Ethnologue report for Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) Page 1 of 16

Languages of Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara)

See language map.

Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara). 7,961,540 (2000 census). Population includes 3,370,000 in West Nusa Tenggara (1993), 3,269,000 in East Nusa Tenggara (1993). Information mainly from C. Grimes, T. Therik, B. D. Grimes, and M. Jacob 1997. The number of languages listed for Indonesia (Nusa Tenggara) is 73. Of those, all are living languages.

Living languages

Abui [abz] 16,000. Ethnic population: 16,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Central and western Alor in the Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Barue, "Barawahing", Namatalaki. Dialects: Atimelang, Kobola, Alakaman. Much dialect diversity. The Alakaman dialect may be a dialect of Kamang (Woisika). May be more than one language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. Adang [adn] 31,814 (2000 WCD). Northwestern (Bird's Head) Alor Island in the Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Alor. Dialects: Aimoli. On the basis of linguistic differences and social identity, it is considered a separate language from Kabola. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. Adonara [adr] 16,967 (2000 WCD). Adonara Island, and eastern Solor Island, between Flores and Lembata. Alternate names: Nusa Tadon, Waiwerang, Vaiverang, Sagu. Dialects: West Adonara, East Adonara, East Solor. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Alor [aol] 25,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). West and south of Bird's Head of Alor, north Ternate Island, pockets along northern Pantar and adjacent islands. Alternate names:

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Alorese. Dialects: Speakers oriented toward Lembata and Adonara, but Alor is not inherently intelligible with those languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Amarasi [aaz] 50,000 (1997 C. Grimes, Therik, B. D. Grimes, Jacob). Ethnic population: 60,000 (2001 C. Grimes). Southwestern tip, Timor Island. Kotos is central and east, Ro'is is west, Ro'is Tais Nonof is southern, Ro'is Hero is surrounded by the Helong. 24 townships. Alternate names: Timor Amarasi. Dialects: Kotos, Ro'is, Ro'is Tais Nonof, Ro'is Hero (Kopa). Closest to Uab Meto, but a separate language with differences in phonology, vocabulary, and discourse, with semantic shifts, structural differences, intelligibility problems. Ro'is Tais Nonof has intonation like Ro'is, vocabulary like Kotos. There are differences in speech in speaking to a king, nobility, or commoner. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Nuclear Timor, West More information. Anakalangu [akg] 14,000. Ethnic population: 14,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Sumba Island, southwest coast, east of Wanukaka. Alternate names: Anakalang. Dialects: Close to, but unintelligible to speakers of Wejewa, Mamboru, Wanukaka, and Lamboya. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Bilba [bpz] 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000. Rote Island east, domains of Bilba, Diu, and Lelenuk. West of Ringgou. Communities on Semau Island and Timor mainland near Kupang. Alternate names: Rote, Roti, Rotinese, Rote Timur, Eastern Rote, Belubaa, Bilbaa. Dialects: Bilba, Diu, Lelenuk. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Nuclear Timor, West More information. Bima [bhp] 500,000 (1989). Sunda Islands, eastern Sumbawa Island, east of the isthmus. Alternate names: Bimanese. Dialects: Kolo, Sangar

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(Sanggar), Toloweri, Bima, Mbojo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Blagar [beu] 11,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 11,000. Eastern Pantar, northern Pura, southern Ternate islands, Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Belagar, Tarang. Dialects: Apuri, Limarahing, Bakalang, Pura. The Retta variety on south Pura is thought to be a separate language by 2 Alorese. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor-Pantar, Pantar More information. Bunak [bfn] 50,000 in Indonesia (1977 Voegelin and Voegelin). Ethnic population: 50,000. Central interior Timor Island, south coast. Alternate names: Buna', Bunake, Bunaq. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor- Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Bunak More information. Dela-Oenale [row] 7,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 7,000. Rote Island west coast, domains of Dela and Oe Nale. Alternate names: Rote, Roti, Rotinese, Rote Barat, Western Rote, Delha, Oe Nale. Dialects: Dela (Delha), Oenale (Oe Nale). Dela-Oenale seems to be between Dengka and Dhao. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Nuclear Timor, West More information. Dengka [dnk] 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Rote Island northwest, domains of Dengka and Lelain, east of Dela-Oenale, west of Lole (Ba'a). Alternate names: Rote, Roti, Rotinese, Rote Barat, Western Rote. Dialects: Western Dengka, Eastern Dengka, Lelain. Western Dengka has marked intonation; some 'ngg' in Eastern Dengka becomes 'nd' in Western Dengka. Some vocabulary of Western Dengka is like Dhao. Dengka and Dela-Oenale are more divergent from other languages on Rote. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Timor, Nuclear Timor, West More information.

