A O U Check-listSupplement
The Auk 117(3):847-858, 2000
FORTY-SECOND SUPPLEMENT TO THE AMERICAN ORNITHOLOGISTS' UNION CHECK-LIST OF NORTH AMERICAN BIRDS
This first Supplementsince publication of the 7th Icterusprosthemelas, Lonchura cantans, and L. atricap- edition (1998)of the AOU Check-listof North American illa); (3) four speciesare changed(Caracara cheriway, Birdssummarizes changes made by the Committee Glaucidiumcostaricanum, Myrmotherula pacifica, Pica on Classification and Nomenclature between its re- hudsonia)and one added (Caracaralutosa) by splits constitutionin late 1998 and 31 January2000. Be- from now-extralimital forms; (4) four scientific causethe makeupof the Committeehas changed sig- namesof speciesare changedbecause of genericre- nificantly since publication of the 7th edition, it allocation (Ibycter americanus,Stercorarius skua, S. seemsappropriate to outline the way in which the maccormicki,Molothrus oryzivorus); (5) one specific currentCommittee operates. The philosophyof the name is changedfor nomenclaturalreasons (Baeolo- Committeeis to retain the presenttaxonomic or dis- phusridgwayi); (6) the spellingof five speciesnames tributional statusunless substantial and convincing is changedto make them gramaticallycorrect rela- evidenceis publishedthat a changeshould be made. tive to the genericname (Jacameropsaureus, Poecile The Committee maintains an extensiveagenda of atricapilla,P. hudsonica,P. cincta,Buarremon brunnein- potential actionitems, includingpossible taxonomic ucha);(7) oneEnglish name is changedto conformto changesand changesto the list of speciesincluded worldwide use (Long-tailedDuck), one is changed in the main text or the Appendix.Many of theseare by removing an unneeded modifier (White Tern), derived from statementsof varying taxonomictreat- and five are changedbecause of speciessplits (Great- mentsmentioned in notesin speciesaccounts in the er Sage-Grouse,Western Spindalis, Greater Antillean 7th edition. Eachmember has acceptedprimary re- Oriole, Indian Silverbill, Tricolored Munia); and (8) sponsibilityfor certain groupsof birds or for partic- sevenspecies are added to the Appendix (Oceano- ular distributionalor other matters.When a sugges- dromamonorhis, Circus aeruginosus, Larus genei, L. no- tion for a changein taxonomic,nomenclatural, or vaehollandiae,Phaethornis yaruqui, Tachycineta albiven- distributionalstatus is published,the memberwith ter, Oryzoborusangolensis). The 15 additionsto the responsibilityfor the affectedgroup studiesthe sit- main list bring the numberof speciesrecognized as uation and prepares a proposal for (or against) occurringin the Check-listarea (main list) to 2,023. change.The Committeealso considers proposals or This Supplementalso makes some technical nomen- suggestionsby nonmembersif accompaniedby ad- claturaland spellingchanges that werenot included equatejustification or evidence.Proposals, with rec- with errata in the Notice from the Committee in Auk ommendations,are circulatedamong the Committee 116:282-283,1999. Literature that providesthe basis and a period of discussionensues, mainly by e-mail. for the Committee's decisions is cited at the end of Advice may be solicitedfrom colleagueswho are not the Supplement,and citationsnot alreadyin the Lit- membersof the Committee.Eventually, a voteis tak- erature Cited of the 7th edition become additions to en. If approved,the proposal becomes an item for the it. An updated list of speciesknown from the Check- next Supplement.If the proposalis not accepted,it list area may be accessedfrom
847 848 Forty-secondSupplement [Auk,Vol. 117
Centrocercusminimus Gunnison Sage-Grouse. Sulagranti Rothschild,1902, Bull. Brit. Ornithol. Glaucidium costaricanumCosta Rican Pygmy-Owl. Club 13:7. (GalapagosArchipelago = CulpepperIs- Picoidesarizonae Arizona Woodpecker land, fide Hartert, Nov. Zool. 32: 274, 1925.) Myrmotherula pacificaPacific Antwren. Dendroica subita Barbuda Warbler Habitat.--Pelagic waters; nests on cliffs on is- lands. Dendroica delicata St. Lucia Warbler. Distribution.--Breeds in the eastern Pacific on the $pindalis nigricephalaJamaican Spindalis. GalapagosIslands, Isla La Plata, Ecuador,and Mal- $pindalis dominicensisHispaniolan Spindalis. pelo Island off Colombia,and in small numberson Spindalisportoricensis Puerto Rican Spindalis. ClippertonIsland and the Revillagigedos. Emberizaelegans Yellow-throated Bunting. Rangesat seaoff Middle Americain the southern Icterus prosthemelasBlack-cowled Oriole. Gulf of California and from Colima, Mexico, to Ec- Lonchura cantans African Silverbill (I). uador. Lonchuraatricapilla ChestnutMunia (I). Notes.--Formerly considered a subspeciesof S. Changethe followingEnglish names: dactylatra,but separatedby Pitmanand Jehl(1998). Clangula hyemalisLong-tailed Duck. See commentsunder S. dactylatra. Centrocercusurophasianus Greater Sage-Grouse. Gygisalba White Tern. p. 32. In the Notesunder the genusPhalacrocorax, Spindaliszena WesternSpindalis. the nameHypoleucus should be Hypoleucos. Icterus dominicensis Greater Antillean Oriole. Lonchuramalabarica Indian Silverbill (I). p. 44. Beforethe genusButorides, insert: Lonchuramalacca Tricolored Munia (I). Change the following scientificnames, with no Genus ARDEOLA Boie changein Englishnames: ArdeolaBoie, 1822, Isis von Oken, col.559. Type, by Daptrius americanusto Ibycter americanus monotypy,Ardea ralloides Scopoli. Caracara plancus to Caracara cheriway Catharacta skua to Stercorarius skua Ardeolabacchus (Bonaparte). Chinese Pond-Heron. Catharacta maccormicki to Stercorarius maccormi- cki Buphusbacchus Bonaparte, 1855, Consp. Gen. Av- ium, 2:127.(Malay Peninsula.) Jacameropsaurea to Jacameropsaureus Pica pica to Pica hudsonia Habitat.--Marshland, rice fields, riverbanks, man- Poecileatricapillus to Poecileatricapilla groves,tidepools, and margins of fishponds. Poecile hudsonicus to Poecile hudsonica Distribution.