WORLD OCEANS ABCDEHFGJILKM

t 1 i a r Arctic Circle t S g The Pacific Ocean in r e RUSSIAN Anadyr Gulf of BNorton Sound The Pacific is the world’s largest and deepest ocean. It is Anadyr Saint Lawrence FEDERATION Island nearly twice the area of the Atlantic and contains almost Magadan a A Bering t k l a e u Bristol three times as much water. The ocean is dotted h t c i a Sea Bay Sea of s n m wer Rid B Unimak Island with islands and surrounded by some of the a Bo g a e s i n Okhotsk Petropavlovsk- d s K Attu Island s l a n ur Kamchatskiy A l e u t i a n I world’s most populous states; over half the A Am n Sakhalin s i a d h e u t n c A l

world’s population lives on its shores. The Pacific a n E I in l 3 as I s e B r m is bordered by active plate margins known as the “Ring of Fire,” rile e Ku i l T E u r p m S K e p

e e causing earthquakes and tsunamis, and creating volcanic l r Vladivostok c o g h i i r r o u Harris Seamount r f T T r Japan i o r islands and subterranean mountain chains. The largest Sea of Hokkaidó u c ou o k

Basin K r g o NORTH h a h h i n Japan c C A KOREA P

Dalian n e S underwater mountains break the surface as island Wônsan (East Sea) r t r ú T e s n e iv n e R h a e i s

SOUTH a arcs. The fisheries of the Pacific are some of the ow a Yam ato s p s i 4 ell e KOREA n Ja w a Y Qingdao S Ridge o Tókyó R m ow Busan H h B M Yell t y u Lianyungang JAPAN i o s most productive in the world and provide a vital a Mokpo r

Ósaka Nagoya k ic I u i n o s a

i Shikoku z t Kammu n

N n

Shanghai u resource for many of the Pacific islands. Since h a Seamount s Kyúshú S e s h z C S t e t a d T g h S a n n s Midway a e r m the Second World War there has been a shift Y h a ) i t s l k e n o t S s n h ou Islands H I c o u a n m u p n ea Kure Atoll (to US) a n u e k S w CHINA y Ja r c Makarov Seamount r t t o k T e u e a s in trading patterns, with a considerable i u o g h k i

a a Fuzhou r y t u d Lisianski ‘ S ( i B i t R y R m Salmon Bank a

S k Dai ó e p 5 Jilong u t a a Island (t n

n y g M Laysan o a R Daitó-jima s B U i growth in trade between the US and the Tropic of Cancer w d H a S Hong i n o w Island ) a i a

i Kong T Oki n ‘ Guangzhou TAIWAN -Da R i i a Necker itó n Marcus Island n countries of the Pacific Rim. VIETNAM Gaoxiong Rid Island ge u T R r (to Japan) Hai Phong a i l e d Philippine Sea n g a e Gulf of Hainan Dao c LAOS d Luzon Strait P l n h Wake Island M ie i - i Tongking f Mariana M d - Hess s P P e le s u (to US) k c West a Tablemount c h Ce h o à n a Nâng a Luzon tr s Islands c n a a The Ring of Fire M k i l B Northern Mariana i Johnston Atoll g Benham Seamount l as u Mariana Ban i i B Islands (to US) f (to US) Paracel n y 6 THAILAND a p Tr i A o K PACIc Islands n p u Basin The active plate margins I h i g M n s Manila i h a East M i D (disputed) C e o u n t a Bangkok n n Guam n a O t h s i a h Mariana r s C B e n i c Bikini Vityaz Seamount M o u a (to US) r n h h surrounding the Pacific have A B r C S Reed i a e a i Hô Chi Challenger Deep M r Basin Atoll s Kâmpóng Spratly Bank T l tm Minh PHILIPPINES p Enewetak l Saôm T 11034m M a

created numerous land and island Islands S s p h r g Sulu Ya p h R Gulf of e e c i South(disputed) u i C MARSHALL Central i o n a r Basin n a d l c T Sulu Mindanao e roline Ridge ISLANDS g Thailand r m volcanoes along its border. The c Kingman Reef Andaman China an i T r Magellan Rise e h p w Sea Davao a Caroline Islands o (to US) a h o l Y Sea a e u Pacific actual basin of the Pacific is made up Sea P Kota Kinabalu s n Palmyra Atoll P PALAU i n Kuantan MICRONESIA t 7 BRUNEI R (to US) e s a M Celebes Sea k

