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PREDICATION IN RARÓMURI (URIQUE TARAHUMARA) by YOLANDA VALDEZ JARA A DISSERTATION Presented to the Department of Linguistics and the Graduate School of the University of Oregon in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2013 DISSERTATION APPROVAL PAGE Student: Yolanda Valdez Jara Title: Predication in Rarómuri (Urique Tarahumara) This dissertation has been accepted and approved in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Doctor of Philosophy degree in the Department of Linguistics by: Dr. Spike Gildea Chairperson Dr. Scott DeLancey Core Member Dr. Doris Payne Core Member Dr. Philip Scher Institutional Representative and Kimberly Andrews Espy Vice President for Research and Innovation; Dean of the Graduate School Original approval signatures are on file with the University of Oregon Graduate School. Degree awarded December 2013 ii © 2013 Yolanda Valdez Jara iii DISSERTATION ABSTRACT Yolanda Valdez Jara Doctor of Philosophy Department of Linguistics December 2013 Title: Predication in Rarómuri (Urique Tarahumara) The Rarómuri, or Urique Tarahumara (UT), language belongs to the Taracahitian sub-branch of the Uto-Aztecan family. There are five major linguistics variants called Tarahumara, all spoken in Chihuahua state in northern Mexico. This dissertation is an introduction to how both verbal and nonverbal predicates are formed in the language of the Rarómuri people, as spoken in Urique, Chihuahua. The central contribution of this dissertation is found in Chapter IV on nonverbal predication and Chapter V on verbal predication, and the work opens with three chapters: Chapter I is the introduction, Chapter II introduces the orthography and some of the most common morphophonological processes, and Chapter III sketches the morphology and syntax of the Noun Phrase. Chapter VI concludes the dissertation with a discussion of directions for future research. This dissertation is based on a combination of recorded texts and elicited material. The texts provided the natural language where the constructions in question occur in actual use, providing the motivation and signaling directions for elicitation, which then allowed the understanding of the intricate morphological patterns. Both types of data material are invaluable for the researcher, and I include examples of both when possible. iv One point of typological interest in UT is the verbal indexation system for subjects in the past tense, which includes suffixes for 3SG/PL and 1PL, zero marking (fused with the tense suffix) for 2PL, and verbal enclitics for 1SG and 2SG. The verbal enclitics also occur marking future tense verbs. The verbal enclitics for 1SG and 2SG can also mark object, and alone among core arguments, the 1SG free pronoun object must take a locative suffix. Looking at person marking and object case, it appears that UT has an incipient hierarchical system, with 1SG > 2SG > 1PL/2PL/3. Another of the most salient features of UT is the morphophonology. It is common in UT for a morpheme to present several allomorphs, and some, like the Potential Future, can have up to 9 allomorphs. Some of this allomorphy is phonologically conditioned, other allomorphy is lexically conditioned, and other allomorphy is clearly suppletive. The interaction of these conditioning factors is possible. v CURRICULUM VITAE NAME OF AUTHOR: Yolanda Valdez Jara GRADUATE AND UNDERGRADUATE SCHOOLS ATTENDED: University of Oregon, Eugene Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, México DEGREES AWARDED: Doctor of Philosophy, Linguistics, 2013, University of Oregon Master of Arts, Linguistics, 2005, Universidad de Sonora Bachelor of Arts, Linguistics, 1997, Universidad de Sonora AREAS OF SPECIAL INTEREST: Theoretical linguistics and typology: Morphosyntax with focus in Uto-Aztecan languages. Documentary linguistics: Collection of digital recordings, documentation and creation of archival materials with focus on Uto-Aztecan languages. Historical linguistics PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE: Instructor of LING 150, Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon; Spring 2011, Summer 2011, fall 2011, Winter 2012. Teaching assistant, Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon; fall 2010, winter 2011. Instructor of Introduction to Research Methodology and Academic Writing, Art Department, Universidad de Sonora; 2002-2004 GRANTS, AWARDS, AND HONORS: Graduate Teaching Fellowship. Department of Linguistics, University of Oregon; fall 2010, winter 2011, Spring 2011, Summer 2011, fall 2011, Winter 2012, Spring 2012, Spring 2013. Fellowship for Doctorate degree. CONACYT (Mexican National Science and Technology Council); 2005-2010 vi Fellowship for Master’s degree. Department of Linguistics, Universidad de Sonora; 2002-2004 PUBLICATIONS: Valdez Jara, Y. (accepted). The indexation of central arguments in Urique