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Small Spacecraft in Small Solar System Body Applications

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Small Spacecraft in Small Solar System Body Applications Small Spacecraft in Small Solar System Body Applications Jan Thimo Grundmann Jan-Gerd Meß DLR Institute of Space Systems DLR Institute of Space Systems Robert-Hooke-Strasse 7 Robert-Hooke-Strasse 7 28359 Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany Germany +49-421-24420-1107 +49-421-24420-1206 [email protected] [email protected] Jens Biele Patric Seefeldt DLR Space Operations and Astronaut DLR Institute of Space Systems Training – MUSC Robert-Hooke-Strasse 7 51147 Cologne, 28359 Bremen, Germany Germany +49-2203-601-4563 +49-421-24420-1609 [email protected] [email protected] Bernd Dachwald Peter Spietz Faculty of Aerospace Engineering DLR Institute of Space Systems FH Aachen Univ. of Applied Sciences Robert-Hooke-Strasse 7 Hohenstaufenallee 6 28359 Bremen, 52064 Aachen, Germany Germany +49-241-6009-52343 / -52854 +49-421-24420-1104 [email protected] [email protected] Christian D. Grimm Tom Spröwitz DLR Institute of Space Systems DLR Institute of Space Systems Robert-Hooke-Strasse 7 Robert-Hooke-Strasse 7 28359 Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany Germany +49-421-24420-1266 +49-421-24420-1237 [email protected] [email protected] Caroline Lange Stephan Ulamec DLR Institute of Space Systems DLR Space Operations and Astronaut Robert-Hooke-Strasse 7 Training – MUSC 28359 Bremen, 51147 Cologne, Germany Germany +49-421-24420-1159 +49-2203-601-4567 [email protected] [email protected] Abstract— In the wake of the successful PHILAE landing on environment has led to new methods which transcend comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko and the launch of the traditional evenly-paced and sequential development. We first Mobile Asteroid Surface Scout, MASCOT, aboard the evolved and extended Concurrent Design and Engineering HAYABUSA2 space probe to asteroid (162173) Ryugu, small (CD/CE) methods originally incepted for intitial studies into spacecraft in applications related to small solar system bodies Concurrent Assembly, Integration and Verification (CAIV). It have become a topic of increasing interest. Their unique is applied in all phases in most of our projects to achieve combination of efficient capabilities, resource-friendly design convergence of asynchronous subsystem maturity timelines and inherent robustness makes them attractive as a mission and to match parallel tracks of integration and test campaigns. element at the frontiers of exploration of the solar system by When facing such a challenge, Model-Based Systems larger spacecraft as well as stand-alone low-cost approaches to Engineering (MBSE) supports design trades and constant open up the solar system for a broader range of interests. configuration evolution due to unforeseen changes. Proactive change and schedule acceleration has resulted from system- The operators’ requirements for cutting-edge missions level CD/CE optimization across interface boundaries by compatible with available launch capabilities impose MBSE-aided CAIV. significant constraints in resources, timelines, timeliness, mass and size. To create spacecraft feasible within these constraints, We discuss advantages and constraints of small spacecraft for the mission design teams need to accept a broad range of planetary science and applications, focusing on emerging areas equipment maturity levels from fresh concepts to off-the-shelf of activity such as planetary defence, on the background of our units. The resulting Constraints-Driven Engineering (CDE) projects. These include the comet lander PHILAE flown aboard 978-1-5090-1613-6/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE 1 ESA’s ROSETTA probe; the mobile asteroid lander MASCOT From Tunguska to Chelyabinsk: Bursts of Interest flying on the JAXA HAYABUSA2; the mobile asteroid lander MASCOT2, a long-term stationary lander planned to land on The widely reported airburst of the Chelyabinsk bolide on th the moon of the Didymos system, a contribution to ESA’s AIM, February 15 , 2013, returned the focus on planetary part of the joint U.S.-European Asteroid Impact Deflection defence. This ~500 kiloton TNT-equivalent range event Assessment (AIDA) mission; a Jupiter Trojan asteroid lander, caused by a ~20 m diameter chondritic body [2] was just studied for a future JAXA Solar Power Sail mission; the barely non-lethal: Early reports stated that 1491 people GOSSAMER-1 solar sail ground deployment demonstrator of the including 311 children were seen by medical staff in the DLR-ESTEC Gossamer Roadmap for Solar Sailing which was region [3] and 112 people were treated in hospitals, two of to enable unique and presently infeasible science missions; and them in serious condition. One woman suffered broken its follow-on GOSOLAR which applies the deployment technology of the solar sail to ultra-lightweight very high vertebrae and was flown out for treatment; one man’s finger power level photovoltaic arrays for new space mission types. was cut off by flying glass [4]. Most injuries were by glass We present our advanced design, integration and testing shattered and scattered about or accelerated