens original diameter. "The Compound Light Microscope." The Compound Light Microscope. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. http://www.cas.miamioh.edu/mbi-ws/microscopes/compoundscope.html Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0) license. - 1 – Student Name: _____________________________ Date: _________________ Now we will describe how a microscope works in somewhat more detail. The first lens of a microscope is the one closest to the object being examined and, for this reason, is called the objective. -
Binocular and Spotting Scope Basics
Binocular and Spotting Scope Basics A good pair of binoculars is a must for most for bird monitoring projects. Certainly, you can observe birds and other wildlife without the aid of binoculars, such as at a feeder, but with them you will see more detail. Binoculars don't have to cost you a lot of money, but should adequately magnify birds for identification. Many 7 x 35 or 8 x 42 power binoculars are affordable and good for bird watching. They should be easy to use and comfortable for you. You can buy binoculars through sporting goods stores, catalogs, and the Internet. How to use binoculars Binoculars are an extension of your eyes. First, use your naked eye to find the birds you are observing. Once you have detected movement and can see the wildlife, use binoculars to see details of a bird’s “field marks.” Everyone’s eyes are different, so before you raise the binoculars, you must calibrate them for your eyes. How to Calibrate Binoculars 1. Binoculars hinge at the center between the two large “barrels,” allowing the eyepieces to fit the width of your eyes (Illustration A). Pivot the hinged barrels so you see a single circle-shaped image, rather than a double-image when looking through them. If the barrels are as close together as they go and you still see two images, you may need to find another pair. The distance between the eyepieces is called the “interpupillary distance.” It is too large if you see two images. The number on the hinge post (angle) will always be the same for your eyes, no matter which binocular you use (A). -
Its Founding and Early Years Ewen A. Whitaker
The University of Arizona's LUNAR AND PLANETARY LABORATORY Its Founding and Early Years Ewen A. Whitaker Set in Varityper Times Roman and printed at the University of Arizona Printing-Reproductions Department Equal Employment Opportunity· Affirmative Action Employer CONTENTS THE PRE-TUCSON ERA Historical background ........................................ I Enter Gerard P. Kuiper ....................................... 2 The Moon enters the picture ................................... 3 A call for suggestions ......................................... 5 The Harold Urey affair ....................................... 6 Preliminaries for the Lunar Atlas ............................... 7 1957 - a dream begins to take shape ............................. 7 The shot that was seen (and heard) around the world ............... 8 Other irons in the fire ......................................... 9 Kuiper seeks full-time help for the Lunar Project .................. 9 1959 - the Lunar Project gathers momentum ..................... 11 A new factor in the Lunar Project LPL story ................... 12 The Air Force enters the lunar cartography business ............... 13 The Lunar Atlas published at last .............................. 14 Big problems with the Yerkes set-up ............................ : 6 The southwestern U.S. begins to beckon ........................ 17 "There is a tide in the affairs of men ..." ....................... 18 Preparing for the move ...................................... 23 THE TUCSON ERA The Lunar Project makes the transfer -
Based Observations of Titan During the Huygens Mission Olivier Witasse,1 Jean-Pierre Lebreton,1 Michael K
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 111, E07S01, doi:10.1029/2005JE002640, 2006 Overview of the coordinated ground-based observations of Titan during the Huygens mission Olivier Witasse,1 Jean-Pierre Lebreton,1 Michael K. Bird,2 Robindro Dutta-Roy,2 William M. Folkner,3 Robert A. Preston,3 Sami W. Asmar,3 Leonid I. Gurvits,4 Sergei V. Pogrebenko,4 Ian M. Avruch,4 Robert M. Campbell,4 Hayley E. Bignall,4 Michael A. Garrett,4 Huib Jan van Langevelde,4 Stephen M. Parsley,4 Cormac Reynolds,4 Arpad Szomoru,4 John E. Reynolds,5 Chris J. Phillips,5 Robert J. Sault,5 Anastasios K. Tzioumis,5 Frank Ghigo,6 Glen Langston,6 Walter Brisken,7 Jonathan D. Romney,7 Ari Mujunen,8 Jouko Ritakari,8 Steven J. Tingay,9 Richard G. Dodson,10 C. G. M. van’t Klooster,11 Thierry Blancquaert,11 Athena Coustenis,12 Eric Gendron,12 Bruno Sicardy,12 Mathieu Hirtzig,12,13 David Luz,12,14 Alberto Negrao,12,14 Theodor Kostiuk,15 Timothy A. Livengood,16,15 Markus Hartung,17 Imke de Pater,18 Mate A´ da´mkovics,18 Ralph D. Lorenz,19 Henry Roe,20 Emily Schaller,20 Michael Brown,20 Antonin H. Bouchez,21 Chad A. Trujillo,22 Bonnie J. Buratti,3 Lise Caillault,23 Thierry Magin,23 Anne Bourdon,23 and Christophe Laux23 Received 17 November 2005; revised 29 March 2006; accepted 24 April 2006; published 27 July 2006. [1] Coordinated ground-based observations of Titan were performed around or during the Huygens atmospheric probe mission at Titan on 14 January 2005, connecting the momentary in situ observations by the probe with the synoptic coverage provided by continuing ground-based programs. -
