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History of Space-Based Infrared Astronomy and the Air Force Infrared Celestial Backgrounds Program

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History of Space-Based Infrared Astronomy and the Air Force Infrared Celestial Backgrounds Program AFRL-RV-HA-TR-2008-1039 History of Space-Based Infrared Astronomy and the Air Force Infrared Celestial Backgrounds Program S. D. Price 18 April 2008 Approved for Public Release: Distribution Unlimited AIR FORCE RESEARCH LABORATORY Space Vehicles Directorate 29 Randolph Rd. Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-3010 AFRL-RV-HA-TR-2008-1039 This Technical Report has been reviewed and is approved for publication. / signed / ____________________________ Robert A. Morris, Chief Battlespace Environment Division / signed / / signed / _________________ _______________________________ Stephan D. Price Paul Tracy, Acting Chief Author Battlespace Surveillance Innovation Center This report has been reviewed by the ESC Public Affairs Office (PA) and is releasable to the National Technical Information Service. Qualified requestors may obtain additional copies from the Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC). All others should apply to the National Technical Information Service (NTIS). If your address has changed, if you wish to be removed from the mailing list, of if the address is no longer employed by your organization, please notify AFRL/VSIM, 29 Randolph Rd., Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-3010. This will assist us in maintaining a current mailing list. Do not return copies of this report unless contractual obligations or notices on a specific document require that it be returned. Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS. 1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To) 07-04-2008 Scientific Report - Final 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER History of Space-Based Infrared Astronomy and the Air Force Infrared Celestial Backgrounds Program 5b. GRANT NUMBER 5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER 62601F 6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER S. D. Price 621010 5e. TASK NUMBER SB 5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER ZZ 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NUMBER Air Force Research Laboratory 29 Randolph Road AFRL-RV-HA-TR-2008-1039 Hanscom AFB, MA 01731-3010 9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S ACRONYM(S) AFRL/RVBY 11. SPONSOR/MONITOR'S REPORT NUMBER(S) 12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT Approved for public release; distribution unlimite 13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES 14. ABSTRACT A retrospective is provided on space-based astronomy missions and the prominent role the US Defense Department (DoD), particularly the Air Force, played in early days of infrared astronomy and the technology development that was transitioned to the infrared astronomical community. The geophysics programs at the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories (AFCRL) and successor organizations (AFGL) at Hanscom Air Force Base are described in order to provide a context for the DoD infrared astronomy program. AFCRL and AFGL conducted the early mid-infrared probe-rocket based surveys as well as supporting related experiments under university contracts. The succession of subsequent orbital experiments is also described. 15. SUBJECT TERMS Infrared observations; Space-based astronomy 16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF 18. NUMBER 19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE ABSTRACT OF Stephan D. Price PAGES Unclassified SAR 19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code) 781-377-4552 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8/98) Reset Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39.18 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. THE LABORATORY FROM 1945 TO 2011 ........................................................................ 1 1.1. The Cambridge Research Center (1945 – 1960) ................................................................. 4 1.2. Cambridge Research Laboratories (1960 – 1975) .............................................................. 8 1.3. Geophysics Laboratory (1976 – 1990) ............................................................................. 12 1.4. Phillips Laboratory (1990 – 1997) .................................................................................... 14 1.5. Air Force Research Laboratory (1997 – 2011) ................................................................. 16 1.6. External Support – Lifeblood of the Celestial Backgrounds Program ............................. 17 1.7. Astronomers Associated with the Laboratory’s Infrared Program ................................... 21 1.8. Personal Perspective ......................................................................................................... 27 2. INFRARED ASTRONOMY: THE EARLY DAYS ............................................................... 33 2.1. Space Surveillance: Impetus to Infrared Stellar Astronomy ............................................. 39 2.2. The First Near-Infrared Sky Surveys ................................................................................ 45 2.3. The AFCRL Lunar and Planetary Research Branch ......................................................... 48 2.4. Additional References ....................................................................................................... 57 2.5. Personal Recollections ...................................................................................................... 58 3. INTO SPACE........................................................................................................................... 67 3.1. LO-STAR (Stellar Radiation Sensor - SRS) ..................................................................... 70 3.2. Hedging Bets – ARPA funded University Efforts ............................................................ 74 3.3. HI STAR ........................................................................................................................... 75 3.4. The First Satellite-Based Infrared Surveys ....................................................................... 82 3.5. HI HI STAR ...................................................................................................................... 83 3.6. HI STAR South ................................................................................................................. 85 3.7. Personal Perspective – The HI STAR Era ........................................................................ 90 4. A WEALTH OF DATA........................................................................................................... 97 4.1. Characteristics of the Data ................................................................................................ 97 4.2. AFCRL Source – What AFCRL Source? ....................................................................... 107 4.3. Good to the Last Drop – of Information ......................................................................... 111 4.4. Personal Perspective on the AFCRL/AFGL Survey ....................................................... 116 5. AIR FORCE BACKGROUND MEASUREMENT PROGRAM ......................................... 119 5.1. Super HI STAR ............................................................................................................... 119 5.2. The End of an Era – and the Beginning of Another ....................................................... 120 5.3. Earth Limb and Infrared Backgrounds Experiments ...................................................... 121 5.4. SPICE I ........................................................................................................................... 123 5.5. The BMP and MSMP Separation and Recovery Systems .............................................. 125 5.6. SPICE 2 ........................................................................................................................... 128 5.7. Far-infrared Sky Survey Experiment .............................................................................. 131 5.8. Zodiacal Infrared Project ................................................................................................ 139 5.9. Earth Limb Clutter .......................................................................................................... 146 5.10. Detector Non-Linear Responses ................................................................................... 147 5.11. Classification Issues ...................................................................................................... 151 5.12. Personal Perspective on the Background Measurements Program ............................... 153 6. FROM ROCKETS TO SATELLITES .................................................................................. 157 6.1. The Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) ................................................................... 160 6.1.1. IRAS Asteroids and Comets ...................................................................................
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