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Dhao [nfa] 5,000 (1997 Ranoh). Island of Ndao, scattered on Rote, and Timor. Alternate names: Ndao, Dao, Ndaonese, Ndaundau. Dialects: Related to Sabu. Difficult phonology. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Ende [end] 87,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Population includes 78,000 Ende, 9,000 Nga'o. South central Flores, west of Sikka, Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Endeh. Dialects: Ende (Endeh, Ja'o, Djau), Nga'o (Ngao, West Ende). Dialect cluster. Li'o is on the border between a separate language or dialect of Ende. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba, Ende-Lio More information.

Hamap [hmu] 1,294 (2000 WCD). Kalabahi Bay, across from Kalabahi city, around Moru town. 2 villages. Migration in 1947 from Mo'eng, a few kilometers to the south. Still on their traditional land, but now in an interethnic community with Kui speakers. 18 km by road from Kalabahi. Dialects: Said to be intelligible with the Adang- Aimoli dialect of Kabola, but 'Kabola' is associated with the Bird's Head area of Alor. Structural and lexical differences with Kabola. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. Helong [heg] 14,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Ethnic population: 15,000 to 20,000. Western tip of Timor Island near the port of Tenau (4 villages), in and around Kupang, extending across the island to the Amarasi Region, and most villages on Semau Island. Alternate names: Helon, Semau, Kupang. Dialects: Helong Pulau (Semau, Island Helong), Helong Darat (Bolok), Funai (Land Helong). 2 groups which have minor dialect differences: Helong Darat on the Timor mainland and Helong Pulau on Semau Island. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Timor, Helong More information. Ile Ape [ila] North Lembata (Lomblen Island), including

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Ile Ape volcanic peninsula and nearby mainland Lembata. North Ile Ape is on the peninsula, South Ile Ape is on the mainland. Alternate names: Nusa Tadon. Dialects: North Ile Ape, South Ile Ape. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Kabola [klz] 3,900 (1995 N. Johnston). Northwestern (Bird's Head) Alor Island in the Lesser Sundas. Dialects: Pintumbang, Tang'ala, Meibuil, Otvai, Kebun Kopi. The names and locations of the dialect in Wurm and Hattori (1981) are disputed by native speakers. May be more than one language. On the basis of linguistic differences and social identity, is best considered a separate language from Adang. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor- Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor- Pantar, Alor More information. Kafoa [kpu] 1,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 1,000. Southwest Alor Island, north of Aluben, between Abui and Kelong languages. Alternate names: Jafoo, Ruilak, Aikoli, Fanating, Pailelang. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor- Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor- Pantar, Alor More information. Kamang [woi] 16,522 (2000 WCD). Alor Island, east central, between Abui and Tanglapui. 'Woisika' is the name of 1 village. The Kamang dialect is spoken there and in 2 other villages. Apui is reported as a place name, not a dialect. Alternate names: Woisika, Waisika. Dialects: Lembur (Limbur, Kawel), Sibo, Kamang, Tiayai, Watang, Kamana-Kamang. Probably more than one language. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. Kambera [xbr] 234,574 (2000 WCD). Eastern half of Sumba Island, south of Flores, Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Sumbanese, East Sumbanese, Oost-Sumbaas, Humba, Hilu Humba, East Sumba, Sumba. Dialects: Kambera, Melolo, Uma Ratu Nggai (Umbu Ratu Nggai), Lewa, Kanatang, Mangili-Waijelo