Tarahumara main clauses. Amerindia Estrada Fernández, Z., & Valdez-Jara, Y. (in press). La obra de Fray Miguel de tellechea: Algunas diferencias del tarahumara a un siglo después. In K. Dakin, J. L. Moctezuma Zamarrón, & Z. Estrada Fernández (Eds.), Lenguas yutoaztecas:acercamiento a su diversidad lingüística. Hermosillo: Universidad de Sonora. Valdez Jara, Y (2005). La voz pasiva en Urique tarahumara. MA Thesis. Universidad de Sonora. vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First I would like to express my deepest gratitude to the Moreno Caraveo family who has generously shared their and their lives with me. Special thanks to Juana Moreno Caraveo for helping me to collect and analyze data, but above all for her friendship and for welcoming to her house. I want to express special thanks to my adviser, Spike Gildea. The completion of my PhD program would not be possible without his support and guidance. Thanks to Jane Tibbitts, Bonny Tibbitts, Jay Tibbitts-Franklin, Susy Tibbitts- Hernandez, Phoebe Gildea, and Julian Gildea for their support, especially the last three months while I was writing the dissertation and they always received me with an open heart in their house. I wish to express sincere appreciation to the Linguistic Department at the University of Oregon and to my professors. Their continuous support made possible the completion of my PhD. I thank my professors Scott DeLancey and Doris Payne. I also want to express my appreciation to CONACYT (Mexican National Science and Technology Council) for supporting me with a scholarship the first five years of my PhD program. I also want to thank to Zarina Estrada, Roberto Zavala and Tom Givón for encouraging me to pursue graduate school. My Infinite thanks to my friends that ALWAYS believed on me, even when I doubted about myself, Chicora Martin (USA) and Ana Isabel Campillo (Mexico). Thank you, you show me your support with words and actions, this moment of glory would not be possible without you two. Thanks to my family in Mexico, to my mom Carmen Jara, to my dad Marcos Valdez, to my brothers Omar Valdez and Ramsés Valdez, and my sister Alexandra Valdez , you are a big part of this accomplishment too. I also want to viii thank Renee Rogers, you were and are a light of love and support for me. Thanks to my friends here in Eugene, USA and Mexico, you were there for me in so many ways that if I mention them all I would never finish. Thank you Susan Detroy, Gabriela G. Salido (Texas), Ann Radey Heron, Brian Butler, Ellen Rifkin, Elena Amodeo, Bryn Lighthawk, Tamarra White, Stacey S. Tiberio, Racquel Sapien Yamada (Oklahoma), Rosa Vallejos (New Mexico), Alla Blanca, Adria Peña Flores (Mexico). And thanks to my friends that were very supportive Lauren Joiner, Ryan Purcell, Christine Dambach, Yvonne Gahley, Ariel Solomon-Riley and Angie Solomon-Riley. Thanks to every one. ix To Doña Juana and her family, to my parents Marcos and Carmen, and to Ana Isabel Campillo Corrales x TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION: GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE LANGUAGE .............. 1 1.1. Tarahumara as a Uto-Aztecan Language and Its Variants.............................. 1 1.2. History and Methodology of the Current Project ........................................... 7 1.3. The Present Work in Context.......................................................................... 9 1.4. Contribution of This Work ............................................................................. 14 II. ORTHOGRAPHY AND PHONOLOGICAL NOTES........................................... 15 2.1. The Consonant Phonemes / Graphemes ......................................................... 16 2.2. Allophones and Free Variation That Are Never Written................................ 18 2.3. The Fortis/Lenis Phenomenon in UT.............................................................. 22 2.4. The Verb/Suffix Classes ................................................................................. 23 2.5. Some Additional Alternations That Are Less Well-Behaved......................... 28 2.6. Vowels ............................................................................................................ 32 III. A SKETCH OF NOUNS AND THE NOUN PHRASE........................................ 36 3.1. Word Classes or Part of Speech...................................................................... 36 3.1.1. Nouns in Other Uto-Aztecan Languages ............................................... 37 3.1.2. Nouns in UT........................................................................................... 38 3.2. The Noun Phrase............................................................................................. 39 3.3. Nominal Possession .......................................................................................
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