Aerothermodynamic Analysis of a Mars Sample Return Earth-Entry Vehicle" (2018)
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Exomars Schiaparelli Direct-To-Earth Observation Using GMRT
TECHNICAL ExoMars Schiaparelli Direct-to-Earth Observation REPORTS: METHODS 10.1029/2018RS006707 using GMRT S. Esterhuizen1, S. W. Asmar1 ,K.De2, Y. Gupta3, S. N. Katore3, and B. Ajithkumar3 Key Point: • During ExoMars Landing, GMRT 1Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, 2Cahill Center for Astrophysics, observed UHF transmissions and California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA, 3National Centre for Radio Astrophysics, Pune, India Doppler shift used to identify key events as only real-time aliveness indicator Abstract During the ExoMars Schiaparelli separation event on 16 October 2016 and Entry, Descent, and Landing (EDL) events 3 days later, the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) near Pune, India, Correspondence to: S. W. Asmar, was used to directly observe UHF transmissions from the Schiaparelli lander as they arrive at Earth. The [email protected] Doppler shift of the carrier frequency was measured and used as a diagnostic to identify key events during EDL. This signal detection at GMRT was the only real-time aliveness indicator to European Space Agency Citation: mission operations during the critical EDL stage of the mission. Esterhuizen, S., Asmar, S. W., De, K., Gupta, Y., Katore, S. N., & Plain Language Summary When planetary missions, such as landers on the surface of Mars, Ajithkumar, B. (2019). ExoMars undergo critical and risky events, communications to ground controllers is very important as close to real Schiaparelli Direct-to-Earth observation using GMRT. time as possible. The Schiaparelli spacecraft attempted landing in 2016 was supported in an innovative way. Radio Science, 54, 314–325. A large radio telescope on Earth was able to eavesdrop on information being sent from the lander to other https://doi.org/10.1029/2018RS006707 spacecraft in orbit around Mars. -
Huygens Probe Set to Detach from Cassini Orbiter Tonight 24 December 2004
Update: Huygens Probe Set to Detach From Cassini Orbiter Tonight 24 December 2004 mission is approximately $3 billion. Many of these sophisticated instruments are capable of multiple functions, and the data that they gather will be studied by scientists worldwide. Aerosol Collector and Pyrolyser (ACP) will collect aerosols for chemical-composition analysis. After extension of the sampling device, a pump will draw the atmosphere through filters which capture aerosols. Each sampling device can collect about 30 micrograms of material. Descent Imager/Spectral Radiometer (DISR) can take images and make spectral measurements using sensors covering a wide spectral range. A few hundred metres before impact, the instrument will switch on its lamp in order to acquire spectra of the surface material. The highlights of the first year of the Cassini- Doppler Wind Experiment (DWE) uses radio Huygens mission to Saturn can be broken into two signals to deduce atmospheric properties. The chapters: first, the arrival of the Cassini orbiter at probe drift caused by winds in Titan's atmosphere Saturn in June, and second, the release of the will induce a measurable Doppler shift in the carrier Huygens probe on Dec. 24, 2004, on a path signal. The swinging motion of the probe beneath toward Titan. (read PhysOrg story) its parachute and other radio-signal-perturbing effects, such as atmospheric attenuation, may also The Huygens probe, built and managed by the be detectable from the signal. European Space Agency (ESA), is bolted to Cassini and fed electrical power through an Gas Chromatograph and Mass Spectrometer umbilical cable. It has been riding along during the (GCMS) is a versatile gas chemical analyser nearly seven-year journey to Saturn largely in a designed to identify and quantify various "sleep" mode, awakened every six months for atmospheric constituents. -
Tactical Missile Structures and Materials Technology