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(Wai Jilu, Waidjelu, Rindi, Waijelo), Southern Sumba. Dialect network. Kambera dialect is widely understood. Speakers of Lewa and Uma Taru Nggai have difficulty understanding those from Mangili in many speech domains. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Kedang [ksx] 30,000 (1997 N. Johnston). Northeast Lembata (Lomblen) Island, Lesser Sundas. All modern villages located on a ring road around the base of a volcano. Alternate names: Dang, Kdang, Kédang, Kedangese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Kelon [kyo] 6,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Southwestern Alor Island, Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Kelong, Kalong. Dialects: Probur, Halerman, Gendok, Panggar. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. Kemak [kem] 50,000 in Indonesia (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Ethnic population: 50,000. North central Timor Island, border area between West Timor and East Timor, mostly on eastern side. Alternate names: Ema. Dialects: Nogo (Nogo- Nogo), Kemak. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Nuclear Timor, East More information. Ke'o [xxk] 40,000 (2001 L. Baird). Ethnic population: 40,000. South central Flores, east of Ngad'a, south of Nage, south and southeast of the volcano Ebu Lobo. Kecamatans Mauponggo and Nangaroro, Kabupaten Ngada. Bordered to the north by the Nage, to the west by the Ngada, and to the east by the Ende. Alternate names: Nage-Keo. Dialects: Distinct from Nage. Close to Nage, Ngad'a, Ende, Lio, Palu'e, Riung. Closest to Nage. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba, Ende-Lio More information.

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Kepo' [kuk] 10,605 (2000 WCD). Central Flores, between Manggarai and Rembong, with a separate enclave between Manggarai and Wae Rana. Alternate names: Kepoq. Dialects: May be intelligible with one of the surrounding languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Kodi [kod] 40,000 (1987 UBS). West Sumba, Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Kudi. Dialects: Kodi Bokol, Kodi Bangedo, Nggaro (Nggaura). May be closest to Wejewa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba More information. Komodo [kvh] 700 (2000 WCD). Komodo Island and west coast of Flores. Not on Timor. Dialects: Considered a separate language from Manggarai by Verheijen. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba More information. Kui [kvd] 4,242 (2000 WCD). Ethnic population: 5,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Alor Island in scattered enclaves. Kui dialect is on the south coast in Lerabaing and Buraga; Batulolong dialect is in Sibera and Kapebang. Kui is also in Moru in Kalabahi Bay, interspersed with Hamap speakers. Alternate names: Lerabain, Masin- Lak. Dialects: Kui (Lerabaing, Buraga), Kiramang (Kramang), Batulolong. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor-Pantar, Alor More information. Kula [tpg] 5,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Eastern quarter of Alor Island, between Kamang and Sawila. Naumang is an old village. Other villages are the result of recent migrations from older locations. Most are in higher elevations, but the villagers of Maukuru, Takala, Koilela, Peisaka, and Kiralela on the north coast also speak Kula. Alternate names: Lantoka, Tanglapui, Lamtoka, Kola. Dialects: Iramang, Kula, Kulatela, Watena, Larena, Kula Watena, Sumang, Arumaka. Structurally similar to Sawila. Intelligibility of Sawila is marginal.

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Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Tanglapui More information. Lamaholot [slp] 150,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Lesser Sundas. Used as first language on the eastern tip of Flores, east of the Sika language, and on western Solor. Used as language of wider communication on all of Solor. Adonara Lembata (except the Kedang area) and in enclaves on the northern coast of Pantar, northwest Alor, and surrounding islands. Alternate names: Solor, Solorese. Dialects: West Lamaholot (Muhang, Pukaunu), Lamaholot (Taka, Lewolaga, Ile Mandiri, Tanjung Bunda, Larantuka, Ritaebang), West Solor. Wide variation among dialects. Possibly up to 10 languages. Keraf (1978) reports 18 distinct languages. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Lamalera [lmr] South coastal Lembata (Lomblen) Island, about 4 villages. Alternate names: Mulan, Kawela, Lebatukan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Lamatuka [lmq] Central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Ile Ape and Lewo Eleng. Several villages. Villages near the north coast are the result of recent government-induced migrations. Alternate names: Lamatoka. Dialects: Lewo Eleng is probably the most closely related language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Lamboya [lmy] 25,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Sumba Island, southwest coast, southwest of Waikabubak. Dialects: Lamboya, Nggaura. Close to Wejewa, Mamboru, Wanukaka, Anakalangu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba More information.