--Breeds from central Manchuria Poecile cinctus to Poecile cincta and Inner Mongolia south through easternChina Baeolophusgriseus to Baeolophusridgwayi and Taiwan to Assam, northern Indochina, and Hai- Buarremon brunneinuchus to Buarremon brunneinu- nan. cha Wintersin the southernpart of the breedingrange Scaphiduraoryzivora to Molothrus oryzivorus and to Thailand, the Malay Peninsula,Myanmar (Burma), Sumatra, Java,Borneo, and Sulawesi. Deletethe followingnames: Wandersto Siberia,Korea, Japan, and Sri Lanka. Glaucidiumjardinii Andean Pygmy-Owl. Accidental on St. Paul Island, Pribilofs, Alaska, 4- Myrmotherulasurinamensis Streaked Antwren. 9 August 1996 (Gibson and Kessel1997, Hoyer and Move Icterus bullockii to position following I. pus- Smith 1997). tulatus p. 81. The Committeewas petitioned by a groupof p. 28. Sulagranti is recognizedas a speciesdistinct biologistsfrom the U.S.Fish and Wildlife Servicein from S. dactylatra,as proposedby Pitman and Jehl Alaskato changethe Englishname of Clangulahye- (1998),on the basisof differencesin bill color,size malisfrom Oldsquawto Long-tailedDuck, the name and proportions,some color characters in both ju- usedfor the speciesoutside of North America.The venal and definitive plumages, preferred nesting basisfor thepetition was that the species is declining habitat,and pelagicnonbreeding ranges. Modify the in numbers in Alaska, and conservationmanage- breedingdistribution of Suladactylatra by removing mentplans require the help and cooperationof Na- the phrase"and in the Galapagos"and the word tive Americans.The biologistswere concerned that "Ecuador."Add to the Notes under S. dactylatra: the nameOldsquaw would offendthe NativeAmer- Someold sightreports may pertainto S.granti (e.g. icans.Requests to changethe namehad beenmade Roberson1998). Insert the followingafter the ac- to theCommittee in pastyears by somewho consider count for S. dactylatra: the word "squaw" to be offensive.The Committee declines to consider political correctnessalone in $ula granti Rothschild.Nazca Booby. changinglong-standing English names of birdsbut July2000] Forty-secondSupplement 849 is willing in this instanceto adopt an alternative thesegenera differ in syringealmorphology and mi- name that is in use in much of the world. tochondrialDNA (Griffiths1994b, 1999) and in ecol- ogy (Brownand Amadon1968). The geneticstudies ChangeEnglish name of Clangulahyemalis from showthat Daptrius is paraphyleticif americanusis in- Oldsquawto Long-tailedDuck, to conformwith En- cluded.Replace the headingand citationfor Genus glishusage in otherparts of theworld. Change Notes Daptriuswith: to read: Formerly known as Oldsquaw in North America. Genus IBYCTER Vieillot
p. 91. After Ictiniaplumbea, insert the following ac- IbycterVieillot, 1816,Analyse, p. 22. Type,by mon- count: otypy,Falco americanus Boddaert. Changethe speciesheading from Daptriusameri- GenusMILVUS Lac•p•de, 1799 canus(Boddaert) to Ibycter americanus(Boddaert). Milvus Lac•p•de, 1799, Tab. Mamm. Ois., p. 4. Changethe Notesat the end of the speciesaccount Type, by tautonomy,Falco milvus Linnaeus. to read:Formerly placed in the genusDaptrius Vieil- lot, 1816,but separatedon the suggestionsof Brown Milvus migrans(Boddaert). Black Kite. and Amadon (1968)and Griffiths (1994b,1999). Falcomigrans Boddaert, 1783, Table Planches En- p. 106.The three groups in Caracaraplancus are rec- lum., p. 28. Basedon "Le Milan noir" of Daubenton, ognized as distinctspecies following an analysisof PlanchesEnlum., pl. 472. (France.) plumage,morphology, and reportedhybridization by Dove and Banks(1999). Replace the accountfor Habitat.--Riparian areas,open woodland,forest now extralimitalC. plancuswith the followingtwo edge, coastalwetlands, farmland, garbage dumps, accounts: and cities. Distribution.--Breeds(migrans group) in Eurasia Caracara cheriway (Jacquin).Crested Caracara. from Finland to western Siberia and south to islands Falcocheriway Jacquin, 1784, Beytr. Gesch. V6gel., p. in the Mediterranean Sea and northwestern Africa, 17, pl. 4. (Aruba.) the Near East and Arabia, east throughIndia and south to Sri Lanka and southwestern China and Habitat.mArid Lowland Scrub, Arid Montane souththrough southeast Asia to Australia,and in Scrub, Low Seasonally Wet Grassland, Second- muchof Africa; and (lineatusgroup) in easternSi- growth Scrub,lowland pine savanna(0-3,000 m; beriaand Japan south through China to northernIn- Tropicalto Temperatezones). dia, Burma, and the Ryukyu Islands. Distribution.--As cheriwaygroup in plancusac- Winters(migrans group) from southernEurasia to count. southernAfrica and southernAustralia; and (lineatus Notes.--Formerlycombined with the SouthAmer- group)from southern Iraq to Chinaand Japan, south ican Caracaraplancus (Miller, 1777) [SouthernCara- to southernIndia, Sri Lanka, and southeastAsia. cara] and C. lutosusas Crested Caracara,but sepa- Accidental(group unknown)in the Mariana Is- rated by Dove and Banks(1999). lands,and (lineatusgroup) in Hawaii on SandIsland, •Caracara lutosa (Ridgway). Guadalupe Caracara. Midway, 1994-1995 (R. L. Pyle pers. comm.) and 1998 (Field Notes,1998, pp. 147, 261, 272). Photo- Polyboruslutosus Ridgway, 1876, Bull. U.S. Geol. graphsdocumenting both Midway occurrencesare Geogr. Surv. Terr. 1:459. (Guadalupe Island, Lower on file in the Hawaii Rare Bird DocumentaryPho- California.) tographFile at the B. P.Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Habitat.--Arid Lowland Scrub. Notes.--Stresemann and Amadon in Mayr and Distribution.--as lutosagroup in plancusaccount. Cottrell (1979)and Sibleyand Monroe(1990) consid- Notes.--Seenotes under C. cheriway. ered the two groupsto be allospecies,M. migrans (Boddaert, 1783) [Black Kite] and M. lineatus(Gray, p. 119.On the basisof geneticdifferences (Kahn et 1831) [Black-earedKite]. Sibley and Monroe (1993: al. 1999,Oyler-McCance et al. 1999)and differences 40) furtherseparated the birdsin Arabiaand eastern in size (Hupp and Braun1991), courtship behavior and southernAfrica as a groupaegyptius (Gmelin, (calls,strut rate;Young et al. 1994),tail pattern,and 1788)[Yellow-billed Kite] within M. migrans. modifiedbody plumes(Young et al. 2000),the Gun- nison Sage-Grouse,Centrocercus minimus, is recog- p. 105. In the Notes under Family Falconidae, nized as a speciesdistinct from the GreaterSage- changeGriffiths (1994)to Griffiths (1994a). Grouse,C. urophasianus.Change the Englishname of C. urophasianusto GreaterSage-Grouse and modify p. 106.The Red-throatedCaracara is movedfrom the Distribution and Notes sections of the account for the genusDaptrius to the genusIbycter. Members of C. urophasianusas follows: 850 Forty-secondSupplement [Auk,Vol. 117