Klang e i of a number of separate tectonic Bintulu e Melanesian t S Basin i Celebes p s S MALAYSIA i T a a r l r u u Kuching t Basin c u i n Baker & Howland plates which move away from each m S c Basin g h Equator u a a g u SINGAPORE r l Islands (to US) E a r o a a o Bism a r T s arc u a other, colliding with other plates. t Borneo s M N rc k o v Jarvis Island r a Celebes ew A hipe J O n NAURU Banaba N k era G la a (to US) C m Trou u g n Enderbury a a gh in o v Kanton ea t T Bismarck a o Island When they collide, the oceanic plates, M re N nc R n INDONESIA e h Sea i g e KIRIBATI P s South w e I Weber G Phoenix Islands o being thinner, are forced beneath the Java S Makassar Makassar Banda u PAPUA NEW GUINEA 8 ea Basin i So Jakarta Surabaya Basin Sea ne w Britain T lom SOLOMON J a Flores Sea a LaeNe re Is on s V thicker continental plates, forming N v a Bali Ara n lan ISLANDS it fu Port Solomon Sea ch ds y TUVALU Tokelau Timor ra az OCEern r Moresby S (to NZ) th s Sumbawa Flores o Arafura Se Lo ou Santa Cruz Tr idg e or k Island deep ocean trenches and high ridges. Tim gh a uisiade th en bie R N oo ou Shelf Papua Ar o n So Islands i ch Rob C r ch lag o lo N American Manihiki D T ea ipe gt mon H Plateau T o Wal lis & These collision zones are known as EAST TIMOR S C in h re e Pandora Hazel Holme Samoa Plateau o l g nch r r ra k b l c u t Futuna SAMOA o Se o ro r h Bank (to US) G P i Bank m Gulf of a T i B d N (to France) Cook Islands subduction zones and are characterized T r e a Horizon a e I e Queensland s s (to NZ) Carpentaria Coral w Zephyr a in T Bank Samoa Plateau r North t e Reef 9 by intense seismic and volcanic activity. B Coral Sea n Fiji FIJI Basin c Tave uni TONGA S A a h Basin o Islands n ut r Sea i C he s o r r (to Australia) Viti Levu o n i VANUATU a k a Niue I ᭣ e Îles h sl Mayon Volcano in the r B g an h c (to NZ) ds c n R Chesterfield u n N n o e e a e Philippines is one of many e New Caledonia Îles Loyauté r T r T L f T N s (to France) N de o i active volcanoes on the L e br r e o w New H f Horizon Deep o Tropic of Capricorn r South Fiji Pacific “Ring of Fire.” It is d l k C L H h R a

