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Historical Dictionary of the Dirty Wars (Historical Dictionaries of War

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Historical Dictionary of the Dirty Wars (Historical Dictionaries of War HISTORICAL DICTIONARIES OF WAR, REVOLUTION, AND CIVIL UNREST Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. Afghan Wars, Revolutions, and Insurgencies, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 1996. Out of print. See No. 30. 2. The United States–Mexican War, by Edward H. Moseley and Paul C. Clark Jr. 1997. 3. World War I, by Ian V. Hogg. 1998. 4. The United States Navy, by James M. Morris and Patricia M. Kearns. 1998. 5. The United States Marine Corps, by Harry A. Gailey. 1998. 6. The Wars of the French Revolution, by Steven T. Ross. 1998. 7. The American Revolution, by Terry M. Mays. 1999. Out of print. See No. 39. 8. The Spanish-American War, by Brad K. Berner. 1998. 9. The Persian Gulf War, by Clayton R. Newell. 1998. 10. The Holocaust, by Jack R. Fischel. 1999. 11. The United States Air Force and Its Antecedents, by Michael Robert Terry. 1999. 12. Civil Wars in Africa, by Guy Arnold. 1999. Out of print. See No. 34. 13. World War II: The War Against Japan, by Anne Sharp Wells. 1999. 14. British and Irish Civil Wars, by Martyn Bennett. 2000. 15. The Cold War, by Joseph Smith and Simon Davis. 2000. 16. Ancient Greek Warfare, by Iain Spence. 2002. 17. The Vietnam War, by Edwin E. Moïse. 2001. 18. The Civil War, by Terry L. Jones. 2002. 19. The Crimean War, by Guy Arnold. 2002. 20. The United States Army: A Historical Dictionary, by Clayton R. Newell. 2002. 21. Terrorism, Second Edition, by Sean K. Anderson and Stephen Sloan. 2002. Out of print. See No. 38. 22. The Chinese Civil War, by Edwin Pak-wah Leung. 2002. 23. The Korean War: A Historical Dictionary, by Paul M. Edwards. 2002. 24. The “Dirty Wars,” by David Kohut, Olga Vilella, and Beatrice Julian. 2003. Out of print. See No. 40. 25. The Crusades, by Corliss K. Slack. 2003. 26. Ancient Egyptian Warfare, by Robert G. Morkot. 2003. 27. The French Revolution, by Paul R. Hanson. 2004. 28. Arms Control and Disarmament, by Jeffrey A. Larsen and James M. Smith. 2005. 29. The Russo-Japanese War, by Rotem Kowner. 2005. 30. Afghan Wars, Revolutions, and Insurgencies, Second Edition, by Ludwig W. Adamec. 2005. 31. The War of 1812, by Robert Malcomson. 2006. 32. The Arab-Israeli Conflict, by P. R. Kumaraswamy. 2006. 33. Nuclear, Biological, and Chemical Warfare, by Benjamin C. Garrett and John Hart. 2007. 34. Civil Wars in Africa, Second Edition, by Guy Arnold. 2008. 35. The Northern Ireland Conflict, by Gordon Gillespie. 2008. 36. The Anglo-Boer War, by Fransjohan Pretorius. 2009. 37. The Zulu Wars, by John Laband. 2009. 38. Terrorism, Third Edition, by Sean K. Anderson with Stephen Sloan, 2009. 39. American Revolution, Second Edition, by Terry M. Mays, 2010. 40. “Dirty Wars,” Second Edition, by David Kohut and Olga Vilella, 2010. Historical Dictionary of the “Dirty Wars” Second Edition David Kohut Olga Vilella Historical Dictionaries of War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest, No. 40 THE SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Lanham • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2010 Published by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 http://www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road, Plymouth PL6 7PY, United Kingdom Copyright © 2010 by David Kohut and Olga Vilella All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any electronic or mechanical means, including information storage and retrieval systems, without written permission from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote passages in a review. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Kohut, David R., 1953– Historical dictionary of the “dirty wars” / David Kohut, Olga Vilella.—2nd ed. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of war, revolution, and civil unrest ; no. 40) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-0-8108-5839-8 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-0-8108-7374-2 (eBook) 1. Argentina—History—Dirty War, 1976–1983—Dictionaries. 2. Chile— History—1973–1988—Dictionaries. 3. Uruguay—History—1904–1973— Dictionaries. 4. Political violence—Chile—History—20th century—Dictionaries. 5. Political violence—Uruguay—History—20th century—Dictionaries. I. Vilella, Olga, 1954–. II. Title. F2849.2.K64 2010 982.06—dc22 2009036403 ϱ ™The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Printed in the United States of America Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff vii Preface ix Acronyms and Abbreviations xi Chronology xv Introduction xxxix THE DICTIONARY 1 Bibliography 347 About the Authors 405 v Editor’s Foreword Warfare can assume many forms other than classic wars between coun- tries and civil wars, which are generally recognized if inadequately regulated by international law. There is a vast amorphous category that includes warfare between countries and its own citizens for economic, social, ideological, or ethnic reasons. These are often horribly violent and implacable