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Article Title: Too Much Dirty Work: Race, Manliness and Baseball in Gilded Age Nebraska

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Article Title: Too Much Dirty Work: Race, Manliness and Baseball in Gilded Age Nebraska Nebraska History posts materials online for your personal use. Please remember that the contents of Nebraska History are copyrighted by the Nebraska State Historical Society (except for materials credited to other institutions). The NSHS retains its copyrights even to materials it posts on the web. For permission to re-use materials or for photo ordering information, please see: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/magazine/permission.htm Nebraska State Historical Society members receive four issues of Nebraska History and four issues of Nebraska History News annually. For membership information, see: http://nebraskahistory.org/admin/members/index.htm Article Title: Too Much Dirty Work: Race, Manliness and Baseball in Gilded Age Nebraska Full Citation: Gregory Bond, “Too Much Dirty Work: Race, Manliness, and Baseball in Gilded Age Nebraska,” Nebraska History 85 (2004): 172-185. URL of Article: http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/history/full-text/2004-Dirty_Work.pdf Date: 1/20/2010 Article Summary: In 1892, the Nebraska State League for baseball was partially integrated. Controversy abounded over whether “colored” players had both the ability to play and the ability to be “colored gentlemen.” The rhetoric of race was sometimes based on principle, other times spoken to cover up one’s own questionable actions. The League’s early demise was only partially due to the rampant racial controversy. Finances and contract jumping also played a part. Cataloging Information: Names: Frank Maupin; Jack Reeves; Will Lincoln; John Patterson; Bud Fowler; William Pope; William Lewis; George William “Will” Castone; George Taylor; Pierce Chiles; Ulysses Rohrer; A S Kennedy Place Names: David City; Lincoln; Avian, Michigan; Beatrice; Fremont; Grand Island; Hastings; Kearney; Plattsmouth Keywords: “Lincoln Giants” “Jim Crow” “Page Fence Giants” “Nebraska State League” “Nebraska Coon League” “Lafayettes” “Colorado State League” “The Sporting News” “colored gentlemen” “segregation” “integration” “colored players” Photos: David City team: Frank Maupin, Jack Reeves, Will Lincoln; Lincoln Giants; Plattsmouth team Tioo Much Dirty Work ~rdhess,and Age Nebras , 3 In the spring of 1892 the Hastings, Nebraska, correspondent to /,),I, - , k,py The Sporting News, a national sporting weekly published in St.Louis, ;-,: ipg( %L-i . I ' r described the state baseball league for his readers: "The Nebraska I(, :.&;a 3. ib Coon League will open the season Sunday May 1st. The reason it is ,J ' [i called the Coon League is that all the teams with the exception of ' ::q '1,& Hastings and Grand Island have one or more colored players? me to the'word of the Hastings Nebraska's population. Despite the reporter, six African-American small number of African-American Tathletes represented three cities players, vocal proponents of Jim Crow in the Nebraska State League. The NSL, consistently attacked integration during composed of teams in seven midsize the NSL's short and turbulent existence. communities-Beatrice, Fremont, Segregationist players, fans, journalists, Grand Island, Hastings, Lincoln, and league officials objected to the , 3 ,, *- Keamey, and Plattsmouth-was the inclusion of black athletes and 41 L , , ;& & only integrated league in the nation succeeded in problematizing integration , competing under the auspices of orga- to such a degree that after the NSL ti: 1 nized baseball in 1892. The six athletes folded in July 1892 no black profes- .\ 1 were the only African Americans on sional ballplayers returned to the state otherwise white professional teams. until after World War 11. * .<Az- 1 The NSL's brief experiment with The contentious events in Nebraska integration was not without controversy. mirrored national trends. Beginning in ... "$3' -. African Americans accounted for only 1883 many leagues had experimented \ about 7 percent of the league's players, with limited integration, and dozens of and, more generally, in 1890 blacks black players found positions on profes- I comprised less than 1 percent of sional teams from Vermont to New Mexico. African Americans who played Gregory Bond is a doctoral candidate in History on white squads, though, encountered at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. frequent opposition, and by 1892 most 172 nebraska history The 1894 David City team included Frank Maupin (front row, right) and Jack Reeves (second row, second from right) from the NSL, and Will Lincoln (back row, right) of the Lincoln Giants. After the integrated Nebraska State League folded in 1892 some African-American players joined other semiprofessional and amateur clubs. NSHS 3064-26 leagues had abandoned the e~periment.