Basin c noted for its perfect T O o i Ozbourn A U STRALIA o l d

w n h e g

Brisbane r Seamount e e e d conical shape; the base of r e

S r e Kermadec o e d T L Lord Howe K the cone is 80 miles (130 a n Norfolk Island Islands C m i c o Island i n (to Australia) e u g o a g (to NZ) n H km) in circumference. i (to Australia) u s l W d i r n R a B t e a s D o i s a s E Balls t s v e m s N i n w o r Great i Pyramid i r Northland l a n fo e Sydney l e lk Plateau l ralian P K e A ust B Ri A igh Mu dge Vulkan t r n Gascoyne R Raukumara R ra a Klyuchevskaya Kangaroo y Tablemount i Plain i m s Auckland d s N S Melbourne e North i Sopka a g Mount Katmai o u Island g 11 t h T Ta sman e A u Challenger C Island n s t Bass Strait Furneaux oo a h B r a k r c a s l Plateau u n i n i a Group k e n S i r Va ler ie Mount Rainier Wellington t H T Ta sm ani a r Guyot East Sea NEW a R i s e i C h a m Mount Saint Helens t a t h Hobart Tasman ZEALAND Chatham Islands (to NZ) Mount Fuji Plateau South T Tasman Dunedin o u g h a Island B o u n t y Tr Popocatépetl sm a Basin Mount Pinatubo n Bounty Islands (to NZ) Mauna Loa S Pla Pagan o u tea Campbell Antipodes Islands (to NZ) 12 Volcán El Chichonal t h e a u Auckland s t I T Bollons n d i a n a Islands R i d g e s e Mayon Volcano m g Plateau Tablemount d (to NZ) Nevado del Ruiz a i n R Campbell Island (to NZ)

F e ra i Mount Sinewit c r Macquarie Island tu a u (to Australia) re Cotopaxi South Indian q Z c o n a e M Volcán Antofalla Basin 13 Tupungato T H E R N S O U i c Mount Tarawera ᭣ The Hawai‘ian volcanoes lie in the center c t P a c i t a r of a plate, not on a plate margin, and are Antarctic Circle f i c - A n known as intraplate volcanoes. They are Balleny Islands Scott Island associated with hot spots, whereby a plume (to NZ) (to NZ) of hot molten rock rises to the surface as the Mount Erebus 14 Ring of Fire plate moves over it. Iselin Seamount plate boundaries Scott Shoal major volcanoes A N Ross Sea American Samoa and Samoa T A R 15 American Samoa and Samoa are part of the island archipelago of Savai‘i Fagamálo Faleálupo Sátaua Cape Puava Polynesia. The two most populous islands are Tutuila in American Samoa Mauga Pu‘apu‘a Fálelima Silisili and ‘Upolu in Samoa. Although the economies of both these states 1858m Tuasiv i SAMOA P Sala‘ilua Satupa‘iteau Sálelologa S remain predominantly resource-based, both are expanding their light rait Cape St A Tága y a ÁPIA ‘Upolu á Ásuisui Ba lim Bay manufacturing sectors, and the US administration is the primary li o Feleolo galoa m alau p Mauga Fito Fa C P A 1113m o 16 Matáútu Ti‘avea a AMERICAN employer in American Samoa. Tuna fishing is particularly important: 25% I Lotofagá Poutasi S á M af ta Salani anu of all tuna consumed in the US is processed and canned in Pago Pago. F SAMOA ‘a Olosega Isl an I PAGO (to US) d ᭤ Cape Ofu s Many of the buildings in Samoa C PAGO Matátula Luma Ta ‘ ú reflect the country’s colonial past. Cape ‘Aunu‘u Island Once a colony of New Zealand, Samoa O Taputapu SCALE 1:3,000,000 C Steps Tutuila is now an independent state; American 0 20 40 Km E Point 17 A Samoa remains an unincorporated 0 20 40 Miles N territory of the United States.

