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Pacing in Time-Limited Ultramarathons from 6 to 24 Hours—The Aspects of Age, Sex and Performance Level Zurich Open Repository and Archive University of Zurich Main Library Strickhofstrasse 39 CH-8057 Zurich www.zora.uzh.ch Year: 2021 Pacing in Time-Limited Ultramarathons from 6 to 24 Hours—The Aspects of Age, Sex and Performance Level Deusch, Hagen ; Nikolaidis, Pantelis T ; Alvero-Cruz, José Ramón ; Rosemann, Thomas ; Knechtle, Beat Abstract: (1) Background: Compared with marathon races, pacing in time-limited ultramarathons has only been poorly discussed in the literature. The aim of the present study was to analyze the interaction of performance level, age and sex with pacing during 6 h, 12 h or 24 h time-limited ultramarathons. (2) Methods: Participants (n = 937, age 48.62 ± 11.80 years) were the finishers in 6 h (n = 40, 17 women and 23 men), 12 h (n = 232, 77 women and 155 men) and 24 h (n = 665, 166 women and 409 men) ultramarathons. The coefficient of variation (CV), calculated as SD/mean, was used to described pacing. Low scores of CV denoted a more even pacing, and vice versa. A two-way analysis of variance examined the main effects and interactions of sex and race duration on age, race speed and pacing. (3) Results: More men participated in the longer race distances than in the shorter ones and men were older and faster than women. Comparing the 6 h, 12 h and 24 h races, the finishers in the 6 h were the fastest, the finishers in the 12 h were the oldest and the finishers in the 24 h showed the most variablepacing. Furthermore, the faster running speed in the 12 h (women, r = −0.64; men, r = −0.49, p < 0.001) and the 24 h (r = −0.47 in women and men, p < 0.001) was related to less variable pacing. (4) Conclusions: These data might help runners and coaches to choose the the proper duration of a race and training programs for their athletes. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052705 Posted at the Zurich Open Repository and Archive, University of Zurich ZORA URL: https://doi.org/10.5167/uzh-202683 Journal Article Published Version The following work is licensed under a Creative Commons: Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) License. Originally published at: Deusch, Hagen; Nikolaidis, Pantelis T; Alvero-Cruz, José Ramón; Rosemann, Thomas; Knechtle, Beat (2021). Pacing in Time-Limited Ultramarathons from 6 to 24 Hours—The Aspects of Age, Sex and Performance Level. Sustainability, 13(5):2705. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052705 sustainability Article Pacing in Time-Limited Ultramarathons from 6 to 24 Hours—The Aspects of Age, Sex and Performance Level Hagen Deusch 1, Pantelis T. Nikolaidis 2 , José Ramón Alvero-Cruz 3 , Thomas Rosemann 1 and Beat Knechtle 1,4,* 1 Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; [email protected] (H.D.); [email protected] (T.R.) 2 Faculty of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; [email protected] 3 Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga-Andalucía TECH, 29071 Málaga, Spain; [email protected] 4 Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +41-(0)-71-226-93-00 Abstract: (1) Background: Compared with marathon races, pacing in time-limited ultramarathons has only been poorly discussed in the literature. The aim of the present study was to analyze the interaction of performance level, age and sex with pacing during 6 h, 12 h or 24 h time-limited ultramarathons. (2) Methods: Participants (n = 937, age 48.62 ± 11.80 years) were the finishers in 6 h (n = 40, 17 women and 23 men), 12 h (n = 232, 77 women and 155 men) and 24 h (n = 665, 166 women and 409 men) ultramarathons. The coefficient of variation (CV), calculated as SD/mean, was used to described pacing. Low scores of CV denoted a more even pacing, and vice versa. A two-way analysis of variance examined the main effects and interactions of sex and race duration on age, race speed and pacing. (3) Results: More men participated in the longer race distances than in the shorter ones Citation: Deusch, H.; Nikolaidis, P.T.; and men were older and faster than women. Comparing the 6 h, 12 h and 24 h races, the finishers in Alvero-Cruz, J.R.; Rosemann, T.; the 6 h were the fastest, the finishers in the 12 h were the oldest and the finishers in the 24 h showed Knechtle, B. Pacing in Time-Limited the most variable pacing. Furthermore, the faster running speed in the 12 h (women, r = −0.64; Ultramarathons from 6 to 24 Hours— men, r = −0.49, p < 0.001) and the 24 h (r = −0.47 in women and men, p < 0.001) was related to less The Aspects of Age, Sex and variable pacing. (4) Conclusions: These data might help runners and coaches to choose the the proper Performance Level. Sustainability duration of a race and training programs for their athletes. 