Distribution.--Resident locally (formerly more Replacethe speciesheading Catharacta skua Brtin- widespread)in eastern(Mono County) and north- nich with Stercorariusskua (Brtinnich). Throughout easternCalifornia, and from easternOregon, central the account,change group name antarctica to antarc- Washington,southeastern Alberta, southwestern ticusand replacethe genericinitial C. with S. Saskatchewan, Montana, and southwestern North Dakotasouth to centralNevada, northern Utah, Wy- p. 182.Replace the speciesheading Catharacta mac- oming,northern Colorado, and southwesternSouth cormicki (Saunders) with Stercorariusmaccormicki Dakota. Formerlynorth to southernBritish Colum- Saunders.In the Notesfor that species,change the bia (OkanaganValley) and eastto westernNebraska. genericinitial C. to S. and add: Formerlyplaced in Notes.--Formerlyincluded C. minimusand known the genusCatharacta. as the SageGrouse. In the Notes under Stercorariuspomarinus, delete Insert the followingnew accountfor C. minimus: "(Catharacta)"and add: Braun and Bruinfield (1998) suggestedthat pomarinus be placedin themonotypic Centrocercusminimus Bradbury and Vehrencamp. genusCoprotheres, between Catharacta and Stercorar- Gunnison Sage-Grouse. ius.The complexphylogenetic relationships are best Centrocercusminimus Bradbury and Vehrencamp, expressedby consideringall speciesin a singlegenus 1998,Principles of Animal Communication,cover, iv, (Andersson 1999). 770. (Gunnison, Colorado.) p. 207. Changethe Englishname of Gygisalba, Habitat.--Sagebrush,sagebrush dominated shrub- Common White-Tern, to White Tern. steppe. Distribution.--Residentlocally in the Gunnison pp. 257-258.The distributionof Bubovirginianus is Basinand southwesternColorado south of the Eagle restatedto recognizeexistence of a gap in Central and Coloradorivers, and in adjacentsoutheastern America(Olson 1997). Modify the paragraphas fol- Utah east of the ColoradoRiver. Formerlywide- lows: spreadbut discontinuousin southernColorado and extremeeastern Utah. Early recordsof sage-grouse Distribution.--Breeds from... and Newfound- from northeastern Arizona, southwestern Kansas, land southto Honduras,rarely in Guatemalaand E1 northern New Mexico, and western Oklahoma are Salvador,and perhapsin north-centralNicaragua, presumedto havebeen of this speciesrather than C. and from northern Colombia and Venezuela south to urophasianus(Young et al. 2000). Tierra del Fuego(except for mostof Amazonia).Ab- Notes.--Formerlyconsidered part of C. urophasi- sent from the West Indies, most other islands, and anusbut shownto be distinctby Hupp and Braun apparentlymuch of CentralAmerica. (1991),Young et al. (1994),Kahn et al. (1999),Oyler- McCanceet al. (1999),and Younget al. (2000). p. 259. Pygmy-owlsin CostaRica and Panamapre- viously assignedto Glaucidiumjardinii are recog- p. 120.In the citationfor Lagopusmutus, change the nized as a distinctspecies, G. costaricanum,following date of publicationto 1781 (fide Tyrberg 1998). Robbins and Stiles (1999). Vocalizations and bio- chemicalstudies indicate a closer relationshipto p. 181. A seriesof studieson moleculargenetics membersof the G. gnomacomplex than to G.jardinii (Cohen et al. 1997, Andersson 1999, Braun and (K6nig 1991,Heidrich et al. 1995,Robbins and Stiles Brumfield1998) have shown that relationshipsof the 1999).However, G. costaricanum is separated from G. skuasand jaegersare best expressedby placing all gnomaon the basisof differencesin plumagecolor, of the speciesin a singlegenus. This supports earlier morphology,voice, habitat, and mtDNA (Robbins suggestionsbased on studiesof behavior(Andersson and Stiles1999). Replace the accountfor G. jardinii, 1973)and parasite faunas (Cohen et al. 1997).The ge- now extralimital,with the following: nus Catharactais mergedinto the genusStercorarius. Glaucidiumcostaricanum L. Kelso.Costa Rican Pyg- Deletethe words "genera and" from theNotes under my-Owl. SubfamilyStercorariinae. Move the genericheading for the genusStercorarius on p. 182to replacethe ge- Glaucidiumjardinii costaricanumL. Kelso,1937, Auk neric name CatharactaBrtinnich, and add the cita- 54:304. (Costa Rica.) tionsfor CatharactaBrtinnich and MegalestrisBona- parte to the synonymyof Stercorariusin the order Habitat.--Montane Evergreen Forest (2000-3400 Stercorarius,Catharacta, Coprotheres, Megalestris. Un- m; Subtropicaland Temperatezones). Distribution.--Resident in the mountains of cen- der the genericheading and synonymy,insert: tral Costa Rica south and east to western Panama Notes.--We follow Andersson(1999) in merging (Chiriqu•and Veraguas). Catharacta into Stercorarius on the basis of studies of Notes.--Formerly considereda subspeciesof G. moleculargenetics and reconsiderationof otherdata. jardinii(Bonaparte, 1855) [Andean Pygmy-Owl], but July2000] Forty-secondSupplement 851 shownto be more closelyallied to the G.gnoma com- wren] but separatedby Isler et al. (1999). The form plex (Robbinsand Stiles1999). multostriataSclater, 1858 [Amazonian Streaked-Ant- wren] of southern and western Amazonia also is p. 292. Placea dagger,to indicateextinct status, be- split from M. surinamensis[Guianan Streaked-Ant- fore the name Chlorostilbon bracei. wren] of northeasternAmazonia by thoseauthors.
p. 328. Changethe specificname of the GreatJac- p. 368.In the citationfor the genusMyrmornis, the amarto aureus,to agreein genderwith themasculine page number 180 shouldbe 188. genericname Jacamerops. p. 448. North AmericanPica hudsonia is treated as p. 340.Picoides arizonae is split from the disjunctP. a speciesdistinct from Old World P.pica, which be- stricklandion the basisof differencesin morphology, comes extralimital, on the basis of a number of mor- behavior,and habitat(Davis 1965,Ligon 1968,John- phologic,behavioral, and geneticcharacters (Birk- son et al. 1999).Insert the following accountbefore head 1991,Enggist-Dublin and Birkhead1992, Zink that of P. stricklandi: et al. 1995).