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Lamma [lev] 10,000. Ethnic population: 10,000. Southwestern and western Pantar, Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Lemma, Lamma', Mauta. Dialects: Kalondama, Tubal (Tube, Mauta), Biangwala. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor- Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor- Pantar, Pantar More information. Laura [lur] 10,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Northwest Sumba, between Kodi and Mamboru. Alternate names: Laora. Dialects: Laura, Mbukambero (Bukambero). Not intelligible with Kodi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba More information. Lembata, [lmf] South Lembata (Lomblen) Island, South between Lamalera and Lamatuka. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Lembata, West [lmj] Western end of Lembata (Lomblen) Island, west of Levuka. Both mountain and coastal villages around the base of a volcano. Alternate names: Mingar, Labalekan. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Levuka [lvu] West central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Ile Ape and Lamalera. Alternate names: Lewuka, Lembata, Painara, Lewokukun. Dialects: Levuka, Kalikasa. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Lewo Eleng [lwe] East central Lembata (Lomblen) Island, between Lamatuka and Kedang. Several villages. Villages near the north coast are the result of recent government-induced migrations. Dialects: Lamatuka is probably the most closely related language. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata

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More information. Lewotobi [lwt] 289,357 (2000 WCD). Eastern Flores, south of Lamaholot and east of Sika. Alternate names: Southwest Lamaholot. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information. Li'o [ljl] 130,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Central Flores, west of Sikka around Paga and Dondo, Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Lio, Aku, Tanah Kunu, Lionese. Dialects: Dialect cluster with Ende. Palu'e is borderline between language and dialect with Li'o. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba, Ende-Lio More information. Lole [llg] 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Rote Island west central, domains of Lole and Ba'a. North Lole dialect covers north and central regions of Lole domain. Alternate names: Rote, Roti, Rotinese, Rote Tengah, Central Rote, Loleh, Ba'a, Baä. Dialects: North Lole, South Lole, Ba'a. North Lole 'na-hina' becomes South Lole 'ni-hina'. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Nuclear Timor, West More information. Malay, Kupang [mkn] 200,000 (1997 Max Jacob). Kupang and surrounding towns, West Timor. Alternate names: Kupang, Basa Kupang. Dialects: Air Mata. 2 dialects. Classification: Creole, Malay based More information. Mamboru [mvd] 16,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Northwest Sumba Island, coast around Memboro. Alternate names: Memboro. Dialects: Related to Wejewa, Wanukaka, Lamboya, Anakalangu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba More information. Manggarai [mqy] 500,000 (1989). Western third of Flores Island, Lesser Sundas. Dialects: Western Manggarai, Central Manggarai (Ruteng), West-

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Central Manggarai, Eastern Manggarai. Around 43 subdialects. Close to Riung. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba More information. Nage [nxe] 50,000 (1993 Forth). Central Flores, northeast of Ngad'a, on the northern and western slopes of Ebu Lobo volcano. Alternate names: Nagé, Nage-Keo. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba, Ende-Lio More information. Nedebang [nec] 1,379 (2000 WCD). North central Pantar, south and southwest of Kabir. Alternate names: Balungada, Nédebang. Classification: Trans- New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor- Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor- Pantar, Pantar More information. Ngad'a [nxg] 60,000 (1995). South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ende and Li'o. Alternate names: Ngadha, Ngada, Nad'a, Nga'da, Bajava, Badjava, Bajawa, Rokka. Dialects: Central Ngada, Bajawa, South Ngada. Dialect diversity. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Ngad'a, [nea] 5,000 (1994). South central Flores, Eastern between Ngad'a and Nage in Kecamatan Golewa in the administrative villages of Sara Sedu, Taka Tunga, Sanga Deto, and in Kecamatan Boawae in desa Rowa, all in Kabupaten Ngada. Alternate names: Southeast Ngada. Dialects: Minor dialect variation. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Palu'e [ple] 10,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Palu Island, north of central Flores. Also the village of Nangahure on the north coast of the Flores mainland northwest of Maumere. Alternate names: Palue, Lu'a, Paluqe. Dialects: Dialect cluster with Ende-Lio; marginal intelligibility of Li'o. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-