~ Concurrent with these battles over Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS integration, baseball's boosters were waging a.paralle1 fight to legitimize the Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS game and to make the sport acceptable Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS to middle-class sensibilities. Bourgeois spectators and reformers expected play- Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS ers to behave honorably and bring Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS credit to themselves, the sport, and the cities they represented. The keepers of Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS the game strove to control the athletes' Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS actions and make players conform to the proper standards of middle-class Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS "gentlemanlyn beha~ior.~ Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS Cognizant of these dual struggles, Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS segregationists frequently stigmatized African Americans as dishonorable and Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS ungentlemanly and thus as ineligible Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS for the honorable pastime of baseball. The debates over integrated play in Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS Nebraska, as in other states, revolved Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS around differing interpretations of the character and manliness of African- Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS American players. Supporters of Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS integration defended black athletes as "gentlemen," while proponents of Jim Copyrighted Material Not owned by NSHS Crow, like the Hastings correspondent, derided African Americans as "coons," Infielder John Patterson (second from right), played for the Lincoln Giants, the NSL, and and justified disruptive segregationist went on to a career in black baseball. He is shown here with the Page Fence Giants of agitation by the supposed ungentle- Avian, Michigan, in 1897. National Baseball Hall of Fame Library, Cooperstown. N.Y. manly nature of black players. man from Lincoln, William M. Pope, baseball in Nebraska. During his three lthough 1892 was the first year and a local black manager, William year stay in Lincoln he became the Ablack players represented Nebraska Lewis, raided the roster of the Lafayettes most well known black ball player in teams in a national association, it was and organized their own black team, the state, variously filling the roles of not the first year black players had the Lincoln Giants4 pitcher, batter, captain, manager, pro- played in the state. Seven years earlier Pope and Lewis saw their bamstorm- moter, sportswriter, and league booster. minor league teams in Omaha and Lin- ing club as a moneymaking proposition, The Lincoln Giants were an immedi- coln had played against integrated and signed players to professional con- ate success on the field. They frequently clubs. The pioneering black player Bud tracts. The two entrepreneurs improved overmatched their opponents, and in Fowler, who would return to play in their team with black athletes from their debut season compiled a gaudy the 1892 Nebraska State League, was a distant cities including Detroit and 45-5 record. They quickly earned a member of teams in the Western League Washington, D.C., and among the play- considerable nationwide reputation, in 1885 and 1886. In 1885 he played ers they brought to the state were and, as early as July 1890 The Sporting several games in Omaha as a member pitcher Jack Reeves and catcher Frank News hailed this "boss colored club" as of the Keokuk, Iowa, team. The follow- Maupin, both Kansas City natives, and "one of the strongest . ever organized ing year he was with the Topeka team, infielder John Patterson from Starkville, in the West."= a Lincoln rival. Mississippi. They also recruited pitcher Unfortunately for the team's More immediately, in 1889, players George William "Willn Castone and first promoters, financial success did not from the state's small African-American baseman George Taylor from the immediately follow the Giants' athletic population formed the all-black defunct 1889 Colorado State League. achievements. Two months into the Lafayettes, an Omaha semi-professional The versatile Castone's arrival had a team's first season, Manager Lewis team. The next year, a white business- profound effect on the course of black resigned and William Pope abruptly 174 nebraska history Lincoln Giants Rosters 1890 Jesse Brown 2BlSS Bullock P Ed Carr OFIC George William Castone PIOF James Hightower lB/SS George Hughbanks 1Bl2B Hugh Hughbanks OFISS William Lewis OF William Lincoln SS Joseph "Kidn Miller P Frank Maupin C William Newrnan 1BIC John Patterson 3B/lB Jack Reeves Pl2B George Taylor OFIIB 1891 Broadus OF Bullock P Ed Carr OFIC George William Castone PIOF Dean OF Dobbs 3B Frank Maupin (back row, left), a versitile and well liked catcher, played for the Lincoln Harding PIOF Giants and later joined Plattsmouth, the first integrated team in Nebraska. Cass County Historical Society Museum, Plattsrnouth, Neb. James Hightower 1BISS George Hughbanks 2B William Lincoln SS left town, leaving behind substantial ready to "locate in some minor leag~e."~ Frank Maupin C unpaid salary obligations. With the team Castone's scheme was ultimately Joseph "Kid Miller P on the verge of collapse, pitcher Will unsuccessful, but he followed the lead John Patterson 3BllB Castone came to the rescue, assuming of New York's famous all-black Cuban Jack Reeves Pl2B the dual responsibilities of captain and Giants, who played in otherwise white Smith OF manager.
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