Picoidesarizonae (Hargitt). Arizona Woodpecker. ReplaceP. pica account with accountof P.hudsonia. Picusarizonae Hargitt, 1886,Ibis, p. 115.(Santa Rita Pica hudsonia(Sabine). Black-billed Magpie. Mts., Arizona.) Corvus hudsonius Sabine, 1823, in Franklin, Narr. Habitat.--Oak and pine-oak woodland and ripar- Journ.Polar Sea, 1823, p. 671. (Cumberland House, ian vegetation (1,200-2,400 m; upper Subtropical Hudson Bay [=Cumberland House,Saskatchewan].) zone). Habitat.--Open country with scatteredtrees, ri- Distribution.--That of the arizonaegroup in 7th parian and open woodland, forest edge, and farm- ed. account of P. stricklandi. lands. Notes.--Often considered conspecificwith P. Distribution.--Resident from south-coastal Alaska stricklandi(Davis 1965, Short 1982), but see Ligon (west to the Alaska Peninsulaand Shumagin Is- (1968) and Johnsonet al. (1999). Also called Brown- lands), southern Yukon, northern Alberta, central backed Woodpecker,but that name should be re- Saskatchewan, central Manitoba, extreme south- strictedto the African Dendrocoposobsoletus (Wagler, western Ontario, and northern Minnesota south to 1829). northeasternand east-centralCalifornia (to Inyo In Picoidesstricklandi account, change habitat to County),south-central Nevada, Utah, extreme north- read "Coniferousforest (2,500--4,100m; Temperate eastern Arizona (Apache County, formerly more Zone)." Removearizonae group from Distribution. widespread),northern New Mexico,western (casu- ChangeNotes to read: "See commentsunder P. ari- ally northeastern)Oklahoma, central Kansas,and ZO•t2e." Nebraska(except southeastern). Absent from coastal areasand regionsfrom southeasternAlaska south- p. 364. Myrmotherulapacifica is separatedas a spe- ward and west of the Cascaderange and SierraNe- vada. cies distinct from M. surinamensis,now extralimital, on the basis of differences in vocalizations and in col- Wandersas in paragraphat top of p. 449. or patternsof females(Isler et al. 1999).Replace the Notes.--Formerlyconsidered a subspeciesof Old accountof M. surinamensiswith the following: World Picapica (Linnaeus, 1758) [EurasianMagpie], but separatedon the basis of differencessumma- Myrmotherula pacificaHellmayr. PacificAntwren. rized by Birkhead (1991) and Enggist-Dublinand Birkhead(1992). Vocal and behavioraldata suggest Myrmotherulasurinamensis pacifica Hellmayr, 1911, that P. hudsoniais more closelyrelated to P. nuttalli Proc. Zool. Soc. London, p. 1159 (Buenaventura, than to P.pica. All taxa in Picawere consideredcon- Choc6,[depto. Valle], W. Colombia.) specificby Phillips(1986). Habitat.--River-edge Forest, Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest Edge, SecondaryForest (0-600 m; p. 449. ChangeNotes for P. nuttallito read: "See Tropical zone). commentsunder P.hudsonia, and Verbeek(1972)." Distribution.--Resident from Panama (entire Ca- ribbeanslope, and Pacificdrainage west to western p. 455.Add to thedistribution of Prognecryptoleuca Panam•province) south on the westside of the An- a statement "Accidental in Florida (Key West, 9 May desto southwesternEcuador (northwestern Azuay), 1895)." Add to the Notes: Other Florida recordsmen- and east in the northern Colombian lowlands to the tioned in earlier Check-listsare of P. subis (Banks Rio Magdalena Valley (Santander). 2000). Notes.--Formerlyconsidered a subspeciesof Myr- motherulasurinamensis (Gmelin, 1788) [StreakedAnt- pp. 461--462.In the headingsfor Petrochelidonpyr- 852 Forty-secondSupplement [Auk,Vol. 117 rhonotaand P. fulva, the name Vieillot should be in pa- Distribution.--Resident on Barbuda in the Lesser rentheses,(Vieillot). Antilles. Notes.--See comments under D. adelaidae. In the accountof Petrochelidonfulva, the group namepelodoma should be changedto pallidabecause Dendroicadelicata Ridgway. St. LuciaWarbler the latteris not preoccupiedby the formerin the ge- nus Petrochelidon. The sentence to that effect should Dendroicaadelaidae delicata Ridgway, 1883, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 5 (1882): 525. (St. Lucia.) be deleted from the Notes. In the Notes, the group name"P. pelodoma Brooke, 1974" should be changed Habitat.--Arid LowlandScrub, Tropical Lowland to "P.pallida Nelson, 1902." P. rufocollaris Peale, 1848, EvergreenForest (0-700 m). shouldbe P.rufocollaris (Peale, 1848). Distribution.--Resident on St. Lucia in the Lesser Antilles. p. 463.In the Notesat the top of the page,for Hi- Notes.--See comments under D. adelaidae. rundorustica, change H. dumicolato H. domicola. p. 581. Spindaliszena is divided into four species, pp. 463-465.The genericname Poecile is feminine, followingsuggestions by Garridoet al. (1997),based and adjectivalspecies names must agree in gender on differencesin mensural data, coloration,body Changethe specificnames atricapillus, hudsonicus, mass, and vocalizations. This treatment has been fol- and cinctusto atricapilla,hudsonica, and cincta.In the lowedby Raffaeleet al. (1998).In thecitation for the Notes under P.atricapilla, P. montanus becomes P. mon- genusSpindalis, delete "=Fringilla zenaLinnaeus." tana. Insertthe following after the heading and citation for the genusSpindalis: p. 466. ChangeBaeolophus griseus (Ridgway) to Baeolophusridgwayi (Richmond). The namegriseus is Notes.--Toavoid long hyphenated compound En- permanentlyinvalidated because it wasreplaced as glishnames, we revertto the Englishgroup name a junior secondaryhomonym before 1961 (ICZN Spindalis,used (e.g. Bond 1936) before the popula- 1999, Art. 59.3). tions were merged (without comment)by Bond (1947). p. 472.In theNotes under Campylorhynchus zonatus, Changethe English name of Spindaliszena to West- at the top of the page, the citationfor C. fasciatus ern Spindalis.Change the Distributionof S.zena to: shouldbe (Swainson,1838). In the Notesunder Cam- Residentin the Bahama Islands (Grand Bahama, pylorhynchuschiapensis, the citation for C. griseus Great Abaco,Little Abaco,and Green Turtle Cay in should be (Swainson, 1838). the northernBahamas, from the BerryIslands south to GreatInagua in thesouthern Bahamas), Providen- p. 517. In the citation for Oreoscoptesmontanus, cialesin the Turks and Caicos,Cuba (includingthe changeC. K. Townsendto J. K. Townsend. Isle of Pinesand numerouskeys), Grand Cayman Is- land, and Cozumel Island off Quintana Roo, Mexico. p. 546. On the basisof geneticdifferences, com- Remove "[zena group]" from sentencebeginning binedwith differencesin plumageand morphology "Ranges.... " and probablysong (Curson et al. 1994,Lovette et al. ChangeNotes under S. zenato read:Formerly in- 1998,Lovette and Bermingham1999), Dendroica ade- cludedS. nigricephala,S. dominicensis,and S.portori- laidaeis dividedinto threespecies. In the accountfor censis,with theEnglish name Stripe-headed Tanager, D. adelaidae,change Distribution to read:Resident on but the complexis treatedas four allospecies of a su- Puerto Rico (including Vieques Island). Change perspeciesfollowing Garrido et al. (1997). Notesto: Formerlyincluded D. subitaand D. delicata, now considereddistinct species (Lovette et al. 1998, After the accountof Spindaliszena, insert the fol- Lovetteand Bermingham 1999). Lowery and Monroe lowing three accounts: in Paynter(1968) proposed that D. adelaidae(includ- Spindalisnigricephala (Jameson). Jamaican Spindal- ingsubita and delicata) and D. graciaewere each oth- is. er's closest relatives, but mitochondrial DNA data (Lovetteand Bermingham1999) do not supportthis Tanagranigricephala Jameson, 1835, Edinburgh relationship. New Philos. Journ. 19: 213. (Jamaica.) Insert the followingtwo accountsafter Dendroica Habitat.--TropicalMontane Forest, Tropical Low- adelaidae: land EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-1,800 m). Distribution.--Resident on Jamaica. Dendroicasubita Riley.Barbuda Warbler Notes.--Formerlyconsidered part of S. zena,but Dendroicasubita Riley, 1904, Smiths. Misc. Coil.47: separatedby Garridoet al. (1997). 289. (Barbuda.) Spindalisdominicensis (Bryant). Hispaniolan Spin- Habitat.--Arid LowlandScrub, Riparian Thickets. dalis. July2000] Forty-secondSupplement 853