AB FHGJILKM 192 WORLD OCEANS: PACIFIC OCEAN NPOQRSTUVWXY

Micronesia consists of The Peru–Chile Trench is the The Landscape numerous small, oceanic islands longest trench in the Pacific, 1 N Although it is still the largest ocean, the basin of the Pacific has been in the western Pacific. The extending 3660 miles (5900 km), Arctic Circle Micronesian islands are all and following the line of the O gradually decreasing in size due to the movement of the Indo-Australian oceanic in origin, rising directly Andes mountain range down the UNITED STATES OF up from the ocean floor. Yukon AMERICA Plate. The oldest parts are about 135 million years old. The eastern border west coast of South America. (ALASKA) R of the Pacific is characterized by a continuous mountain chain running Anchorage CANADA Kodiak Gulf of T the length of the North and South American continents. The 2 Island Alaska Pratt eastern basin has a low, uninterrupted relief, at depths c h Seamount n Patton H averaging 15,000 ft (4570 m). In contrast, the r e Seamount Wel ker Queen T Seamount Charlotte Gilbert western Pacific is scattered with island arcs Seamou Islands nts Vancouver and bounded by a series of deep ocean Island Vancouver Comstock Seamount Endeavour Seattle Seamount trenches. An almost continuous chain of Co A Tufts Plain Cascadia lumbia Basin volcanoes surrounds the ocean and an active

mid-ocean ridge runs northeast–southwest. a s The Mariana Trench d e M r g o d marks a subduction zone c t u r e Z o n e G i F r a R c i n o between the Pacific Plate e n d o M E UNITED STATES and the Philippine Plate. It San Francisco 4 P C is the world’s deepest a o t l t Long o trench, reaching depths o r ᭤ n Beach a Bora-Bora’s twin d R of 36,201 ft (11,034 m).

n e lands o OF AMERICA The Tonga Trench lies north o Is r e Z el E mountain peaks are t u n sc of New Zealand’s North r a c s an a G F ountain h r o the remnants of an r a y less M C pm l I Island. The trench reaches u r oon fo R M M en i ancient volcano, t d o Guadalupe e G C average depths of 34,448 ft C ra now surrounded by e C n A (to Mexico) d a d (10,500 m), which is more r l e o if a large lagoon, s or than twice the average T n I o n e r ia Gulf of fringed with coral. s r e Z e Tropic of Cancer depth of the ocean. l a a c t u n MEXICO n F r c h d o k a i Mexico O‘ahu s M o l Puerto Vallarta Honolulu h ug Hawai‘i ro Revillagigedo Islands n T i‘ia (to Mexico) BELIZE Scale 1:61,300,000 wa o n e M Ha e Z i d Caribbean t u r d l GUATEMALA HONDURAS Km FICa c e 0 200 400 600 800 1000 6 F r A m Puerto San José Acajutla Sea i o n e r NICARAGUA l a r i c EL SALVADOR C a Corinto 0 200 400 600 800 1000 T r Miles e COSTA RICA

e n c Clipperton Island h Panama City projection: Mollweide

s o n e (to France) Caldera PANAMA

e Z i t u r e r a c Guatemala g n F R d t o i e r Basin COLOMBIA p R Panama 7 l i p s Map key KIRIBATI C c o Buenaventura o c Basin L i C o l ó n R i d g C i Kiritimati n e e Esmeraldas Tumaco n Z o f Population Sea Depth r e ge Equator e t u i Rid c Isla Isabela gie below 10,000 sea level I r a Carne c s F ECUADOR s Galápagos Islands A l o g Gallego a e 200m / 656ft a p a (to Ecuador) idg Guayaquil n l a R P a P va Elevation G l e d Rise ija 1000m / 3281ft r r s G Paita l t u C 8 - 2000m / 6562ft Marquesas s y r e Z o n C 1000m / 3281ft Islands r a c t u e AN F a h Penrhyn s a s P 3000m / 9843ft n u e i PERU I r q E e l 500m / 1640ft M a Bauer r e Penrhyn Flint e 4000m / 13,124ft Island e Z o n e Basin s u o n T Callao t u r e go Z r 250m / 820ft Tiki r a c a r e e Basin o t u F p t u 5000m / 16,400ft Tu s u a m la r a c B n R am Basin T a se F c ot G i ñ a a h 100m / 328ft Bora-Bora u i e R d a 6000m / 19,686ft Isl n e n S Tahit i an Zo M s e 9 oc d re i g iet s a ctu d E sea level y Is ra n i lan l F Yu p a n q u i B a s i n R ds tra s Mauke Au a h e c French Polynesia z c Rarotonga (to France) a Îles Gambier N n Î Pitcairn Islands s Chile e M ᭤ Wave action has l e President Thiers Pitcairn (to UK) r Antofagasta s Islas de los Desventurados T A Seamount Island i Sala y Gomez Sala y Gomez Ridge (to Chile) Tropic of Capricorn eroded this shoreline in u Isla e (to Chile) cture Zone San Ambrosio l southeastern Australia s t Rapa Easter Fra Isla i

