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ISSN 0971-9318 HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES (JOURNAL OF HIMALAYAN RESEARCH AND CULTURAL FOUNDATION) NGO in Special Consultative Status with ECOSOC, United Nations Vol. 18 Nos. 3-4 July-December 2014 ALTAI SPECIAL On the Trail of Silk Route: Pilgrimage to Sumeru, Altai K. Warikoo Eurasian Philosophy of Culture: The Principles of Formation M. Yu. Shishin Altai as a Centre of Eurasian Cooperation A.V. Ivanov, I.V. Fotieva and A.V. Kremneva Altai – A Source of Spiritual Ecology as a Norm of Eurasian Civilization D.I.Mamyev Modeling the Concept “Altai” O.A. Staroseletz and N.N. Simonova The Phenomenon Altai in the System of World Culture E.I. Balakina and E.E. Balakina Altai as One of the Poles of Energy of the Geo-Cultural Phenomenon “Altai-Himalayas” I.A. Zhernosenko Altaian and Central Asian Beliefs about Sumeru Alfred Poznyakov Cross Border Tourism in Altai Mountain Region A.N. Dunets HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Editor : K. WARIKOO Guest Associate Editor : I.A. ZHERNOSENKO © Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation, New Delhi. * All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electrical, mechanical or otherwise without first seeking the written permission of the publisher or due acknowledgement. * The views expressed in this Journal are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the opinions or policies of the Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation. SUBSCRIPTION IN INDIA Single Copy (Individual) : Rs. 500.00 Annual (Individual) : Rs. 1000.00 Institutions : Rs. 1400.00 & Libraries (Annual) OVERSEAS (AIRMAIL) Single Copy : US $ 30.00 UK £ 20.00 Annual (Individual) : US $ 60.00 UK £ 40.00 Institutions : US $ 100.00 & Libraries (Annual) UK £ 70.00 Himalayan and Central Asian Studies is included within the ProQuest products Himalayan and Central Asian Studies is included and abstracted in Worldwide Political Science Abstracts and PAIS International, CSA, USA Subscriptions should be sent by crossed cheque or bank draft in favour of HIMALAYAN RESEARCH AND CULTURAL FOUNDATION, B-6/86, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi - 110029 (India) Printed and published by Prof. K. Warikoo on behalf of the Himalayan Research and Cultural Foundation, B-6/86, Safdarjung Enclave, New Delhi-110029. Distributed by Anamika Publishers & Distributors (P) Ltd, 4697/3, 21-A, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002. Printed at Nagri Printers, Delhi-110032. EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD Dr. Lokesh Chandra Rajiv K. Bhatia Chairman Director General Indian Council of Cultural Indian Council of World Affairs Relations Sapru House New Delhi, India New Delhi Prof. Vitaly Naumkin Prof. Devendra Kaushik Director Gurgaon, Haryana (India) Institute of Oriental Studies Moscow (Russia) Prof. Kh. Umarov Prof. Priyankar Upadhyaya Head, Institute of Economy Director and Development Malaviya Centre for Peace Tajik Academy of Sciences Research Dushanbe, Tajikistan Banaras Hindu University Varanasi (India) Prof. Fatima Kukeyva Dr. Sanjyot Mehendale Faculty of International Relations Executive Director Al Farabi Kazakh National Caucasus and Central Asia Program University University of California Almaty, Kzakhastan Berkeley, USA Prof. R. S. Yadav Prof. T.S. Sarao Chairman Head Department of Political Science Department of Buddhist Studies Kurukshetra University University of Delhi Kurukshetra Delhi (India) Haryana (India) CONTRIBUTORS Dr. I.A. Zhernosenko is Associate Professor and Head, Department of Culture and Communication Technologies, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. E.O. Harms is Associate Researcher at the Institute for Water and Environmental Problems of Siberian Department of Russian Academy of Sciences, Russia. Dr. M.G. Suhova is Professor, Department of Geoecology and Environmental Management of Gorno- Altai State University. Dr. I.G. Shestakova is Professor, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. K. Warikoo is Professor, Centre for Inner Asian Studies, School of International Studies, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India. Dr. M. Yu. Shishin is Professor and Head of the UNESCO Chair, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. A.V. Ivanov is Professor and Head, Philosophy Department, Altai State Agrarian University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. I.V. Fotieva is Professor, Department of Philosophy, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. A.V. Kremneva is Associate Professor, Department of English, Altai State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. D.I. Mamyev is Director of ethno-natural park ëUch Enmekí, Ongudai, Altai Republic, Russian Federation. Dr. N.N. Stolyarova is Associate Professor, Department of English, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. O.A. Staroseletz is Associate Professor, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. N.N. Simonova is Associate Professor, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. E.I. Balakina is Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy and Cultural Studies, Altai State Pedagogical Academy, Barnaul, Russian Federation E.E. Balakina is associated with Faculty of Culture, Saint-Petersburg University of Humanities and Social Sciences, Saint-Petersburg, Russian Federation. Dr. I.V. Rogozina is Head, English Department, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Alfred Poznyakov teaches at Altai Regional College of Culture, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. S. Belokurova