Tanagradominicensis Bryant, 1867, Proc. Boston Molothrusin our area and to be more closelyrelated Soc.Nat. Hist. 11: 92. (southeastHaiti.) to themthan to extralimitalM. rufoaxillarisCassin. Habitat.--Tropical Montane Forest, Pine Forest, p. 649. Icterusprosthemelas is recognizedas a spe- Tropical Lowland EvergreenForest, Secondary For- cies distinct from I. dominicensis and is moved to a est (0-2,300 m). positionnext to I. spuriuson the basisof geneticdata Distribution.--Residenton the island of Hispan- iola, and on Gonave Island. presentedby Omlandet al. (1999).The analysisby Omland et al. (1999)indicates that the I. dominicensis Notes.--Formerlyconsidered part of S. zena,but complexmay consistof up to four species.However, separatedby Garrido et al. (1997). the exclusionof I.d. dominicensisfrom part of the ge- Spindalis portoricensis(Bryant). Puerto Rican Spin- netic data set, and the lack of an analysisof vocaland dalis. plumage differencesamong the four island taxa, make it impossibleto determineat this time how Tanagraportoricensis Bryant, 1866, Proc. Boston many biologicalspecies should be recognized.Re- Soc. Nat. Hist. 10:252. (Puerto Rico.) placethe accountfor I. dominicensiswith the follow- Habitat.--Tropical MontaneForest, Tropical Low- ing: land EvergreenForest, Secondary Forest (0-1,050 m). Icterus dominicensis(Linnaeus). Greater Antillean Distribution.--Resident on Puerto Rico. Oriole. Notes.--Formerlyconsidered part of S. zena,but separatedby Garrido et al. (1997). The citationfor the speciesis unchanged. Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest p. 601. ChangeBuarremon brunneinuchus to Buar- Edge, SecondaryForest (0-1,000 m; Tropical Zone). remonbrunneinucha; this is a nounused in apposition, Distribution.--Resident [dominicensisgroup] on and its genderdoes not change.In the Notesunder Hispaniola; [portoricensisgroup] on Puerto Rico; that species,B. apertusWetmore, 1942 should be B. [northropigroup] on Andros, Great Abaco,and Little apertus(Wetmore, 1942). Abaco in the northern Bahamas;and [melanopsis group]on Cuba and the Isle of Pines. p. 629,after the accountfor Emberizarustica, insert: Notes.--Groups: I. dominicensis(Linnaeus, 1766) Emberiza elegansTemminck. Yellow-throated Bun- [Hispaniolan Oriole]; I. portoricensisBryant, 1866 ting. [Puerto Rican Oriole]; I. northropiAllen, 1890 [Ba- haman Oriole]; I. melanopsis(Wagler, 1829) [Cuban Emberizaelegans Temminck, 1835, Planches Color., Oriole]. Geneticanalysis by Omland et al. (1999)sug- livr. 98, pl. 583, fig. 1. (Japan.) geststhat someor all of the groupsmay merit spe- Habitat.--Open dry deciduousforest on hills and cificrank, but furtherstudy is neededto clarifytheir ridges. relationships. Distribution.--Breeds from southern Siberia, Manchuria, and northern Korea south to southern p. 650.Insert the followingnew accountbefore the China. accountfor Icterusspurius: Winters from eastern China, southern Korea, and Icterusprosthemelas (Strickland). Black-cowled Ori- Japansouth to southernChina and Burma. ole. Accidentalin Alaska (Attu, in the Aleutian Islands, 25 May 1998; Sykes1998). Xanthornusprosthemelas Strickland, 1850, in Jar- dine'sContrib. Ornith., 2, p. 120,pl. 62. (Guatemala.) p. 649. Scaphidurais mergedinto Molothruson the basisof severalgenetic studies (La. nyon 1994,John- Habitat.--Tropical Lowland Evergreen Forest son and Lanyon 1999, Lanyon and Omland 1999). Edge, SecondaryForest (0-1,200 m; Tropical Zone). Distribution.--Resident from southern Veracruz, Deletethe headingfor the genusScaphidura and the Notes under it. Move the citationsfor the generic northernOaxaca, Tabasco, Chiapas, and the Yucatan namesScaphidura and Psomocolaxto proper chrono- Peninsulasouth on the Caribbeanslope of Central logicalpositions under the genusMolothrus. Change America to extreme western Panama (western Bocas del Toro). the species'headingScaphidura oryzivora (Gmelin) to Molothrus oryzivorus(Gmelin). Notes.--Icterusprosthemelas was considereda dis- tinct speciesuntil Bond (1947) included it in I. dom- Changethe Notesafter the species account to read: inicensis,without comment but apparentlyon theba- Also known as RiceGrackle. Formerly placed in the sis of its similarity in plumageto I.d. northropi.Sub- monotypicgenus Scaphidura, but shownby genetic sequentlytreated as a subspeciesof I. dominicensis data (Johnsonand Lanyon1999, Lanyon and Omland but shownby geneticanalysis (Omland et al. 1999) 1999)to be the sisterspecies to the otherspecies of to be more closelyrelated to I. spurius. 854 Forty-secondSupplement [Auk,Vol. 117
p. 653.So that the sequenceof speciesmore closely Changethe Englishname of Lonchuramalacca to Tri- reflectsrelationships as determined by molecularge- coloredMunia and replacethe accountwith the fol- netics (Freeman and Zink 1995, Omland et al. 1999), lowing: movethe accountof Icterusbullockii from p. 655 to a position following the account of I. pustulatus. Habitat.--Wet and marshyareas with long grass- es; rice fields. Changethe Notesunder I. bullockiito read:See notes Distribution.--Resident in central and southern underI. galbulaand I. abeillei,with whichthis species India and Sri Lanka. was formerly combined. Introduced and establishedin Puerto Rico,Jamai- ca, Hawaiian Islands(Oahu), Venezuela,and Japan. p. 682. Lonchuracantans, African Silverbill, is sep- aratedas a speciesdistinct from L. malabarica,which Reportedlyintroduced or observedin Cuba,Hispan- iola, and Martinique(Raffaele et al. 1998),but in the becomesIndian Silverbill,following Restall (1996). absenceof voucherspecimens some of thesereports Remove "=Loxia malabarica Linnaeus" from cita- may be of L. atricapilla.Reported breeding on Merritt tion of Euodicein synonymyof Lonchura. Island, Florida (1965, Aud. Field Notes 19: 537), but this recordalso may refer to L. atricapilla. ChangeEnglish name of Lonchuramalabarica to In- Notes.--Formerly included L. atricapilla and dian Silverbill.Replace the accountfor L. malabarica known as ChestnutMannikin, but separatedby Re- with the following: stall (1995).