WILLIAM C. CAYWOOD, ROBERT M. RIVELLO, and LOUIS B. WECKESSER TACTICAL MISSILE STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS TECHNOLOGY Significant advances have occurred in missile structures and materials technology since the late 1940's. Some of the advances were the result of improvements in design concepts and material prop erties; others were from the development of new materials and fabrication techniques. Rapid strides in computer technology and methods of structural analysis have also played an important role. This article discusses the structural design requirements for the next generation of missiles and reviews the technological advances that will make it possible to meet those requirements. INTRODUCTION Antenna housing The Applied Physics Laboratory's experience in Cowl assembly tactical missile structural design began with the devel opment of the rocket-powered Terrier and the ramjet-powered Talos in the late 1940's. The air frames for those missiles were designed with conven tional aircraft materials, using slide rules, mechanical desk calculators, handbooks, and rule-of-thumb pro cedures. To ensure adequate safety margins, conser Innerbody fairing vative analytical procedures were pursued, followed Sheet magnesium Innerbody by extensive environmental testing. Simple aluminum forward cone Cast magnesium and steel structures operating at temperatures below Figure 1 - Magnesium components in Talos represented 300°F for Terrier and 600°F for Talos made up the 13 % of the weight of the primary load-carrying structure major portion of the missiles. Terrier was con and 10 % of the gross launch weight. structed primarily from machined castings. Talos, shown in Fig. 1 with its central air duct configura tion, used sheet metal construction. -
Exomars Atmospheric Mars Entry and Landing Investigations and Analysis (AMELIA)
ExoMars Atmospheric Mars Entry and Landing Investigations and Analysis (AMELIA) F. Ferri1, F. Forget2, S.R. Lewis3, O. Karatekin4 and the International AMELIA team 1CISAS “G. Colombo”, University of Padova, Italy 2LMD, Paris, France 3The Open University, Milton Keynes, U.K. 4Royal Observatory of Belgium, Belgium [email protected] IPPW9 Toulouse, F 16-22 June 2012 ExoMars Entry, Descent and Landing Science F. Ferri & AMELIA team ESA ExoMars programme 2016-2018 The ExoMars programme is aimed at demonstrate a number of flight and in-situ enabling technologies necessary for future exploration missions, such as an international Mars Sample Return mission. Technological objectives: • Entry, descent and landing (EDL) of a payload on the surface of Mars; • Surface mobility with a Rover; • Access to the subsurface to acquire samples; and • Sample acquisition, preparation, distribution and analysis. Scientific investigations: • Search for signs of past and present life on Mars; • Investigate how the water and geochemical environment varies • Investigate Martian atmospheric trace gases and their sources. ESA ExoMars 2016 mission: Mars Orbiter and an Entry, Descent and Landing Demonstrator Module (EDM). ESA ExoMars 2018 mission: the PASTEUR rover carrying a drill and a suite of instruments dedicated to exobiology and geochemistry research IPPW9 Toulouse, F 16-22 June 2012 ExoMars Entry, Descent and Landing Science F. Ferri & AMELIA team EDLS measurements • Entry, Descent, Landing System (EDLS) of an atmospheric probe or lander requires mesurements in order to trigger and control autonomously the events of the descent sequence; to guarantee a safe landing. • These measurements could provide • the engineering assessment of the EDLS and • essential data for an accurate trajectory and attitude reconstruction • and atmospheric scientific investigations • EDLS phases are critical wrt mission achievement and imply development and validation of technologies linked to the environmental and aerodynamical conditions the vehicle will face. -
Aerodynamic Heating of Inflatable Aeroshell in Orbital Reentry
Title Aerodynamic heating of inflatable aeroshell in orbital reentry Author(s) Takahashi, Yusuke; Yamada, Kazuhiko Acta astronautica, 152, 437-448 Citation https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2018.08.003 Issue Date 2018-11 Doc URL http://hdl.handle.net/2115/79647 © 2018. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license Rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Rights(URL) http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ Type article (author version) File Information paper_titans_heatflux.pdf Instructions for use Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers : HUSCAP Aerodynamic Heating of Inflatable Aeroshell in Orbital Reentry Yusuke Takahashi1, Hokkaido University, Kita 13 Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan and Kazuhiko Yamada2 Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, 3-1-1 Yoshinodai Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5210, Japan Keywords: