David Creimer Reichhardt a Multidão Silenciosa: Vladimir Herzog

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David Creimer Reichhardt a Multidão Silenciosa: Vladimir Herzog David Creimer Reichhardt A Multidão Silenciosa: Vladimir Herzog, Assassinado (São Paulo, 1975). Etnografia de um Evento. Campinas 2015 i ii Universidade Estadual de Campinas Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas DAVID CREIMER REICHHARDT A Multidão Silenciosa: Vladimir Herzog, Assassinado (São Paulo, 1975). Etnografia de um Evento. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Omar Ribeiro Thomaz Dissertação de Mestrado apresentada ao Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas para obtenção do Título de Mestre em Antropologia Social. Este exemplar corresponde à versão final da dissertação defendida pelo aluno David Creimer Reichhardt e orientada pelo prof. Dr. Omar Ribeiro Thomaz, no dia 29/06/2015. Campinas 2015 iii iv v vi Resumo O assassinato do jornalista Vladimir Herzog em outubro de 1975 gerou uma onda de protestos e acontecimentos que tornou o caso um símbolo na luta pelo fim da repressão política no Brasil. O cerco dos militares aos jornalistas culminou neste assassinato e ganhou destaque nos jornais. O caso levou milhares de pessoas às ruas, mas em silêncio. Herzog tinha origem judaica, e seu corpo deveria passar pelo complexo ritual judaico de sepultamento. Porém, o suicídio, versão dada pelos militares como causa da morte, é tido como um dos piores crimes no judaísmo e seu sepultamento tem um ritual particular. É objetivo desta pesquisa etnografar os eventos que cercaram estes episódios, buscando se aproximar da influência da política nos rituais religiosos, e do impacto do caso em uma comunidade traumatizada por perseguições. As opiniões sobre a postura do Rabino Henry Sobel, que optou por enfrentar o regime ao seguir o sepultamento judaico “comum”, não eram uníssonas. Para contextualizar este cenário, a pesquisa aborda o destino dos corpos de outros judeus que foram vítimas do regime antes de Herzog. A relação com os outros casos e o cuidado com o corpo humano no ritual judaico abrem caminho para um estudo sobre a tortura e a violência de estado no Brasil. Palavras-chave: Herzog, Vladimir 1937-1975; Ditadura; Tortura; Judeus; Jornalistas – Brasil; Brasil – Política e governo. vii viii Abstract The murder of journalist Vladimir Herzog in October 1975 generated a wave of protests and events that made the case a symbol in the fight for an end to political repression in Brazil. The siege of the government to the journalists culminated in the murder and was highlighted in the newspapers. The case led thousands of people to the streets, but in silence. Herzog had Jewish origin, and your body should go through the complex Jewish burial. But the suicide version given by the military as a cause of death, is considered one of the worst crimes in Judaism and his burial has a particular ritual. It is the aim of this research make an ethnography of this event, seeking to approach the political influence in religious rituals, and the impact of the case in a community traumatized by persecution. Views on the position of Rabbi Henry Sobel, who chose to confront the regime following the “common” Jewish burial were not in unison. To contextualize this scenario, the research addresses the fate of the bodies of other Jews who were victims of the regime before Herzog. The relationship with other cases and the care of the human body in the Jewish ritual, pave the way for a study on the torture and the state of violence in Brazil. Key-words: Herzog, Vladimir 1937-1975; Dictatorship; Torture; Jews; Journalists – Brazil; Brazil – Politics and government; ix x Sumário Introdução......................................................................................................................01 Capítulo 1 – Aproximações 1ª aproximação à missa e o assassinato de Vlado...........................................................07 Vladimir Herzog e o cerco a imprensa............................................................................24 2º aproximação à missa...................................................................................................36 O Medo e a Coragem I....................................................................................................38 Capítulo 2 – As tensões e o Medo As tensões........................................................................................................................47 O Medo e a Coragem II....................................................................................................54 Chael Charles Schreier (1969)..............................................................................54 Iara Iavelberg (1971)............................................................................................59 Gelson Reicher (1972).........................................................