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I Implementation of the Peace Accords in Guatemala 1990-The Present

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I Implementation of the Peace Accords in Guatemala 1990-The Present Implementation of the Peace Accords in Guatemala 1990-the Present: Relationships of Cooperation, Complementarity, and Competition between the Government and NGOs By Nicole Kleiman-Moran Thesis submitted to the Faculty of the College of Literature, Science, & Arts at the University of Michigan in partial fulfillment for the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of Arts (International Studies with Honors) 2016 Thesis Committee: Professor Sueann Caulfield Doctor Anthony Marcum I Abstract Title of Thesis: Implementation of the Peace Accords in Guatemala 1990-the Present: Relationships of Cooperation, Complementarity, and Competition between the Government and NGOs Nicole L. Kleiman-Moran, Bachelor of Arts, 2016 Thesis directed by: Sueann Caulfield and Anthony Marcum The 1996 Guatemalan Peace Accords attempted to address the major issues and grievances remaining from a 36 year long civil war that had ravaged the country. Peace Accord implementation requires work both from a government and NGOs. Using the relationship typology developed by Adil Najam and Jennifer Costen, this study finds that the Guatemalan government formed three distinct types of relationships (cooperation, complementarity, and competition) with the NGOs depending on the persistent post conflict issue. The Guatemalan Government assumed a relationship of cooperation with the NGOs on human rights and memorialization issues. The two entities assumed a relationship of complementarity on refugees and on indigenous rights. Finally, the entities assumed a relationship of competition on justice issues. Applying political survival theory, developed by James Morrow, Bruce Bueno de Mesquita, Randolph Siverson and Alastair Smith, onto the relationship types utilized in post conflict Guatemala, I argue that these relationships developed as a result of the political survival motivation by the Government who formed these relationships to retain its power in post-conflict Guatemala. The relationships have led to mixed results in terms of the implementation of the Peace Accords. II LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ...................................................................................................................... V ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................ VI TRANSLATIONS ..................................................................................................................................... VII CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................... 1 THE GUATEMALAN PEACE ACCORDS ....................................................................................................... 6 DISCUSSION OF THE TWO MAJOR ENTITIES INVOLVED ......................................................................... 12 LITERATURE REVIEW .............................................................................................................................. 16 Literature Review on Peace Accords/ Peace Building ....................................................................... 16 Literature Review on Guatemalan Peace Accords and Implementation ........................................... 19 ANSWER/THEORY: .................................................................................................................................. 20 THEORETICAL COMPONENT ON POLITICAL MOTIVATION: .................................................................... 21 THEORETICAL COMPONENT ON RELATIONSHIPS ................................................................................... 22 ARGUMENT: ............................................................................................................................................ 24 METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN: ................................................................................................................ 27 CHAPTER 2: COOPERATION ON DISSEMINATING HUMAN RIGHTS IDEALS AND MEMORIALIZATIONS ............................................................................................................................ 30 CONTENT OF THE PEACE AGREEMENT ................................................................................................... 30 GOVERNMENT RESPONSE TO THE PEACE ACCORDS .............................................................................. 32 NGOS DURING THE IMPLEMENTATION STAGE ....................................................................................... 37 COOPERATIVE RELATIONSHIP ................................................................................................................ 41 CURRENT STATE OF THE PEACE ACCORD IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................ 41 WHY COOPERATION? .............................................................................................................................. 45 CHAPTER 3: RELATIONSHIP OF COMPLEMENTARITY ON REFUGEES AND INDIGENOUS RIGHTS ...................................................................................................................................................... 48 CONTENT OF THE PEACE AGREEMENTS ................................................................................................. 50 ACTIONS BY THE GUATEMALAN GOVERNMENT AND NGOS ................................................................. 53 The Government and NGOs on Addressing Refugee Populations ..................................................... 53 The Government and NGOs on Indigenous Rights ............................................................................ 57 RELATIONSHIP OF COMPLEMENTARITY: ................................................................................................ 63 CURRENT STATE OF THE PEACE ACCORD IMPLEMENTATION FOR INDIGENOUS RIGHTS ...................... 64 WHY COMPLEMENTARITY? .................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 4: RELATIONSHIP OF COMPETITION ON JUSTICE ISSUES ......................................... 72 CONTENT OF THE PEACE AGREEMENT ................................................................................................... 73 ACTIONS BY THE GUATEMALAN GOVERNMENT TO IMPLEMENT THE PEACE AGREEMENT ................... 74 TIMELINE OF COURT CASES RELATED TO THE CONFLICT ...................................................................... 77 ACTIONS BY NGOS ON JUSTICE ISSUES .................................................................................................. 84 COMPETITIVE RELATIONSHIP ................................................................................................................. 86 CURRENT STATE OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PEACE ACCORDS .................................................. 87 WHY COMPETITION? ............................................................................................................................... 93 CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................... 95 SUMMARY OF FINDINGS ......................................................................................................................... 95 IMPLICATIONS OF FINDINGS ................................................................................................................... 99 POSSIBLE FUTURE POINTS OF INTEREST ............................................................................................... 103 APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................................... 106 WORKS CITED: ...................................................................................................................................... 107 WORKS CONSULTED ........................................................................................................................... 113 III List of Tables TABLE 1: LIST OF AGREEMENTS IN THE GUATEMALAN PEACE ACCORDS ................................................................................................. 8 TABLE 2: GOVERNMENT AND NGO RELATIONSHIPS .................................................................................................................................. 28 TABLE 3: THE GOALS OF THE COMPREHENSIVE AGREEMENT ON HUMAN RIGHTS ............................................................................... 31 TABLE 4: CHAPTER CONTENT OF THE AGREEMENT ON INDIGENOUS RIGHTS ........................................................................................ 52 TABLE 5: TIMELINE OF JUSTICE EVENTS ....................................................................................................................................................... 78 TABLE 6: TIMELINE OF MAJOR POLITICAL EVENTS FROM THE CIVIL WAR -THE PRESENT .............................................................. 106 IV List of Abbreviations Abbreviation Full Name ADICI The Development Association of Indigenous Communities ADIVIMA The Association for the Integral Development of the Victims of the Violence of the Verapaces, Maya Achí AJR The Association for Justice and Reconciliation ASC Civil Society Association CALDH Centro Para la Acción Legal en Derechos Humanos CCPP Permanent Commissions CEH Historical Clarification Commission CICIG The International Commission against Impunity in Guatemala CIRMA Centro de Investigaciones Regionales de Mesoamérica
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