Inflatable reentry vehicle, Aerodynamic heating, Hypersonic, Deformation, Coupled analysis Abstract The aerodynamic heating of an inflatable reentry vehicle, which is one of the innova- tive reentry technologies, was numerically investigated using a tightly coupled approach involving computational fluid dynamics and structure analysis. The fundamentals of a high-enthalpy flow around the inflatable reentry vehicle were clarified. It was found that the flow fields in the shock layer formed in front of the vehicle were strongly in a chemical nonequilibrium state owing to its low-ballistic coefficient trajectory. The heat flux tendencies on the surface of the vehicle were comprehensively investigated for various effects of the vehicle shape, surface catalysis, and turbulence via a parametric study of these parameters. -
Based Observations of Titan During the Huygens Mission Olivier Witasse,1 Jean-Pierre Lebreton,1 Michael K
JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH, VOL. 111, E07S01, doi:10.1029/2005JE002640, 2006 Overview of the coordinated ground-based observations of Titan during the Huygens mission Olivier Witasse,1 Jean-Pierre Lebreton,1 Michael K. Bird,2 Robindro Dutta-Roy,2 William M. Folkner,3 Robert A. Preston,3 Sami W. Asmar,3 Leonid I. Gurvits,4 Sergei V. Pogrebenko,4 Ian M. Avruch,4 Robert M. Campbell,4 Hayley E. Bignall,4 Michael A. Garrett,4 Huib Jan van Langevelde,4 Stephen M. Parsley,4 Cormac Reynolds,4 Arpad Szomoru,4 John E. Reynolds,5 Chris J. Phillips,5 Robert J. Sault,5 Anastasios K. Tzioumis,5 Frank Ghigo,6 Glen Langston,6 Walter Brisken,7 Jonathan D. Romney,7 Ari Mujunen,8 Jouko Ritakari,8 Steven J. Tingay,9 Richard G. Dodson,10 C. G. M. van’t Klooster,11 Thierry Blancquaert,11 Athena Coustenis,12 Eric Gendron,12 Bruno Sicardy,12 Mathieu Hirtzig,12,13 David Luz,12,14 Alberto Negrao,12,14 Theodor Kostiuk,15 Timothy A. Livengood,16,15 Markus Hartung,17 Imke de Pater,18 Mate A´ da´mkovics,18 Ralph D. Lorenz,19 Henry Roe,20 Emily Schaller,20 Michael Brown,20 Antonin H. Bouchez,21 Chad A. Trujillo,22 Bonnie J. Buratti,3 Lise Caillault,23 Thierry Magin,23 Anne Bourdon,23 and Christophe Laux23 Received 17 November 2005; revised 29 March 2006; accepted 24 April 2006; published 27 July 2006. [1] Coordinated ground-based observations of Titan were performed around or during the Huygens atmospheric probe mission at Titan on 14 January 2005, connecting the momentary in situ observations by the probe with the synoptic coverage provided by continuing ground-based programs. -
The European S Pace Exploration Programme “Aurora”
The European S pace Exploration Programme “Aurora” Accademia delle S cienze Torino, 23rd May 2008 B. Gardini - E S A E xploration Programme Manager To, 23May08 1 Aurora Programme ES A Programme (2001) for the human and robotic exploration of the S olar S ys tem time Automatic Mars Missions Cargo Elements First Human IS S of first Human Mission to Mission Mars Moon B asis Mars S ample ExoMar Return To, 23May08 s (MS R) 2 Columbus Laboratory - IS S Launched 7 Feb. 2008, with Hans Schlegel, after Node2 mission with Paolo Nespoli To, 23May08 3 Automated Transfer Vehicle (ATV) Europe’s Space Supply Vehicle ATV- Jules Verne •Docked to ISS: 3 April 2008 •First ISS Re-boost: 25 April 2008 To, 23May08 •De-orbit: ~ August 2008 4 Human Moon Mission Moon: Next destination of international human missions beyond ISS Test-bed for demonstration S urface of innovative technologies Mobility & capabilities for sustaining human life on planetary surfaces. S ustainable Energy Life Provision & S upport Management In-S itu Robotic Support Resourc e Utilisatio To, 23May08 n 5 ES A Planetary Missions Cassini / Huygens (1997-2005) sonda a Saturno y Titán Rosetta (2004-…) Encuentro con el cometa Smart 1 (2003-2006) 67P Churyumov-Cerasimenko Sonda a la luna Mars Express (2003-…) Estudio de Marte Soho (1995-…): interacción Sol-Tierra To, 23May08 6 Mars Express HRS C (3D, 2-10m res) http://www.esa.int/esa-mmg/mmg.pl? To, 23May08 7 Why Life on Mars Early in the his tory of Mars , liquid water was present on its s urface; S ome of the proces ses cons idered important for the origin of life on Earth may have als o been pres ent on early Mars; Es tablishing if there ever was life on Mars is fundamental for planning future miss ions. -
Receptors in Ethanol Action
