What Opportunities Is Shrinkage Offering for Sustainability? the Case Heerlen
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What opportunities is shrinkage offering for sustainability? The case Heerlen Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Construction Management & Engineering by D. (Daniëlle) M.L. Smeets BSc. March 20, 2012 Graduation Committee: Prof. dr. ir. W.F. Schaefer (TU/e) Ir. B. van Weenen (TU/e) Ing. S. Göttgens (Gemeente Heerlen) 2 Table of Contents Preface ................................................................................................................................. 9 Management Summary ...................................................................................................... 11 Chapter 1: Introduction ...................................................................................................... 13 1.1 Problem Definition ................................................................................................ 13 1.2 Research Question ................................................................................................ 13 1.3 Sub-Questions ....................................................................................................... 13 1.4 Field of Research ................................................................................................... 14 1.5 Relevance of the Research .................................................................................... 14 1.6 Expected Result .................................................................................................... 14 1.7 Research Boundaries ............................................................................................. 14 1.8 Organization of This Thesis.................................................................................... 15 Chapter 2: Research Design ................................................................................................ 17 2.1 Research Design .................................................................................................... 17 2.2 Research Methodology ......................................................................................... 18 PART A: Literature Research ............................................................................................... 19 Chapter 3: Contextual Orientation ..................................................................................... 21 3.1 Exploration of the Definitions................................................................................ 21 3.1.1 What is Shrinkage/ Population Decline? ......................................................... 21 3.1.2 What is Growth? ............................................................................................ 22 3.1.3 Shrinkage versus Growth ............................................................................... 23 3.2 Context: Trends and Developments ...................................................................... 25 3.2.1 Causes of Shrinkage ....................................................................................... 25 3.2.2 Effects of Shrinkage ....................................................................................... 27 3.3 Geographical Orientation of Shrinkage.................................................................. 29 3.3.1 The Netherlands ............................................................................................ 29 3.3.2 What is the Case in Other Countries? ............................................................. 30 3.4 Shrinkage in a Historical Perspective for The Netherlands ..................................... 30 3.4.1 Population Growth ......................................................................................... 30 3.4.2 Shrinkage is Not New ..................................................................................... 30 3.4.3 Last 30 Years .................................................................................................. 31 3.5 Shrinkage demands for a Custom-Made Approach ................................................ 32 3.6 Four Shrinkage Policies: ‘Bagatelliseren’, ‘Bestrijden’, ‘Begeleiden’, ‘Benutten’ .... 32 3.6.1 ‘Bagatelliseren’ (Deny): It is not so bad … ....................................................... 32 3 3.6.2 ‘Bestrijden’ (fight): Our city has to grow! ....................................................... 33 3.6.3 ‘Begeleiden’ (guide): We are learning to deal with it. ..................................... 33 3.6.4 ‘Benutten’ (exploit): Shrinkage offers plenty of opportunities!....................... 33 3.7 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 34 Chapter 4: Parkstad Limburg – Heerlen .............................................................................. 35 4.1 Regional Level: Parkstad Limburg .......................................................................... 35 4.2 Local Level: Heerlen .............................................................................................. 36 4.2.1 Municipality of Heerlen .................................................................................. 36 4.2.2 Geographical Orientation of Heerlen ............................................................. 36 4.2.3 History of Heerlen .......................................................................................... 36 4.2.4 Current Issues in Heerlen ............................................................................... 37 4.2.5 Future Vision of Heerlen ................................................................................ 39 4.3 Shrinkage Issue in Parkstad Limburg & Heerlen ..................................................... 41 4.3.1 Population Development ............................................................................... 41 4.3.2 Effects of Shrinkage in Heerlen ...................................................................... 41 4.4 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 43 Chapter 5: Sustainability and the Approach in Heerlen ...................................................... 45 5.1 Sustainability Integration at the Municipality of Heerlen ....................................... 45 5.2 DPL: ‘DuurzaamheidsProfiel van een Locatie’ ........................................................ 46 5.3 DPL as a Basis for Further Research ....................................................................... 48 PART B: Shrinkage & Sustainability .................................................................................... 49 Chapter 6: Sustainable Redevelopment of Shrinkage Districts ........................................... 51 6.1 Interaction between Shrinkage and Sustainability ................................................. 51 6.2 Shrinkage and Sustainability according to Policymakers ........................................ 53 6.2.1 Shrinkage and Sustainability as judged by Policymakers - Survey ................... 53 6.2.2 Ranking of Sustainability Aspects in Relation to Shrinkage according to Policymakers................................................................................................................. 59 6.3 Comparison between My Opinion and Policymakers’ Opinions ............................. 59 6.3.1 Similarities ..................................................................................................... 59 6.3.2 Differences .................................................................................................... 59 6.4 Case Studies: Sustainability Approach in Shrinkage Districts in Heerlen................. 60 6.4.1 MSP: Meezenbroek-Schaesbergerveld-Palemig (Heerlen-Stad) ...................... 61 6.4.2 Aldenhof – De Dem (Hoensbroek) .................................................................. 61 6.4.3 Vrieheide-De Stack (Heerlerheide) ................................................................. 62 6.4.4 Comparison between MSP, Aldenhof and Vrieheide-De Stack ....................... 64 6.5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 66 4 Chapter 7: Advice ............................................................................................................... 67 7.1 The Recipient of the Advice ................................................................................... 67 7.2 The Structure of the Advice ................................................................................... 67 7.3 Social & Spatial Side of the Advice ......................................................................... 68 7.4 Organizational/ Process Side of Advice .................................................................. 71 7.5 Stakeholders ......................................................................................................... 73 7.6 DPL ....................................................................................................................... 74 Chapter 8: Conclusion & Recommendations ...................................................................... 75 8.1 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 75 8.1.1 Answer to Main Research Question ............................................................... 75 8.1.2 Answer to Sub-Questions ............................................................................... 75 8.2 Discussion ............................................................................................................