R A r a Easter San Félix h leaving isolated pinnacles 10 l Island C e s (to Chile) Basin - of rock cut off from the u c r main coastline. They are Roggeveen e P i Islas Juan Fernández known as the “Twelve Basin Southwest (to Chile) Valparaiso C h a E H Apostles”, however, one f l l e n g e r Isla Alejandro F r a c t u r Isla recenty collapsed leaving e Z o n e Se Selkirk i lk Róbinson ir L only nine remaining. Pacific C k Crusoe e R T o n c h Talcahuano Z i 11 r e i s t u l e ne F r a c e Zo I z a re a s s i R actu Basin A g i a Fr s Moch U P e n Zone H ure Tonga act M e n i Fr a r d t fo O F r a s ua The Kingdom of Tonga c t u G C r e Z s o n e a lies in the southwest Pacific, E a S Niuatoputapu 12 l t B Mornington a E about 2000 miles (3000 km) N n i Abyssal n c off the east coast of Australia. It A Ud F i Plain Tafahi int r a sev c f Punta Arenas Fr t u comprises 169 islands of which only 36 E act r i ure e Zo c D are permanently inhabited. The majority C ne Z rake Passage e o n a g e P of the population live on the largest island, O i d Fonualei 13 R t a i n Tongatapu. There are only three sizeable Toku O C E A N s n P l a u s e towns and the main commercial center is the C h e h a t g s he I u i n Gerlac capital Nuku‘alofa. Tonga’s economy is based ‘Uta Vava‘u Neiafu a i n S o l De nts P l e l Seamou Antarctic Circle F e n B mainly on agriculture; coconuts, bananas, and vanilla Late d s Peter I Island I n u Marie Byrd (to Norway) are grown as cash crops for export. Although there is Vava‘u Group m Seamount C A Amundsen Sea Bellingshausen some light manufacturing, growing land shortages have 14 Sea forced increased migration to New Zealand and Australia. A P Kao Ha‘ano Tof ua Pangai Foa Ha‘apai A Kotu Uiha Lifuka C T I C Group Group Maniloa Tau Nomuka Tal eki Vav u’ u 15 Ata Nomuka Taleki Tonga Atata Group ᭢ The islands of Tonga fall into two belts; Niu ‘Aunofa Tonumea Otu Tolu Group Poloa Onevai Motu those in the east are low, coral islands, Kolovai Tapu Nuku while those in the west are high and Fafo Fukave ᭣ Piha Pa Tongatapu Group Coral reefs and atolls NUKU‘ALOFA ssag Eua Iki volcanic. Four of the islands still contain Kolonga e NUKU‘ALOFA are found throughout F Mui active volcanoes. The mountainous, Houma anga U Tongatapu Tongat apu the warm waters of the Pea ta Hopohoponga western islands are covered with verdant ‘Eua south Pacific. Reefs build P Mu‘a tropical vegetation. A Va i n a Tongatapu 16 up from the skeletons of C Tongat apu millions of coral polyps I F Fua‘amotu – tiny sea creatures that I Houma C Talo a Houma cling to the reef and secrete calcium O C ‘Eua carbonate around their E Ohonua TONGA bodies, forming a hard A 17 N Ha‘atua protective skeleton. SCALE 1:1,000,000 SCALE 1:6,000,000 0 20 40 Km 0 20 40 60 80 Km 0 20 40 Miles Kalau PQ 0 20 40 60 80 Miles 193