ELUCIDATING THE ROLE OF ALPHA1-CONTAINING GABA(A) RECEPTORS IN ETHANOL ACTION by David Francis Werner Bachelor of Science, Ashland University, 2001 Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of School of Medicine in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy University of Pittsburgh 2007 UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH SCHOOL OF MEDICINE This thesis was presented by David Francis Werner It was defended on September 12th, 2007 and approved by ----------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- Edwin S. Levitan, Ph.D. Yan Xu, Ph.D. Professor Professor Department of Pharmacology Department of Anesthesiology Committee Chair Committee Member ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- A. Paula Monaghan-Nichols, Ph.D. William R. Lariviere, Ph.D. Assistant Professor Assistant Professor Department of Neurobiology Department of Anesthesiology Committee Member Committee Member ---------------------------------------- Gregg E. Homanics, Ph.D. Associate Professor Department of Anesthesiology Major Advisor ii ------------------------------ Gregg E. Homanics, Ph.D. ELUCIDATING THE ROLE OF ALPHA1-CONTAINING GABA(A) RECEPTORS IN ETHANOL ACTION David Francis Werner University of Pittsburgh, 2007 Alcohol (ethanol) has a prominent role in society and is one of the most frequently used and abused drugs. Despite the pervasive use and abuse of ethanol, the molecular mechanisms of ethanol action remain unclear. What is well known is that ethanol intoxication elicits a range of behavioral effects. These effects most likely occur through the direct action of ethanol on targets in the central nervous system. By studying behavioral effects, the role of individual targets can be determined. The function of γ-amino butyric acid type A (GABAA) receptors is altered by ethanol, but due to multiple receptor subunits the exact role of individual GABAA receptor subunits in ethanol action is not known. -
Ulyssesulysses
UlyssesUlysses Achievements: first in situ investigation of the inner heliosphere from the solar equator to the poles; first exploration of the dusk sector of Jupiter’s magnetosphere; fastest spacecraft at launch (15.4 km/s) Launch date: 6 October 1990 Mission end: planned September 2004 Launch vehicle/site: NASA Space Shuttle Discovery from Kennedy Space Center, USA Launch mass: 370 kg (including 55 kg scientific payload) Orbit: heliocentric, 1.34x5.4 AU, inclined 79.1° to ecliptic, 6.2 year period Principal contractors: Dornier (prime), British Aerospace (AOCS, HGA), Fokker (thermal, nutation damper), FIAR (power), Officine Galileo (Sun sensors), Laben (data handling), Thomson-CSF (telecommand), MBB (thrusters)] Ulysses is making the first-ever of the heliosphere, and slow wind study of the particles and fields in confined to the equatorial regions), the inner heliosphere at all solar the discovery that high- and low- latitudes, including the polar latitude regions of the heliosphere regions. A Jupiter flyby in February are connected in a much more 1992 deflected Ulysses out of the systematic way than previously ecliptic plane into a high-inclination thought, the first-ever direct solar orbit, bringing it over the Sun’s measurement of interstellar gas south pole for the first time in (both in neutral and ionised state) September 1994 and its north pole and dust particles, and the precise 10.5 months later. Ulysses spent a measurement of cosmic-ray isotopes. total of 234 days at latitudes >70°, These, together with numerous other reaching a maximum 80.2° in both important findings, have resulted in hemispheres. The mission was more than 700 publications to date originally to end in September 1995, in the scientific literature. -
Facing the Heat Barrier: a History of Hypersonics
Thomas A. Heppenheimer has been a freelance Facing the Heat Barrier: writer since 1978. He has written extensively on aerospace, business and government, and the A History of Hypersonics history of technology. He has been a frequent of Hypersonics A History Facing the Heat Barrier: T. A. Heppenheimer contributor to American Heritage and its affiliated publications, and to Air & Space Smithsonian. He has also written for the National Academy of Hypersonics is the study of flight at speeds where Sciences, and contributed regularly to Mosaic of the aerodynamic heating dominates the physics of National Science Foundation. He has written some the problem. Typically this is Mach 5 and higher. 