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REVIEW PAPER A Judo that Incorporates Kendo: Jigoro Kano’s Ideas and Their Theoretical Development Fumiaki Shishida Waseda University, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan Source of support: This study is supported by the Japanese government subsidy for scientific research (C). Grant Number: 23500704 Received: 16 October 2012; Accepted: 29 November 2012; Published online: 5 December 2012 Abstract Kano stated that in the future judo should combine with kendo to become one while he touched upon the neces- sity of studying kendo and the relationships between judo and kendo, and he also often mentioned that his vision of ideal judo was present in the randori practices during the early years of the Kodokan. These remarkable state- ments would not have been special for Kano but will be unexpected for present judokas who practice a competitive judo as a sport. Why they have a problem to understand it is that Kano thought judo over as practical martial art as well as physical education and a sport event. Kano’s ideal judo had not completed during his lifetime but that theme was succeeded by Professor Tomiki. Tomiki defined the kendo principle as the “technical theory of chop and thrust while avoiding touching”, and clearly advanced Kano’s idea. Tomiki improved the explanation of atemi-waza through his analysis of the Koshiki-no-kata. Tomiki analyzed each form of Koshiki-no-kata through the study of the relationship between “toughing” and atemi-waza. Kano encouraged judokas to practice “Seiryoku-zenyo-kokumin- taiiku”, which would be influenced by karate in Okinawa. Tomiki systematized Kano’s idea through emphasizing that judo practitioners should practice techniques of chop and thrust based on the principle of the throwing tech- nique, because Tomiki thought that there was a structural difference between karate judo and karate. Key words: shizen-tai • Ju • tegatana • Tomiki • Koshiki-no-kata • atemi-waza Author’s address: Fumiaki Shishida, Faculty of Sports Sciences, Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan; e-mail: [email protected] Problem IdentIfIcatIon (1868–1912) Japanese intellectuals generally learned the social Darwinism espoused by Herbert Spencer as well Jigoro Kano, who is recognized as the founder of Olympic as utilitarianism so it is likely that Kano was also influ- Judo, longed for a practical judo that could be used enced by these trends, and in turn Kano’s novel thought in actual fighting. In concrete terms, Kano demand- had to influence jujutsu/judo practitioners. Applying the ed that his practitioners apply “The principle of judo” principle of judo to all martial arts means applying that (Judo no Genri) [1] to techniques against an opponent’s principle to mute-jutsu (bare hand techniques), ken-jutsu chop, thrust, kick, grab, and even attacks with weapons. (swordsmanship), bo-jutsu (staff fighting), so-jutsu (spear- This is the ideal judo that Kano envisioned. In around man ship), kyu-jutsu (archery), naginata-jutsu (Japanese SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE PROOF © INTERNATIONAL 1912, Kano defined the principle of judo as seiryoku-zenyo, halberd), and others. i.e. “The most effective way to use the power of the mind and body”, “The principle of maximum efficien- This author has previously written that Kano, in his doc- cy with minimum effort” or “The very best application uments, did not refer to the technical principles that are of energy”. Kano explained that judo is a way to incor- incorporated into all techniques [2]. What did Kano re- porate this principle into all activities of life, which in- fer to as the technical principle of judo, though? Kano cludes martial arts, or how to attack and defend in a explained shizen-tai (natural posture), how to move, bout. Thus, the ”principle of judo” simply means the ukemi (break fall), the meaning of ju (flexibility), kuzushi way of life lived in a utilitarian manner. In the Meiji Era (breaking the opponent’s balance), tsukuri (throwing the © ARCHIVES OF BUDO | PHILOSOPHY Volume 8 | ISSUE 4 | 2012 | 1 Review Paper Maai is a popular term in opponent off balance and concurrently getting ready to problem. Candidly, one of the reasons why such a sit- modern kendo. Munenori apply a technique to the opponent), etc., but this ap- uation happened might be that many researchers, who Yagyu, a famous kendo fencer, referred to the term proach was not always systematic, though it was suffi- practice sport judo, which does not contain atemi-waza suigetsu, which is to discern cient to produce many excellent practitioners. (striking techniques), have had difficulty to practically the distance between two warriors, in his document understand the meaning of his remarks. “Heiho-kadensho” of 1632. In fact, Heita Okabe [3], one of the most prominent The Daito-ryu-aiki-jujutsu of Kano’s students in the early half of the Taisho-era On the basis of documents, this author will