is associated with I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. E. Polyakova is Associate Professor, Department of Museology, Altai State Academy of Arts and Humanities, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. N.V. Khalina is Professor, Altai State University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. E. Mushnikova teaches at I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. A. Belokurov is Scientific Associate at the UNESCO department of I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. A. Ikkert is associated with I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. T.V. Mediantceva a Lecturer at Khovd State University, Khovd, Mongolia is a Researcher at the UNESCO Department of I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. T.N. Kanaryova is Researcher at the UNESCO Department of I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. T.A. Golikova is Professor, Russian New University, Moscow, Russian Federation. Dr. L. Beldeeva is Associate Professor, Department of Environmental Engineering, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. V. Somin is Associate Professor and Deputy Director, Department of Environmental Engineering, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. M.A. Indyukova is associated with Institute for Water and Environmental Problems, Siberian Department of Russian Academy of Sciences, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. A.N. Dunets is Associate Professor, Department of Socio-cultural Service and Tourism, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. S.B. Pomorov is Professor and Director, Institute of Architecture and Design, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. I.A. Mikhailidi is Associate Professor in Architecture and Design Department, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. V. Osokin is associated with the Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. Dr. L. Komarova is Professor and Head, Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. D. Subbotina is associated with the Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Engineering, I.I. Polzunov Altay State Technical University, Barnaul, Russian Federation. HIMALAYAN AND CENTRAL ASIAN STUDIES Vol. 18, Nos. 3-4 July-December 2014 CONTENTS Editorís Page I.A. Zhernosenko 1-7 Geo-ecological and Social Functions of E.O. Harms, Greater Altai M.G. Suhova and I.G. Shestakova 9-15 On the Trail of Silk Route: Pilgrimage to Sumeru, Altai, Siberia K. Warikoo 16-36 Eurasian Philosophy of Culture: The Principles of Formation M. Yu. Shishin 37-44 Altai as a Centre of Eurasian Cooperation A.V. Ivanov, I.V. Fotieva and A.V. Kremneva 45-54 Altai ñ A Source of Spiritual Ecology as a Norm of Eurasian Civilization D.I. Mamyev 55-63 Hexagonal Altai I.A. Zhernosenko and N.N. Stolyarova 64-70 Modeling the Concept ìAltaiî O.A. Staroseletz and N.N. Simonova 71-78 The Phenomenon Altai in the System of E.I. Balakina and World Culture E.E. Balakina 79-85 Altai as One of the Poles of Energy of the Geo-Cultural Phenomenon ì Altai-Himalayasî I.A. Zhernosenko 86-97 Scientific Philosophical Aspects of Altaian Culture D.I. Mamyev 98-107 Worldview and Mentality of Altaiís I.A. Zhernosenko and Indigenous Inhabitants I.V. Rogozina 108-116 Altaian and Central Asian Beliefs about Sumeru Alfred Poznyakov 117-124 Semantic and Artistic Analysis of the Petroglyphic Compositions of Altai S. Belokurova 125-131 Altai Museums E. Polyakova 132-139 Study of Language and Culture in the Light of Altai
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  • On the Features of the Sedentary Constructions of Zunghars and Defensive Sistem

    On the Features of the Sedentary Constructions of Zunghars and Defensive Sistem

    JOURNAL OF CRITICAL REVIEWS ISSN- 2394-5125 VOL 7, ISSUE 08, 2020 ON THE FEATURES OF THE SEDENTARY CONSTRUCTIONS OF ZUNGHARS AND DEFENSIVE SISTEM Dordzhi G. Kukeev1, Nina V. Shorvaeva2 1 Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kalmyk State university named after B.B. Gorodovikov, 358000, Pushkin Street, 11. Elista, Russia. 2Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education Kalmyk State university named after B.B. Gorodovikov, 358000, Pushkin Street, 11. Elista, Russia. E-mail:1 [email protected] Received: 11.03.2020 Revised: 12.04.2020 Accepted: 28.05.2020 ABSTRACT: Because of the importance of studying the history of relations of the Qing dynasty with the peoples of Central Asia in the 18th and 19th centuries, and the existence of the phenomenon referred to as the “Zunghar heritage”, it is appropriate to study its background in the defensive systems of Zunghar and Qing Empires in Central Asia. There is a recent tendency to mention the so-called “Zunghar legacy” in the works of modern historiography on the history of Central Eurasia. It means like as a combination of political traditions, administrative and economic activities and methods of contacts, which were adopted by the Qing authorities from the Oirats. The researchers, actively using Manchu sources, explain the nature of the using of this “legacy” by the Qing through the model of “North Asian policy”, the “Qing world order” or the “Central Eurasian tradition”. In this regard and according to the logic, a comparative method and an attempt to make clear the genesis of a phenomenon, which had related to the Qing-Oirat relations before the contact of the Qing with Central Asia, west of Xinjiang, should also cause some interest in Qing and Central Asian studies, especially in the area of sedentary constructions of Zunghars and defensive system, named “Karul” or “Karun”.