300 published articles for more than two dozen Hypersonics is an engineering science with close publications. links to supersonics and engine design. He has also written twelve hardcover books. Within this field, many of the most important results Three of them–Colonies in Space (1977), Toward Facing the Heat Barrier: have been experimental. The principal facilities Distant Suns (1979) and The Man-Made Sun have been wind tunnels and related devices, which (1984)-have been alternate selections of the A History of Hypersonics have produced flows with speeds up to orbital Book-of-the-Month Club. His Turbulent Skies velocity. (1995), a history of commercial aviation, is part of the Technology Book Series of the Alfred P. T. A. Heppenheimer Why is it important? Hypersonics has had Sloan Foundation. It also has been produced as two major applications. The first has been to a four-part, four-hour Public Broadcasting System provide thermal protection during atmospheric television series Chasing the Sun. -
The Cassini-Huygens Mission Overview
SpaceOps 2006 Conference AIAA 2006-5502 The Cassini-Huygens Mission Overview N. Vandermey and B. G. Paczkowski Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91109 The Cassini-Huygens Program is an international science mission to the Saturnian system. Three space agencies and seventeen nations contributed to building the Cassini spacecraft and Huygens probe. The Cassini orbiter is managed and operated by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. The Huygens probe was built and operated by the European Space Agency. The mission design for Cassini-Huygens calls for a four-year orbital survey of Saturn, its rings, magnetosphere, and satellites, and the descent into Titan’s atmosphere of the Huygens probe. The Cassini orbiter tour consists of 76 orbits around Saturn with 45 close Titan flybys and 8 targeted icy satellite flybys. The Cassini orbiter spacecraft carries twelve scientific instruments that are performing a wide range of observations on a multitude of designated targets. The Huygens probe carried six additional instruments that provided in-situ sampling of the atmosphere and surface of Titan. The multi-national nature of this mission poses significant challenges in the area of flight operations. This paper will provide an overview of the mission, spacecraft, organization and flight operations environment used for the Cassini-Huygens Mission. It will address the operational complexities of the spacecraft and the science instruments and the approach used by Cassini- Huygens to address these issues. I. The Mission Saturn has fascinated observers for over 300 years. The only planet whose rings were visible from Earth with primitive telescopes, it was not until the age of robotic spacecraft that questions about the Saturnian system’s composition could be answered. -
Critical Hypersonic Aerothermodynamic Phenomena
AR266-FL38-06 ARI 23 November 2005 17:5 Critical Hypersonic Aerothermodynamic Phenomena John J. Bertin1,2 and Russell M. Cummings2 1Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77251; email: [email protected] 2Department of Aeronautics, U.S. Air Force Academy, U.S.A.F. Academy, Colorado 80840; email: [email protected] Key Words hypersonic, ground testing, CFD, flight testing, boundary-layer transition Abstract The challenges in understanding hypersonic flight are discussed and critical hyper sonic aerothermodynamics issues are reviewed. The ability of current analytical meth ods, numerical methods, ground testing capabilities, and flight testing approaches to predict hypersonic flow are evaluated. The areas where aerothermodynamic short comings restrict our ability to design and analyze hypersonic vehicles are discussed, and prospects for future capabilities are reviewed. Considerable work still needs to be done before our understanding of hypersonic flow will allow for the accurate pre diction of vehicle flight characteristics throughout the flight envelope from launch to orbital insertion. AR266-FL38-06 ARI 23 November 2005 17:5 INTRODUCTION “Aerothermodynamics couples the disciplines of aerodynamics and thermodynamics” (Gnoffo et al. 1999). The flow field for a vehicle that flies at hypersonic speeds is one in which high-temperature gas effects strongly influence the forces acting on the surface (the pressure and the skin friction) and the energy flux (the convective and the radiative heating). Hypersonic flows are usually characterized by the presence of strong shocks and equilibrium or nonequilibrium gas chemistry. Accurate prediction of these effects is critical to the design of any vehicle that flies at hypersonic velocities.