……....................…64 Ana Maria Nacinovic (1972)................................................................................65 Ana Rosa Kucinski (1974)....................................................................................68 Os judeus e o medo...........................................................................................................71 O voto brasileiro na ONU.................................................................................................78 Capítulo 3 - Os Corpos Os corpos e o DOI-CODI.................................................................................................85 Conclusão......................................................................................................................101 Bibliografia...................................................................................................................119 xi xii Agradecimentos Esta pesquisa é o resultado de um longo caminho iniciado muito antes do Mestrado no qual merecem o meu profundo agradecimento todos que de alguma maneira contribuíram das mais diferentes formas para a realização desta conquista. Agradeço sinceramente a cada um que durante esta jornada colaborou com incentivo, apoio, conselhos, e se dispôs a ouvir repetidamente sobre este trabalho em ambientes que vão de seminários a jantares de família e mesas de bar. Agradeço ao IFCH, à UNICAMP, e a CAPES, por fornecer todo o apoio necessário ao desenvolvimento desta e de outras pesquisas anteriores. Agradeço ao meu orientador, Omar R. Thomaz, que desde sempre apostou e incentivou minhas pesquisas sem medir esforços para que elas evoluíssem. O conhecimento acumulado na convivência destes anos certamente vai muito além do que posso expressar neste trabalho. A minha Mãe, por todo o apoio, pelo suporte, pelos conselhos, por me fazer acreditar que esta conquista era possível desde o dia do vestibular, e por acompanhar um sonho que também é dela. Ao meu Pai, pelo suporte, pelos conselhos, e pelo esforço para estar o mais próximo possível ignorando a distância física. Aos meus Avós Rodolfo, Esther, Henrique e Izabel, que participaram de forma ativa e fundamental para esta pesquisa. A minha namorada Geovana, pelo companheirismo, pela enorme paciência, e pelo incentivo permanente. Ao meu Irmão Jonathan, por ser uma fonte de inspiração e incentivo. A todos os colegas de Campinas, da Unicamp à República G8, meu profundo agradecimento por estes anos incríveis. Aos amigos de São Paulo, que pacientemente toparam discutir inúmeras vezes os assuntos polêmicos desta pesquisa fosse numa mesa de bar ou durante o futebol. À banca de Qualificação, Bela Feldman e Ronaldo Almeida pelas enormes contribuições. xiii À banca de Defesa, Guita e Michel, pela honrosa presença e fundamentais contribuições para esta pesquisa. Aos colegas do NIEJ (UFRJ) e do “Fórum18”, um agradecimento especial pelo apoio e diálogo durante estes anos. Aos professores e colegas na Argentina, em especial a Emmanuel Kahan e Laura Schenquer, cujo apoio e contribuições abriram um mundo novo dentro deste trabalho. xiv “Quando perdemos a capacidade de nos indignar com as atrocidades praticadas contra os outros, perdemos também o direito de nos considerarmos seres humanos civilizados” - Vladimir Herzog xv xvi Introdução O maior protesto contra a violência da ditadura militar no Brasil, que vigorou entre os anos de 1964 a 1985, foi realizado sem um único grito ou ato violento sequer. No dia 31 de outubro de 1975, na Catedral da Sé de São Paulo – local que procurava manter-se longe da política e próximo aos direitos humanos – assistiu-se o culto ecumênico em memória do jornalista Vladimir Herzog. A multidão silenciosa ali reunida foi responsável pela mudança progressiva de postura dos militares em relação à repressão política e a prática de tortura no Brasil. O assassinato cruel de uma figura pública que sempre se opôs à resistência clandestina e violenta chocou o país e uniu diversos setores da sociedade em favor de uma mesma causa: o respeito aos direitos humanos. O descontentamento da sociedade, expresso em meio aos limites de uma ditadura, foi suficiente para uma mudança de postura por parte dos militares em direção à abertura política e teve efeito fundamental na troca, poucos meses depois, daqueles que dirigiam os órgãos efetivamente no comando da repressão no Estado de São Paulo. O jornalista Audálio Dantas, então presidente do sindicato dos jornalistas, foi visitado dias depois por militares que lhe asseguraram que a área em São Paulo estava “pacificada” e que não havia mais com o que se preocupar. Mesmo com o fim da ditadura militar em 1985, muitos dos crimes cometidos por agentes do Estado durante este período continuam sem uma explicação detalhada ou sem o julgamento dos responsáveis, dentre eles o caso Herzog. A lei de anistia de 1979 no Brasil
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