CONCRETE POLICY OUTCOMES THROUGH NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS? a Comparative Study of Same-Sex Partnerships in Germany and Japan
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CONCRETE POLICY OUTCOMES THROUGH NEW SOCIAL MOVEMENTS? A comparative study of same-sex partnerships in Germany and Japan Master’s Thesis by Daniel Beckurts Supervisor: Professor Kentarō Maeda Institution: University of Tokyo, Graduate School of Public Policy MPP Year 2017 Submitted: 9 December 2016 Word Count: 28,999 Acknowledgements Firstly, I would like to thank my advisor, Professor Kentarō Maeda, for the help and guidance he has given me in the course of writing this paper. I would also like to thank my family and friends for their support, encouragement and advice. Their enduring support helped me finish this paper. Lastly, I would like to thank the Graduate School of Public Policy at the University of Tokyo for providing me support during my graduate studies. 2 Table of contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................. 2 Table of contents .................................................................................................................................... 3 List of figures .......................................................................................................................................... 4 List of tables ............................................................................................................................................ 4 Abbreviation index ................................................................................................................................. 5 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................ 8 1. Theoretical positioning and localisation of the object of research .......................................... 15 1.1. Theoretical conceptualization of homosexuality in modern Japan and Germany ..................... 16 1.2. Theoretical conceptualization of a social movement ................................................................. 19 1.3. Theoretical conceptualization of transnational movements ....................................................... 20 1.4. Theories of social movements .................................................................................................... 20 1.4.1. Political Opportunity Structure Theory (POS) ..................................................................... 21 1.4.2. Theory streams of Resource Mobilization Theory (RMT) ................................................... 21 1.4.3. Framing Theory .................................................................................................................... 22 1.4.4. New Social Movement Theory ............................................................................................. 22 1.4.5. Collective Identity approach ................................................................................................. 23 2. A historical positioning of the object of research ...................................................................... 24 2.1. An overview of the German history of the gay and lesbian movement until today ................... 24 2.2. An overview of the Japanese history of the gay and lesbian movement until today ................. 30 2.3. Aspects of the current situation in Japan .................................................................................... 34 2.4. Alternatives to marriage for same-sex couples in Japan ............................................................ 42 3. The case studies ............................................................................................................................ 45 3.1. The “Hamburg Marriage” .......................................................................................................... 45 3.1.1. The actors .............................................................................................................................. 45 3.1.2. The starting point .................................................................................................................. 45 3.1.3. The process ........................................................................................................................... 46 3.1.4. Results................................................................................................................................... 46 3.2. A case study of the Shibuya Ordinance ..................................................................................... 47 3.2.1. The actors .............................................................................................................................. 47 3.2.2. The starting point .................................................................................................................. 47 3.2.3. The process ........................................................................................................................... 47 3.2.4. Results................................................................................................................................... 49 3.3. A case study of the Setagaya Guideline ..................................................................................... 50 3.3.1. The actors .............................................................................................................................. 50 3.3.2. The starting point .................................................................................................................. 50 3 3.3.3. The process ........................................................................................................................... 51 3.3.4. Results................................................................................................................................... 52 4. Evaluation of Interviews and integration into context ............................................................. 53 4.1. Methodological approach of the interviews ............................................................................... 53 4.1.1. Quality Criteria of qualitative social research ...................................................................... 53 4.1.2. The research participants ...................................................................................................... 54 4.1.3. Data collection method ......................................................................................................... 54 4.1.4. Data analysis ......................................................................................................................... 56 4.2. Themes of the Interviews ........................................................................................................... 57 4.2.1. The motivation/effects of the policy ..................................................................................... 57 4.2.2. Genesis of the idea for a public policy ................................................................................. 58 4.2.3. Human rights ........................................................................................................................ 58 4.2.4. Further observations ............................................................................................................. 58 4.3. A comparison of the three policies ............................................................................................. 59 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................................. 65 Sources and references ........................................................................................................................ 71 List of figures Graph 1: Top 23 OECD GDP-per-capita countries’ attitudes towards same-sex marriage ..................... 9 Graph 2: Database search results of Asahi Shimbun in regards to key phrase ...................................... 11 Graph 3: Database search results of Mainichi Shimbun in regards to key phrase ................................. 11 Graph 4: Selected aspects of social movements..................................................................................... 16 List of tables Table 1: An overview of rights granted to the same-sex couples in Japan ........................................... 41 Table 2: An overview of the three policies ............................................................................................ 64 4 Abbreviation index BVH Federal Association of Homosexuals Bundesverband Homosexualität CDU Christian Democratic Union Christlich Demokratische Union CSU Christian Social Union Christlich Soziale Union DAH German AIDS Foundation Deutsche AIDS Hilfe EMA Japan Equal Marriage Alliance Japan ECHR European Court of Human Rights EP European Parliament GDR German Democratic Republic Deutsche Demokratische Republik GFR German Federal Republic Bundesrepublik Deutschland GG German Basic Law Grundgesetz GID Gender Identity Disorder HRW Human Rights Watch ICCPR International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights ILGA International Gay and Lesbian Association IHD Community of German Homophiles Interessensgemeinschaft Homophiler Deutschlands IHWO International Homosexual World Organisation Internationale Homophile Weltorganisation J-ALL Japan Alliance for LGBT Legislation LGBT Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Intersex LPartG German Partnership Law Gesetz über die Eingetragene Lebenspartnerschaft LSVD Lesbian