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Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba More information. Rajong [rjg] 4,242 (2000 WCD). Central Flores, 2 enclaves between Manggarai, Wae Rana, Ngad'a, and Rembong. Alternate names: Razong. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Rembong [reb] 2,121 (2000 WCD). North central Flores, between Eastern Manggarai and Riung. Dialects: Rembong, Wangka, Namu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Retta [ret] Southern Pura Island at mouth of Kalabahi Bay, and southern part of Ternate Island. Dialects: Not intelligible with languages on north Pura. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor- Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor-Pantar, Pantar More information. Ringgou [rgu] 10,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 10,000. Rote Island eastern tip, domains of Ringgou, Landu and Oepao. Alternate names: Rote, Roti, Rotinese, Rote Timur, Eastern Rote, Rikou. Dialects: Ringgou, Landu, Oe Pao (Oepao). Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Timor, Nuclear Timor, West More information. Riung [riu] 14,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). North central Flores Island, Kecamatan Riung in Kabupaten Ngada, Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Far Eastern Manggarai. Dialects: Close to Manggarai, but marginal intelligibility. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Rongga [ror] 2,121 (2000 WCD). South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ngad'a, and south of Wae Rana. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information.

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Sabu [hvn] 110,000 (1997). Population includes 15,000 to 25,000 outside of Sabu (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Islands of Sawu and Raijua south of Flores and west of Timor, and in Sumba (especially in Waingapu and Melolo), in Ende on Flores, and the Kupang area of Timor. Administratively in Kabupaten Kupang. Airstrip is served irregularly. Alternate names: Hawu, Havunese, Savu, Sawu, Sawunese, Savunese. Dialects: Seba (Heba), Timu (Dimu), Liae, Mesara (Mehara), Raijua (Raidjua). Related to Dhao. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba More information. Sasak [sas] 2,100,000 (1989). Lombok Island. Alternate names: Lombok. Dialects: Kuto-Kute (North Sasak), Ngeto-Ngete (Northeast Sasak), Meno-Mene (Central Sasak), Ngeno-Ngene (Central East Sasak, Central West Sasak), Mriak-Mriku (Central South Sasak). Complex dialect network. Some 'dialects' have difficult intelligibility with each other. Related to Sumbawa and Balinese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Bali-Sasak More information. Sawila [swt] 3,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Eastern Alor Island, between Kula and Wersing. Many current village locations are the result of recent migrations from older locations. Alternate names: Tanglapui. Dialects: Sawila, Lona, Salimana, Lalamana, Sileba. Intelligibility of Kula is marginal, and the historical ethnic identities are distinct. Structurally similar to Kula. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor- Pantar, Tanglapui More information. Sika [ski] 175,000 (1990 E.D. Lewis). Eastern Flores Island, between Li'o and Lamaholot, Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Sara Sikka, Sikkanese, Sikka, Krowe, Maumere. Dialects: Sara Krowe (Central Sikka), Sikka Natar (South Coast Sikka, Kangaé), Tana Ai. Wide variation within language and culture. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Flores-Lembata More information.

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So'a [ssq] 10,000 (1994). Central Flores, central Kabupaten Ngada, between Ngad'a and Riung. Alternate names: Soa. Dialects: Close to Ngad'a. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Sumbawa [smw] 300,000 (1989). Western end of Sumbawa Island, west of the isthmus. Alternate names: Semawa, Sumbawarese. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Bali-Sasak More information. Tereweng [twg] 800 (1997). Ethnic population: 800 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Tereweng Island off southeast Pantar. 2 villages on the northern side of the island and one on Pantar mainland. Water and gardens on Pantar. Dialects: There is disagreement over whether this is a dialect of Blagar or a separate language. Grouped by Stokhof (1975) with Blagar, by Vatter (1932) with Kelong, and by van Gaalen (1945) as distinct. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor- Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor- Pantar, Pantar More information. Termanu [twu] 30,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 30,000. Central Rote Island, domains of Termanu, Keka, Talae, Korbafo, and Bokai. Speakers also in Kupang, West Timor, and Jakarta. Alternate names: Rote, Roti, Rotinese, Rote Tengah, Central Rote, Pa'da. Dialects: Pa'da (Termanu), Pa'da Kona (Keka-Talae, Southern Termanu), Korbafo (Korbaffo), Bokai. Seems closer to Lole than to other varieties on Rote. Korbafo and Bokai may need to be separated for sociolinguistic reasons. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Timor, Nuclear Timor, West More information. Tetun [tet] 400,000 in Indonesia (2004). Population total all countries: 450,000. Central Timor corridor from the north to the south coasts, east of Atoni, west of Bunak (in Batagude) around Batibo and in from the south coast around Viqueque and Soibada. Also spoken in East Timor. Alternate names: Tetum, Tettum, Teto, Tetu, Tetung, Belu, Belo, Fehan, Tetun Belu.