clarify the that Ueshiba taught is (1912–1929), severely criticized Kano’s concept of judo phases of theoretical development from Kano to Tomiki. different from modern aikido. The former was a as follows: There are many ways to apply “The principle He will do this through the elucidation of the meaning model of jujutsu as regards of maximum efficiency with minimum effort” in our life. All of Kano’s idea of judo by considering Tomiki’s the char- the variety of forms of combat. Sokaku Takeda worthwhile matters would probably be produced by the working acteristics of atemi-waza in the analyses of the Koshiki- taught Daito-ryu-jujutsu to of “The principle of maximum efficiency with minimum effort” no-kata, and will then offer an opinion on the way that Ueshiba and later changed its name to Daito-ryu-aiki- so this definition is not logical because it has no originality. judo or jujutsu should be. jujutsu. Professor Kenji Tomiki [4] thought that Kano’s defini- Kano’s Idea of Judo: a Judo that Hideichi Nagaoka, who was able easily to throw tion of judo had a problem in his emphasis only on michi IncorPorates Kendo an opponent by body (moral principles or humanity) or the spiritual aspect, movement without strength, was called a judo genius not on jutsu (art or technique), whereas there is an old At the very least, not later than the beginning of the because of his greatness proverb gi-shin-ichinyo (art-mind unity) which means art Taisho-era (1912), Kano would use the phrase “maxi- of randori and kata in the Kodokan. He was awarded is one with mind. Tomiki stated that we had to study mum efficiency with minimum effort” as a fundamen- th 10 dan during his lifetime michi as the subject of ethics because michi was the cri- tal principle of human life. But Kano only gave a the- in 1937. terion of an action, and it laid the foundation for a view oretical explanation on each occasion. A good example The aiki-no-waza that Tomiki of life according to a sense of value. On the other hand, is Kano’s comprehensive historical article The Outline of refers to in body text does not mean the waza of aikido Tomiki said, “We should study both jutsu and michi in Kodokan Judo, written between 1915 and 1916. In the today but practical atemi- order to reach the essence of judo.” Tomiki was a man section “What is Judo?”, Kano [9] did not identify the waza and kansetsu-waza in aiki-jujutsu and various who clearly broke down the “judo principle” (judo genri) principle of offense and defense in judo as a martial art, kinds of jujutsu that Tomiki in the jutsu into three elements based on Kano’s teach- though he interpreted the meaning of the principle of studied. ings: the principles of shizen-tai, ju and kuzushi. ju after introducing throwing techniques, pinning tech- The name of Aiki-budo niques and striking techniques. He also introduced nat- was used in the Kobu-kai In addition, Tomiki boldly referred to “The kendo prin- ural posture(s); how to grab the collar and sleeve and (Ueshiba’s organization in prewar days) as the name of ciple” (kendo no genri) as a requisite for judo that Kano how to use strength in that case; eye contact and how to Ueshiba’s aiki-jujutsu after had been longing for [5]. Kano’s first concern was not move the feet, etc., while having explained the necessity around 1935. sport but martial art. Kano defined judo as three meth- of the principle of judo to understand judo techniques. “Ken-no-ki” means the spirit ods when he established judo; 1) Shobu-ho: a method that springs to a Japanese that combined the attacks and defences of martial arts; Kano [10] stated that in the future judo should combine sword. 2) Taiiku-ho: a method of physical education; and 3) with kendo to become one while he touched upon the Shushin-ho: a method of mental training. Even in this necessity of studying kendo and the relationships be- case, the foundation of the three methods was natural- tween judo and kendo. Kano actually mentioned as fol- ly the first one that includes various kinds of techniques lows: “If you use a sword by applying the principle of judo, it not only in a bout but also in real fight. Kano stated the becomes kenjutsu, if you use a spear, spearman ship.” Kano’s following remarkable statement and view in 1918: “In remarks were not remarkable, at least not in the context conclusion, I would like to add something taught as kata in of Kano’s aforesaid remarks in 1918. Tomiki seemed to kendo into the practice of judo after rebuilding it.”, and “It is have sometimes visited Kano at the Kodokan headquar- considered that kendo should be incorporated into judo as one ters around 1926, when he was the representative of the of the most important requirements after its reconstruction.” Waseda University Judo Club for the Tokyo Student PROOF © INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE PROOF © INTERNATIONAL Kousuke Nagaki, has paid attention to judo as martial Judo Federation.

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