by the blast methods developed and practiced in these fast-paced highly wave [5]. Property damage included massive destruction of optimized small spacecraft projects. We show why small window panes in the midst of the Siberian winter, mostly on spacecraft require big changes in the way we do things and appartment blocks, and several collapsed structures. [6] occasionally a little more effort than would be anticipated based on a traditional large spacecraft approach. As an The distribution of injuries also clearly demonstrated the outlook, we illustrate how tailored concurrent methods could value of preparedness in natural disasters. At one school and also benefit ‘large’ spacecraft and traditional methods minded kindergarden site, 20 children were injured by flying glass spacecraft customers, and why the combination of lightweight sail and small lander can become the key to most solar system as the blast wave hit during the break just after the first bodies currently out of reach, for planetary defence and lessons were over. At another school, not recognizing the th science. event for what it was, Ms Yulia Karbysheva, a 4 -grade school teacher, ordered her students to execute the duck and TABLE OF CONTENTS cover drill which is still customarily practised there – none of 44 was injured. She herself did not follow and suffered 1. INTRODUCTION……………………………….2 serious lacerations and a tendon cut by flying glass in one 2. EMBRACING CONSTRAINTS…………………..4 arm. [4] 3. GETTING SMALL ……………………………..6 It has to be noted that the main fragmentation occurred 31.8 4. GETTING THERE ……………………………11 km south of the city centre of Chelyabinsk approximately at 5. DOING THINGS ……………………………...14 the minimum distance to the ground track [7] at an altitude 6. CONCLUSION ………………………………..14 of 29.7 km [2], or at about 44 km line-of-sight distance REFERENCES …………………………………..14 between the largest release of energy in the event and a population of 1.13 million. Also, the most intense region of BIOGRAPHY ……………………………………19 the shock wave propagating in the direction of the momentum vector originating from this area was already 1. INTRODUCTION directed away from the city and most densely populated areas surrounding it. [8] Small solar system body spaceflight mission applications currently include planetary science, planetary defence, In the aftermath of this event, the size-frequency distribution exploration, and the emerging field of asteroid mining. All of natural impactors at Earth and their potential for of these, most pronounced for the planetary defence related destructive effects on the ground, and technical options for missions, come in two basic categories: near-Earth object (NEO) deflection were revisited extensively. [9] First there are, prior to any recognized threat or particular interest, mainly scientific missions to investigate the The first wave of attention to the NEO threat had recognized properties of small solar system bodies in general. the rare but potentially globally catastrophic impacts of km- sized near-Earth asteroids (NEA) based on early Second, missions to characterize in specific ways, or photographic asteroid surveys and the cratering record of possibly deflect or exploit, one specific object that has Earth. It drew strongly on prehistoric indicators of major become a recognized threat or resource to such a degree and impacts, e.g. the iridium anomaly at the cretaceous-tertiary confidence that exclusively dedicated missions are boundary in the seminal Alvarez hypothesis [10]; the warranted. recognition of Meteor Crater near Flagstaff, Arizona, [11] of the Tunguska event of 1908, [12] and other related records, The main difference between those categories is that nature e.g. [13] for a historical summary. Recognition of the picks target and, regarding planetary defence, also the impact threat was formalized into the goal to discover 90% timeline for the latter, while for the former careful of all NEAs larger than 1 km diameter, relatively quickly deliberation in scientific committees usually does. followed up by the definition of Potentially Hazardous Asteroids (PHA) of at least 140 m diameter which can 2 approach Earth to within 0.05 AU. Current NEO surveys eliminating the residual risk of surprise in this size segment [14] confirm the significant contribution to the threat of the [15]. much more frequent small impactors with regional or locally devastating effects. [15] NEAs in the sub-PHA size From Hammer to Ore: The Rise of Space Resources range have recently become sufficiently accessible to Most recently, commercial interest in the exploitation of observation to enable population estimates based on re- SSSB resources in space has emerged. As a fresh field, discovery rate which indicate that their relative frequency is ‘asteroid mining’ is currently in a process of analysis and somewhat higher than previously expected [16][17][18]. concepts definitions, surveying and prospecting related U.S. government sensors recorded at least 556 fireball fields of science and engineering. The legal framework is of events from 1994 through 2013, ranging from about 5 ton particular importance to the commercial stakeholders; it TNT-equivalent to the Chelyabinsk superbolide.
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