Habitat.--Dry, grassybrush and scrub. Insert after the account of L. malacca: Distribution.--Resident from eastern Saudi Arabia and Omaneast to Bangladeshand eastern India, and Lonchuraatricapilla (Vieillot). ChestnutMunia. south to Sri Lanka. Introduced and established on Puerto Rico; re- Loxiaatricapilla Vieillot, 1807,Ois. Chant.,p. 84, pl. ported on St. Croix, Virgin Islands. 53. (Les Grandes-Indes,restricted to Lower Bengal Notes.--Formerlyincluded L. cantans,now consid- by Robinsonand Kloss, 1924, Jour.Nat. Hist. Soc. ered a distinctspecies (Harrison 1964,Kakizawa and Siam 5: 362.) Watada1985, Restall 1996), with the nameWarbling Habitat.--Grassy areas,marshes; rice fields. Silverbill. Also known as White-throated Silverbill Distribution.--Resident in northern and eastern or White-throated Munia. India, Nepal, SoutheastAsia, southernChina, Hai- After the account for Lonchuramalabarica, insert the nan, and Taiwan south to Sri Lanka, the Greater•Sun- following new account: da Islands,and the Philippines. Introduced and establishedin Puerto Rico,Jamai- Lonchuracantans (Gmelin). African Silverbill. ca, Hawaiian Islands (Oahu, Kauai), Guam, and Pa- Loxia cantansGmelin, 1789, Syst. Nat. 1(2): 859. lau (Pratt et al. 1987, as L. malacca;see Restall 1996). (Africa. Restrictedto Dakar, Senegal,by Sclaterand Notes.--Formerly merged with L. malaccaand Mackworth-Praed,1918, Ibis, p. 440.) known as ChestnutMannikin, but separatedby Re- stall (1995). See notes and distribution statementun- Habitat.--Savanna,arid scruband brush, grass- der L. malacca. land, and around human habitation. Distribution.--Resident in Africa south of the Sa- p. 688. Oceanodromamonorhis is addedto the Ap- hara and north of the equatorialCongo Basin from pendix.Before the accountfor Oceanodromahornbyi, Senegaleast to Oman on the ArabianPeninsula and insert: south in eastern Africa to northern Tanzania. Introduced and established in the Hawaiian Is- Oceanodroma monorhis (Swinhoe). Swinhoe's lands (originally on Hawaii, recentlyspreading to Storm-Petrel. Maui, Lanai, and Molokai, with sight reportsfrom Thalassidromamonorhis Swinhoe, 1867, Ibis, p. 386. Kauai, Oahu, and Kahoolawe).A pair successfully (nearAmoy, China.) bred on Merritt Island, Florida, in 1965 (1965, Aud. Field Notes19: 537),but the speciesdid not become Thisspecies, which breeds in theNorth Pacificand established. rangesin the Indian Oceanand ArabianSea, was re- Notes.--Formerlyincluded with Lonchuramalabar- ported in the westernNorth Atlantic Ocean,south- icaand togethercalled Warbling Silverbill. Hawaiian eastof Hatteras,North Carolina,8 August1998 (pho- recordswere erroneouslyassigned to L. malabaricain tographs;O'Brien et al. 1999) and perhapson pre- 7th edition,but seeFalkenmayer (1988). viousoccasions (Brinkley 1995). It hasbeen reported occasionally(since 1983) in the easternNorth Atlan- p. 683. Lonchuraatricapilla is recognizedas a spe- tic (Cubitt1995). This species is not well known, and ciesdistinct from L. malacca,with the latter species identificationfrom photographsis consideredtenu- called Tricolored Munia, following Restall (1995). ous. July2000] Forty-secondSupplement 855
p. 690. Circusaeruginosus is added to the Appen- pendix. Insert between Melanocoryphacalandra and dix. After the accountfor Aythyanyroca, insert: Parusmajor: Circusaeruginosus (Linnaeus). Western Marsh-Har- Tachycinetaalbiventer (Boddaert). White-winged rier Swallow.
Falcoaeruginosus Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat. (ed. 10) Hirundo albiventerBoddaert, 1783, Table Planches 1: 91. (Europe = Sweden.) Enlum.,p. 32. Basedon Daubenton,Planches Enlum., Thisspecies of Eurasiaand northern Africa was re- pl. 546. (Cayenne.) portedlyseen at ChincoteagueNational Wildlife Ref- This species,widespread in tropicalSouth Amer- uge, Accomack County, Virginia, on 4 December ica, was reportedfrom the Tuira River downstream 1994. Photographswere reportedly obtainedbut from Uni6n Choc6, Dari6n, Panama,6 July 1996 were not published(Shedd et al. 1998). (Seutin1998). There is alsoa sightreport of thisspe- ciesat Schoelcher,Martinique, 10 August1993 (Feld- p. 692. ChangeCatharacta chilensis (Bonaparte) to mann et al. 1999). Stercorariuschilensis Bonaparte. p. 698. Oryzoborusangolensis is added to the Ap- p. 692.Larus genei is addedto the Appendix.After pendix. Insert before Icterusnigrogularis: the account for Stercorariuschilensis, insert: Oryzoborusangolensis (Linnaeus). Chestnut-bellied Larus geneiBr•me. Slender-billedGull. Seed-Finch.