A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography National Aeronautics and Space Administration A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography A Guide to Smartphone Astrophotography Dr. Sten Odenwald NASA Space Science Education Consortium Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland Cover designs and editing by Abbey Interrante Cover illustrations Front: Aurora (Elizabeth Macdonald), moon (Spencer Collins), star trails (Donald Noor), Orion nebula (Christian Harris), solar eclipse (Christopher Jones), Milky Way (Shun-Chia Yang), satellite streaks (Stanislav Kaniansky),sunspot (Michael Seeboerger-Weichselbaum),sun dogs (Billy Heather). Back: Milky Way (Gabriel Clark) Two front cover designs are provided with this book. To conserve toner, begin document printing with the second cover. This product is supported by NASA under cooperative agreement number NNH15ZDA004C. [1] Table of Contents Introduction.................................................................................................................................................... 5 How to use this book ..................................................................................................................................... 9 1.0 Light Pollution ....................................................................................................................................... 12 2.0 Cameras ................................................................................................................................................ -
History of Space-Based Infrared Astronomy and the Air Force Infrared Celestial Backgrounds Program
AFRL-RV-HA-TR-2008-1039 History of Space-Based Infrared Astronomy and the Air Force Infrared Celestial Backgrounds Program S. D. Price 18 April 2008 Approved for Public Release: Distribution Unlimited AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY Space Vehicles Directorate 29 Randolph Rd. Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-3010 AFRL-RV-HA-TR-2008-1039 This Technical Report has been reviewed and is approved for publication. / signed / ____________________________ Robert A. Morris, Chief Battlespace Environment Division / signed / / signed / _________________ _______________________________ Stephan D. Price Paul Tracy, Acting Chief Author Battlespace Surveillance Innovation Center This report has been reviewed by the ESC Public Affairs Office (PA) and is releasable to the National Technical Information Service. Qualified requestors may obtain additional copies from the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). All others should apply to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). If your address has changed, if you wish to be removed from the mailing list, of if the address is no longer employed by your organization, please notify AFRL/VSIM, 29 Randolph Rd., Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-3010. This will assist us in maintaining a current mailing list. Do not return copies of this report unless contractual obligations or notices on a specific document require that it be returned. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. -
The European S Pace Exploration Programme “Aurora”
The European S pace Exploration Programme “Aurora” Accademia delle S cienze Torino, 23rd May 2008 B. Gardini - E S A E xploration Programme Manager To, 23May08 1 Aurora Programme ES A Programme (2001) for the human and robotic exploration of the S olar S ys tem time Automatic Mars Missions Cargo Elements First Human IS S of first Human Mission to Mission Mars Moon B asis Mars S ample ExoMar Return To, 23May08 s (MS R) 2 Columbus Laboratory - IS S Launched 7 Feb. 2008, with Hans Schlegel, after Node2 mission with Paolo Nespoli To, 23May08 3 Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Europe’s Space Supply Vehicle ATV- Jules Verne •Docked to ISS: 3 April 2008 •First ISS Re-boost: 25 April 2008 To, 23May08 •De-orbit: ~ August 2008 4 Human Moon Mission Moon: Next destination of international human missions beyond ISS Test-bed for demonstration S urface of innovative technologies Mobility & capabilities for sustaining human life on planetary surfaces. S ustainable Energy Life Provision & S upport Management In-S itu Robotic Support Resourc e Utilisatio To, 23May08 n 5 ES A Planetary Missions Cassini / Huygens (1997-2005) sonda a Saturno y Titán Rosetta (2004-…) Encuentro con el cometa Smart 1 (2003-2006) 67P Churyumov-Cerasimenko Sonda a la luna Mars Express (2003-…) Estudio de Marte Soho (1995-…): interacción Sol-Tierra To, 23May08 6 Mars Express HRS C (3D, 2-10m res) http://www.esa.int/esa-mmg/mmg.pl? To, 23May08 7 Why Life on Mars Early in the his tory of Mars , liquid water was present on its s urface; S ome of the proces ses cons idered important for the origin of life on Earth may have als o been pres ent on early Mars; Es tablishing if there ever was life on Mars is fundamental for planning future miss ions.