2021, 13, 2705. https://doi.org/ 10.3390/su13052705 Keywords: aging; time-limited ultramarathon; running; ultra-endurance Academic Editor: Borja Sañudo Received: 19 January 2021 1. Introduction Accepted: 26 February 2021 Published: 3 March 2021 Athletes strive in competitions for their optimum performance. It is mandatory to choose an optimal pacing strategy in order to resist fatigue [1]. Pacing in endurance Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral performance such as running describes how athletes distribute their energy during a race, with regard to jurisdictional claims in measured by the time they need for a certain distance [2]. A runner may strategize to published maps and institutional affil- maintain a constant or variable pace to either complete a marathon successfully or improve iations. race performance [3]. Choosing the optimal pacing strategy seems to be a key factor, among other parameters such as training or nutritional preparation, to finish a race among the top athletes [4,5]. Fernández-Ozcorta and Santos-Concejero reported recently that a pacing strategy with very little changes in running speed during a race could be the best during marathon running [6]. In general, races are either held as distance-limited races Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. (e.g., in meters, in kilometers, in miles) or time-limited races (e.g., in hours, in days). An This article is an open access article ultramarathon goes beyond the classical marathon distance of 42.195 km (26.2 miles). Time- distributed under the terms and limited ultramarathon races can last from specified time-periods of 6 h, 12 h or 24 h, up to conditions of the Creative Commons 6 days (144 h) and 10 days (240 h). The popularity of these time-limited ultra-endurance Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// running events has noticeably increased over the past few years [7,8]. creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ 4.0/). Sustainability 2021, 13, 2705. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13052705 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2021, 13, 2705 2 of 10 The pacing strategy during a race is influenced by various factors, including the individual age [9], the performance [9] and the sex [10] of the athletes, and external factors such as race duration, environmental impacts and course geography. An important aspect in pacing is the sex difference [11]. In marathon running, Santos- Lozano et al. found a significant variation between women and men in the pace in all splits [12]. In 100 km ultramarathoners, women showed lower relative starting running speeds and higher finishing running speeds than men [13]. Regarding performance level, faster finishers showed fewer variations in running speed and also slowed down less than weaker runners [14]. Breen et al. noticed that high-performing athletes used more con- trolled pacing strategies during a competitive marathon than weaker runners, independent of age and sex [15]. Considering age, actual studies investigating pacing in age group marathoners showed differences in pacing between younger and older runners. Older runners were found to show slower running times than younger runners in the “New York City Marathon” [5,16]. Nikolaidis and Knechtle found that within runners with a similar race time, athletes in the younger age groups showed larger changes in running speed during a marathon than the runners in the older age groups [9]. Based upon these findings, we have no knowledge about the influence of age, sex, and performance level on pacing in time-limited ultramarathons of different durations. Therefore, the aims of the present study were (i) to examine the effects of age, sex and performance level on pacing in female and male ultramarathoners competing in 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h time-limited ultramarathons, (ii) to identify differences in pacing strategies due to age and sex, and (iii) to provide information on how the endurance of a time-limited ultramarathon has an influence on the pacing behavior of the athletes. Based on the existing knowledge on marathons, we hypothesized that the level of performance would be the most important factor in pacing during a time-limited ultramarathon. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Ethical Approval The Institutional Review Board of Ethikkommission St. Gallen approved all proce- dures used in the study with a waiver of the requirement for informed consent of the participants given the fact that the study involved the analysis of publicly available data (EKSG 01-10-2010). The study was conducted in accordance with recognized ethical stan- dards according to the Declaration of Helsinki adopted in 1964 and revised in 2013. 2.2. Methodology We were looking for time-limited ultramarathons from 6 to 24 h, where every lap was electronically recorded.
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