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Dialects: Eastern Tetun (Soibada, Natarbora, Lakluta, Tetun Loos, Tetun Los), Southern Tetun (Lia Fehan, Plain Tetun, Tasi Mane, Belu Selatan, South Belu, South Tetun), Northern Tetun (Lia Foho, Hill Tetun, Tasi Feto, Belu Utara, North Belu, Tetun Terik, Tetun Therik). Wide variation in morphology and syntax among major dialects, and variation in social structure. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Timor, Nuclear Timor, East More information. Tewa [twe] 5,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Central Pantar. Dialects: Deing, Madar, Lebang. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Makasai-Alor-Pantar, Pantar More information. Tii [txq] 20,000 (2002 UKAW). Ethnic population: 20,000. Rote Island southwest, domain of Tii, east of Dela-Oenale, west of Lole, south of Dengka. Alternate names: Rote, Roti, Rotinese, Rote Barat, Western Rote, Thie, Ti. Dialects: Minor variation, third singular verb prefix 'na- fa'da' varies with 'i-fa'da'. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Nuclear Timor, West More information. Uab Meto [aoz] 586,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Western Timor Island. Alternate names: Atoni, Meto, Uab Atoni Pah Meto, Uab Pah Meto, Timor, Timorese, Timol, Timoreesch, Timoreezen, "Dawan", "Timor Dawan", "Rawan", Orang Gunung. Dialects: Amfoan-Fatule'u-Amabi (Amfoan, Amfuang, Fatule'u, Amabi), Amanuban-Amanatun (Amanuban, Amanubang, Amanatun), Mollo- Miomafo (Mollo, Miomafo), Biboki-Insana (Biboki, Insanao), Kusa-Manlea (Kusa, Manlea). Much dialect variation. Ethnological and linguistic differences in nearly every valley. Close to Amarasi. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Timor, Nuclear Timor, West More information. Wae Rana [wrx] 4,242 (2000 WCD). South central Flores, between Manggarai and Ngad'a. Alternate names: Waerana. Classification: Austronesian,

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Malayo-Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Wanukaka [wnk] 10,000 (1981 Wurm and Hattori). Sumba Island, southwest coast, east of Lamboya. Alternate names: Wanokaka. Dialects: Wanukaka, Rua. Close to, but unintelligible to speakers of Wejewa, Mamboru, Lamboya, and Anakalangu. Intelligibility of varieties in east Sumba and Kambera uncertain. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo-Polynesian, Central- Eastern, Central Malayo-Polynesian, Bima- Sumba More information. Wejewa [wew] 65,000 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Interior of western Sumba Island, Lesser Sundas. Alternate names: Wewewa, Wajewa, Wewjewa, Waidjewa, West Sumbanese, Weyewa, Veveva. Dialects: Weyewa, Lauli (Loli), Tana Righu. Classification: Austronesian, Malayo- Polynesian, Central-Eastern, Central Malayo- Polynesian, Bima-Sumba More information. Wersing [kvw] 3,700 (1997 Grimes, Therik, Grimes, Jacob). Alor Island, east coast around Kolana, southeast coast at Pietoko and Pureman, 2 enclaves on north central north coast. Alternate names: Kolana-Wersin, Kolana, Wersin, Warsina. Dialects: Kolana, Maneta, Langkuru (Pureman, Mademang). Close to Kamang. Classification: Trans-New Guinea, South Bird's Head-Timor-Alor-Pantar, Timor-Alor-Pantar, Kolana More information.

This web edition of the Ethnologue contains all the content of the print edition and may be cited as: Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com/.

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