Larus GeneiBr•me, 1839, Rev. Zool., p. 321. (Sar- Loxiaangolensis Linnaeus, 1766, Syst. Nat. (ed. 12) dinia.) 1:303. Based on "The Black Gros-Beak" Edwards, This speciesof the Mediterraneanand Indian Glean. Nat. Hist. 3, p. 296, pl. 352. (Angola, error, Ocean coastswas reportedly seen on Antigua, 24 easternBrazil suggestedby Hellmayr, 1906, Novit. April 1976 (Holland and Williams 1978, Raffaeleet Zool. 13:19.) al. 1998:451). Caged birds of this SouthAmerican species es- capedon Martiniqueand establisheda small wild p. 692. Larusnovaehollandiae is added to Appendix, breedingpopulation by 1984.Breeding has been re- after Larusgenei. ported in 1995 and 1996 (Feldmannet al. 1999),but Larus novaehollandiae Stevens. Silver Gull. the populationis still small and localized.Photo- graphshave been deposited in VIREO. Larus Novae-HollandiaeStevens, 1826, in Shaw's GeneralZoology 13, pt. 1, p. 196.(New South Wales.) pp. 705-730.In the list of FrenchNames for North This SouthernHemisphere species, also known as American Birds: Red-billedGull, is frequentlykept in zoos in the Changethe followingscientific names, retaining the United States.A specimen(August 1947) from the French names: mouth of the GenesseeRiver in New York (Beardslee Daptriusamericanus to Ibycteramericanus and Mitchell 1965)was thought to be a wandererbut Caracaraplancus to Caracaracheriway is now consideredto have been an escapee(Bull Catharacta skua to Stercorarius skua 1974).A bird photographed(NAS FieldNotes 51:33, Catharacta maccormicki to Stercorarius maccormicki 1997) in Salem County, New Jersey,in autumn 1996, Jacameropsaurea to Jacameropsaureus wasassumed to haveescaped from captivity. Picapica to Pica hudsonia Poecileatricapillus to Poecileatricapilla p. 694.Phaethornis yaruqui is addedto the Appen- Poecile hudsonicus to Poecile hudsonica dix. Insert between Coccyzuslansbergi and Anthra- Poecile cinctus to Poecile cincta cothoraxviridigula: Baeolophusgriseus to Baeolophusridgwayi Phaethornisyaruqui (Bourcier).White-whiskered Buarremon brunneinuchus to Buarremon brunneinucha Hermit. Scaphiduraoryzivora to Molothrusoryzivorus TrochilusYaruqui Bourcier, 1851, Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris 32:187. (Vicinity of Yaruqui, Ecua- Changethe Frenchname that accompaniesthe fol- dor) lowing scientificname: Spindaliszena to Z•na a t•te ray6e This speciesof the Choc6region of westernCo- lombia and northwesternEcuador was reportedat Insertthe followingin the appropriateplaces, as in- Manan6, Darien, Panama,10 July 1996 (Seutin1998). dicated by precedingtext: Sulagranti Fou de Grant p. 696. Tachycinetaalbiventer is added to the Ap- Ardeola bacchus Crabier chinois 856 Forty-secondSupplement [Auk,Vol. 117
Milvus migransMilan noir names. We thank all those who have called our at- Caracaralutosa Caracara de Guadalupe tention to errors in the 7th edition and those who Centrocercus minimus T6tras du Gunnison have helpedin the preparationof this Supplement. Glaucidium costaricanum Chev•chette du Costa Rica This actually is almost everyonewe have spoken Picoides arizonae Pic d'Arizona with in the pasttwo years,but we particularlythank Myrmotherulapacifica Myrmidon du Pacifique D. G. Ainley,C. L. Braun,M. B. Braun,J. Choe,W. S. Dendroica subita Paruline de Barbuda Clark, R. A. Erickson, D. D. Gibson, M. J. Iliff, M. L. Dendroica delicata Paruline de Sainte-Lucie Isler, P. R. Isler, J. R. Jehl,Jr., A. R. Keith, N. K. Klein, Spindalisnigricephala Z6na de JamaYque A. Knox, I. J. Lovette, S. L. Olson, M. A. Patten, R. B. Spindalisdominicensis Z6na d'Hispaniola Payne,J. N. Penhallurick,N.J. Pharris,H. D. Pratt,P. Spindalisportoricensis Z6na de Porto Rico Pyle,R. L. Pyle,R. Restall,R. Righter,M. B.Robbins, Emberizaelegans Bruant 616gant P. W. Smith,S. O. Williams III, and J. R. Young. Icterusprosthemelas Oriole monacal Lonchuracantans Capucin bec-d'argent LITERATURE CITED Lonchuraatricapilla Capucin • t•te noire Oceanodroma monorhis Oc6anite de Swinhoe. ANDERSSON,M. 1973. Behaviour of the Pomarine Circusaeruginosus Busard des roseaux Skua Stercorariuspomarinus Temm. with com- Larusgenei Go61and railleur parative remarks on Stercorariinae.Ornis Scan- Larusnovaehollandiae Mouette argent6e dinavica 4:1-16. Phaethornisyaruqui Ermite yaruqui ANDERSSON,M. 1999. Phylogeny,behaviour, plum- Tachycinetaalbiventer Hirondelle/• ailesblanches age evolution and neoteny in skuasStercorari- Oryzoborusangolensis Sporophile curio idae. Journalof Avian Biology 30:205-215. BANKS, R. C. 2000. The Cuban Martin in Florida. Move Icterusbullockii to position following I. pustu- Florida Field Naturalist 28: in press. latus BEARDSLEE,C. S., AND H. D. MITCHELL. 1965. Birds Delete the entriesfor the following: of the Niagara FrontierRegion. Bulletin of the Glaucidiumjardinii Buffalo Societyof Natural ScienceVol. 22. Myrmotherulasurinamensis BIRKHEAD,t. R. 1991.The magpies.T & A D Poyser, London. p. 742.Replace GRIFFITHS, C. 1994with GRIFFITHS, BOND,J. 1936.Birds of the WestIndies. Academy of C. S. 1994a. Natural Sciences,Philadelphia. BOND,J. 1947. Field guide to birdsof theWest Indies. The Committeehas discussedmost agendaitems Macmillan, New York. that haveaccumulated since the 7th edition.Changes BRAUN,M. J., AND R. t. BRUMFIELD.1998. Enigmatic in treatmentwere delayed on someitems with the phylogenyof skuas:An alternativehypothesis. hopethat moreconvincing evidence would be forth- Proceedingsof the RoyalSociety of LondonSe- coming.Proposals considered but not yet accepted ries B 265:995-999. by the Committeeinclude the following:separation BRINKLEY,E. S. 1995. Dark-rumped storm-petrelsin of Pterodromaheraldica from P. arminjoniana;separa- the North Atlantic.Birding 27:95-97. tion of Puffinusnewelli from P. auricularis;separation BROWN,L., ANDD. AMADON.1968. Eagles, hawks, of Numeniushudsonicus from N. phaeopus;separation and falconsof the world. Country Life Books, of Cuculusoptatus from C. saturatus;separation of the Feltham,United Kingdom. extralimital population magellanicusfrom Bubovir- BULL,J. 1974. Birds of New York State.Doubleday/ ginianus;separation of Glaucidiumgnoma into two or Natural History Press.Reissued in 1985,Cornell more species;division of Corvuspalmarum into two UniversityPress, Ithaca, New York. species;division of Chasiempissandwichensis into COHEN, B. L., A. J. BAKER, K. BLECHSCHMIDT,D. L. threespecies; removal of Troglodytestroglodytes to the DITTMANN, R. W. FURNESS,J. A. GERWIN, A. J. genusNannus; merger of Myadesteswoahensis into M. HELBIG,J. DE KORTE,H. D. MARSHALL,R. L. PAL- lanaiensis;separation of Turdusgraysoni from T. ru- MA, H.