because the country, in the form of the government or military establishment, has infinitely more power than its opponents and can often make them disappear with impunity. Such “dirty wars” have occurred on both sides of the communist-capitalist divide for much of the past century, and they have been around much longer in countries of mixed racial or religious composition, occurring by way of “ethnic cleansing” and other techniques. In Latin America, during the Cold War, they became a plague that merited very serious attention. This Historical Dictionary of the “Dirty Wars” is particularly impor- tant in expanding the scope of the War, Revolution, and Civil Unrest series by showing us what the future of warfare could be if we are not careful. It contains a chronology of events, an introduction, and a dic- tionary section that includes entries on people of the ruling government and those who were crushed by it, various political parties and other organizations that were involved in these events and the methods they used, and some (alas too few) on efforts to stop or at least restrain the excesses. There are six key entries in the dictionary: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay (an organization also followed in the chronology and bibliography). While reasonably rounded and comprehensive, however, this book cannot tell the whole story. The bibliography therefore refers readers to other sources of information. This second edition is more than just an update of the previous edi- tion. It expands the original scope of three countries to six and includes more information overall. It shows just how pernicious such wars can vii viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD be and that, once started, they are hard to stop and almost impossible for its victims to forget. The authors are David Kohut and Olga Vilella, both of whom wrote (with a third contributor) the first edition. They are keenly interested in Latin America and are members of Amnesty International. They feel strongly enough about these “dirty wars” to examine them carefully and meticulously, tracking down often elusive information and providing an overall picture of the lopsided situation of a war between a country and its own people. What they have brought to light is unpleasant, sometimes excruciatingly so, but essential to know if we are to avoid more instances of dirty warfare in the future. Jon Woronoff Series Editor Preface The scope of the dictionary is the period 1954–1990 in South America, when authoritarian regimes waged war on subversion, both real and imagined. The term “dirty war,” though originally associated with the military dictatorship in Argentina from 1976 to 1983, has since been applied to neighboring dictatorships in Paraguay (1954–1989), Brazil (1964–1985), Bolivia (1971–1981), Uruguay (1973–1985), and Chile (1973–1990). Although the concept is by no means peculiar to Latin America—the term has become a byword for state-sponsored repression anywhere in the world—these regimes were among its most notorious practitioners. In the mid-1970s they joined forces, creating Operation Condor, a top-secret network of military dictatorships that kidnapped, tortured, and disappeared one another’s political opponents. Their death squads operated both nationally and internationally, sometimes extend- ing beyond the region. Categories of entries include the countries themselves; guerrilla and political movements that provoked (though by no means exonerated) government reaction; leading guerrilla, human-rights, military, and political figures; local, regional, and international human-rights orga- nizations; and artistic figures (filmmakers, novelists, and playwrights) whose works attempted to represent or resist the period of repression. Other entries relevant to the story include the United States, the Catho- lic Church, and terms such as “dirty war,” desaparecidos, and liberation theology. Words in boldface point the reader to additional entries. The alphabetization of the dictionary entries follows the letter-by- letter system in which sorting ignores spaces, hyphens, and apostro- phes. Commas and slashes, however, interrupt the sorting: FAMILI- ARES / RELATIVES precedes FAMILIARES DE DESAPARECIDOS Y DETENIDOS POR RAZONES POLÍTICAS, and PERÓN, JUAN precedes PERONISM. Dictionary entries for organizations formed in ix x • PREFACE Spanish-speaking countries or in Portuguese-speaking Brazil will be found under the Spanish or Portuguese version of the name; hence, readers looking for the Argentine human-rights organization MOTH- ERS OF THE PLAZA DE MAYO will be referred to MADRES DE LA PLAZA DE MAYO. References to individuals will follow the Span- ish-speaking model. If an individual has two surnames (the paternal followed by the maternal), both will be used; for example, after the first reference in an entry, Salvador Allende Gossens will be referred to as Allende Gossens, not simply as Allende. The introduction attempts to compare and contrast the six countries as they fell to dictatorship, experienced repression, and returned to civilian rule.
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