-U. PETER, R. RAMLI, I. SIEBOLD, M. S. fopalliatus;separation of Spizellataverneri from S. WILLCOX, R. g. WILSON, AND R. M. ZINK. 1997. breweri;revision of genericrelationships in the Em- Enigmaticphylogeny of skuas(Aves: Stercora- berizidae; and separationof Loxiamegaplaga from L. riidae).Proceedings of the RoyalSociety of Lon- leucoptera.Several other matterspublished late in don Series B 264:181-190. 1999 have been added to the agendafor consider- CUBITT,M. G. 1995.Swinhoe's Storm-Petrels at Tyne- ationin the next two years. mouth: New to Britain and Ireland. British Birds Acknowledgments.--MichelGosselin is servingthe 88:342-348. Committeeas its authority for Frenchnames, and CURSON,J., D. QUINN, AND D. BEADLE.1994. Warblers Normand David is servingas authorityfor classical of the Americas.Houghton Mifflin, Boston. languages, especially relative to gender of generic DAVIS,J. 1965.Natural history,variation, and distri- July2000] Forty-secondSupplement 857
bution of the Strickland'sWoodpecker. Auk 82: cies limits in antbirds (Passeriformes:Thamno- 537-590. philidae): The Myrmotherulasurinamensis com- DOVE, C. J., AND R. C. BANKS. 1999. A taxonomic plex. Auk 116:83-96. studyof CrestedCaracaras (Falconidae). Wilson JOHNSON,K. E, AND S. M. LANYON. 1999. Molecular Bulletin 111:330-339. systematicsof the gracklesand allies, and the ef- ENGGIST-DUBLIN, P., AND t. R. BIRKHEAD. 1992. Dif- fectof additionalsequence (cyt B and ND2). Auk ferencesin the calls of European and North 116:759-768. AmericanBlack-billed Magpies and the Yellow- JOHNSON,R. R., L. T. HAIGHT, AND J. D. LIGON. 1999. billed Magpie. Bioacoustics4:185-194. Strickland'sWoodpecker (Picoides stricklandi). In FALKENMAYER,K. 1988. Problems of nomenclature The birds of North America, no. 474 (A. Poole and identification of introduced birds in Hawaii: and E Gill, Eds.). Academyof Natural Sciences, A casestudy of two estrildid species.Elepaio 48: Philadelphia, and American Ornithologists' 91-93. Union, Washington,D.C. FELDMANN, P., E. BENITO-ESPINAL, AND A. R. KEITH. KAHN, N. W., C. E. BRAUN,J. R. YOUNG, S. WOOD, D. 1999. New bird records from Guadeloupe and R. MATA, AND t. W. QUINN. 1999. Molecular Martinique,West Indies. Journal of Field Orni- analysisof geneticvariation among large- and thology70:80-94. small-bodiedSage Grouse using mitochondrial FREEMAN,S., AND R. M. ZINK. 1995. Phylogenetic control-regionsequences. Auk 116:819-824. studyof theblackbirds based on variation in mi- KAKIZAWA, R., AND R. WITIDA. 1985. The evolu- tochondrialDNA restrictionsites. Systematic Bi- tionarygenetics of the Estrildidae.Journal of the ology 44:409-420. YamashinaInstitute for Ornitholog.y. 17:143-158. GARRIDO, O. H., K. C. PARKES,G. B. REYNARD, A. KONIG,C. 1991. Zur Taxonomieund Okologie der KIRKCONNELL,AND g. SUTTON.1997. Taxonomy Sperlingskiiuze(Strigidae: Glaucidium spp.) des of the Stripe-headedTanager, genus Spindalis Andenraumes.Okologie der V6gel 13:15-76. (Aves:Thraupidae) of the West Indies. Wilson LANYON,S. M. 1994.Polyphyly of the blackbirdge- Bulletin 109:561-594. nusAgelaius and the importanceof assumptions GIBSON,D. D., AND B. KESSEL.1997. Inventory of the of monophylyin comparativestudies. Evolution speciesand subspeciesof Alaskabirds. Western 48:679-693. Birds 28:45-95. LANYON, S. M., AND K. E. OMLAND. 1999. A molec- GRIFFITHS,C. S. 1994a.Monophyly of the Falconifor- ularphylogeny of theblackbirds (Icteridae): Five mes basedon syringealmorphology. Auk 111: 787-805. lineages revealed by cytochrome-Bsequence data. Auk 116:629-639. GRIFFITHS,C. S. 1994b. Syringeal morphologyand LIGON, J. D. 1968. Observations on Strickland's the phylogenyof theFalconidae. Condor 96:127- 140. Woodpecker,Dendrocopos stricklandi. Condor 70: 83-84. GRIFFITHS,C. S. 1999.Phylogeny of theFalconidae in- LOVETTE,I. J., ANDE. BERMINGHAM.1999. Explosive ferred from molecularand morphologicaldata. Auk 116:116-130. speciationin the New WorldDendroica warblers. HARRISON,C. J. O. 1964. The taxonomic status of the Proceedingsof the Royal Societyof LondonSe- ries B 266:1629-1636. African Silverbill Lonchura cantans and the In- dian Silverbill Lonchura malabarica. Ibis 106:462- LOVETTE,I. J., E. BERMINGHAM,G. SEUTIN, AND R. E. 468. RICKLEFS.1998. Evolutionary differentiation in three endemic West Indian warblers. Auk 115: HEIDRICH, P., C. KONIG, AND M. WINK. 1995. Bioak- 890-903. ustik, Taxonomie, und molekulare Systematik amerikanischerSperlingskiiuze (Strigidae: Glau- MAYR, E., AND G. W. COTTRELL(Eds.). 1979. Check- cidiumspp.). Stuttgarter Beitriige zur Naturkun- list of birds of the world, vol. 1, 2nd ed. Museum de SerieA (Biologie)534:1-47. of ComparativeZoology, Cambridge, Massachu- HOLLAND, C. S., AND J. M. WILLIAMS. 1978. Obser- setts. vationson the birds of Antigua. American Birds O'BRIEN, M., J. B. PATTESON,G. L. ARMISTEAD,AND 32:1095-1105. G. B. PEARCE. 1999. Swinhoe's Storm-Petrel. HOYER, R. C., AND S. D. SMITH. 1997. Chinese Pond- North American Birds 53:6-10. Heron in Alaska. Field Notes 51:953-956. OLSON,S. L. 1997.Avian biogeography in theislands HUPP,J. W., AND C. E. BRAUN.1991. Geographic var- of the Pacificcoast of westernPanama. Pages 69- iation amongSage Grouse in Colorado.Wilson 82 in The era of Allan R. Phillips:A Festschrift Bulletin 103:255-261. (R. W. Dickerman,compiler). Albuquerque, New INTERNATIONAL COMMISSION ON ZOOLOGICAL NO- Mexico. MENCLATURE. 1999. International Code of Zoo- OMLAND, K. E., S. M. LANYON, AND S. J. FRITZ. 1999. logicalNomenclature, 4th ed. London. A molecularphylogeny of the New World Ori- ISLER,M. L., R. ISLER,AND B. M. WHITNEY.1999. Spe- oles (Icterus):The importanceof dense taxon 858 Forty-secondSupplement [Auk,Vol. 117
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