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Home , Bill White (shortstop), Connie Morgan, Cool Papa Bell, Cuban Giants, Effa Manley, Emmett Ashford

PRIDE 1A 1B 1C 1D 1E The African-American Experience

Cuban Giants season ticket, 1887 A f r i c a n -American History Baseball History Courtesy of Larry Hogan Collection National Baseball Hall of Fame Library 1 8 4 5

KNICKERBOCKER RULES

The Knickerbocker Base Ball Club establishes modern baseball’s rules. Black Teams Become Professional & 1 8 5 0 s PLANTATION BASEBALL The first African-American professional teams formed in As revealed by former slaves in testimony given to the Works Progress FINDING A WAY IN HARD TIMES 1860 – 1887 the 1880s. Among the earliest was the , who Administration 80 years later, many slaves play baseball on plantations in the pre-Civil War South. played baseball by day for the wealthy white patrons of the Argyle Hotel on Long Island, . By night, they 1 8 5 7 1 8 5 7 Following the Civil War (1861-1865), were waiters in the hotel’s restaurant. Such teams became Integrated Ball in the 1800s DRED SCOTT V. SANDFORD DECISION NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF BA S E BA L L PL AY E R S FO U N D E D lmost as soon as the game’s rules were codified, attractions for a number of resort hotels, especially in The Supreme Court allows slave owners to reclaim slaves who An association of amateur clubs, primarily from the area, organizes. R e c o n s t ruction was meant to establish Florida and Arkansas. This team, formed in 1885 by escaped to free states, stating slaves were property and not citizens. By the late 1880s, more than 30 played played baseball so passionately that writers of the time combining players from , Washington, D.C. and , c. 1879 A f reedom and fairness for former slaves. in the major and minor leagues. They were confronted with Courtesy of Library of Congress 1 8 5 9 teams, was not Cuban at all. The reason for the insults of teammates, rough play of opponents and MATCHUP OF BLACK BALLCLUBS called it a mania. African Americans were no different, but in It failed dismally, even in baseball, a game choosing the name “Cubans” is unknown. 1 8 6 0 threats and occasional violence of locals. In 1887, at least In the earliest recorded matchup of two black ballclubs, the Henson Base Ball FREDERICK DOUGLASS RETURNS Club of Jamaica, New York defeats the Weeksville Unknowns of Brooklyn. baseball, as in much of American life, they played mostly in s p read throughout the nation by the war. In nine African Americans appeared on teams in the TO AMERICA FROM EUROPE . Despite many obstacles, some of The great abolitionist, author and orator returns to his homeland from abroad. He influences many political decisions regarding segregated settings, including southern plantations, as early as the both the North and the South, opport u n i t i e s these black players succeeded, such as Bud Fowler, Grant African Americans from the Civil War until his death in 1895. Johnson, George Stovey, and the Walker 1850s. After the Civil War, African Americans had the opportunity for black players in organized baseball brothers. Fowler and Johnson would soon help found the 1 8 6 1 - 1 8 6 5 Michigan-based Page Fence Giants, one of the most n a r rowed as racial prejudice deepened. CIVIL WAR to play ball with white players, even professionally, but those successful black baseball teams of the 1890s. Approximately 180,000 African-American soldiers comprising 163 segregated units o p p o rtunities diminished as Re c o n s t ruction ended and segre g a t i o n As black communities became worlds of their serve in the Union army during the Civil War. own within the larger American society, Battery A, Second U.S. Artillery became entrenched as part of American culture. Courtesy of Chicago History Museum 1 8 6 3 EMANCIPATION PROCLAMATION

African Americans established teams in clubs President Lincoln frees slaves in all states “in rebellion” and declares they “will be received into the armed service.” By the late 19th century, African Americans had developed and schools. By the mid-1880s, they were 1 8 6 5 Not only did black teams face white teams on the field, but baseball to its fullest potential on their own sandlots and diamonds. also forming their own professional teams. African-American players played on the same teams with whites, THIRTEENTH AMENDMENT African-American ballplayer and his wife, including at the major league level. Carlisle, Pennsylvania, c. 1880 Abolishes slavery within the U.S. 1 8 6 7 (back row, center) played on the integrated minor league Toledo Courtesy of Bob and Adelyn Mayer, Black communities took pride in these teams and their dynamic team in 1883. In 1884, Toledo joined the major league American THE PYTHIAN BASEBALL CLUB Spring Fever Memorabilia, Putnam Valley, New York Association, making Fleet and his brother Weldy, who played on Abraham Lincoln 1 8 6 5 - 1 8 7 2 Courtesy of Chicago History Museum The Pythian Club, an amateur African-American baseball club from the same team, the last black major leaguers prior to Jackie Philadelphia, is denied mem- Robinson in 1947. FREEDMEN’S BUREAU brand of the National Pastime. It was here that bership in the National As seen in the let- A federal agency responsible for improving ter below, Walker education and attaining other civil rights is “The prejudices of race are rapidly disappearing. and the Toledo black baseball became the seedbed for those tal- created to help freed slaves. Cincinnati team routinely Red Stockings, faced the specter 1869. A week Courtesy of ented players who eventually paved the way to or two ago we chronicled a game between the 1 8 6 5 - 1 8 7 7 First schoolhouse built for the education of RECONSTRUCTION 1 8 6 9 integrated baseball. Dozens of barnstorming Freedmen, Port Hudson, Louisiana 1i Courtesy of Chicago History Museum 1J 1F Pythian 1G 1H Federal troops are stationed in the South to help THE CINCINNATI RED re-establish those states back into the Union. The Cuban Giants, 1888 STOCKINGS black teams had developed and were playing (colored) and Olympics (white) clubs of Courtesy of Lillian Dabney around the country by the time the first successful black league Philadelphia. was formed in 1920. 1 8 6 6 The Closing Door We the undersigned do hereby warn you not to put up Walker, “Printmaker to the People” AFRICAN-AMERICAN REGIMENTS Called “Buffalo Soldiers” by Native Americans, 1 8 7 1 African-American soldiers are recruited to the , the evenings that you play in Richmond, as we serve in Army units in the West. Some journalists continued to fan the dying embers of Currier and Ives, one of America's most popular FIRST PROFESSIONAL LEAGUE Though plagued by financially weak franchises hope for integration in the , but many could mention the names of 75 determined men who have sworn to pictorial records, cruelly ridiculed the ability of Baseball team, Troop L, Ninth Calvary, CIVIL RIGHTS ACT As the number of black baseball leagues changed and grew, Fort Wingate, New Mexico and players jumping from team to team, baseball’s Courtesy of Palace of the Governors Photo Archives Forbids discriminatory state laws or first professional league, the National Association, Americans were already busy closing opportunity to African Americans to play baseball. Although no (NMHM/DCA), Negative no. 98374 mob Walker if he comes on the ground in a suit. We hope you will Black Codes, giving equal rights to all male citizens operates for five sea6s. African Americans. Black teams like the Pythians of longer acceptable today, it was common for this form of segregated ball was embraced by local towns and KU KLUX KLAN Troy Haymakers of the National Association, 1871 Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Philadelphia played all comers, including white teams, remarks and images like these to appear in print listen to our words of warning, so that there will be no trouble; Groups such as the KKK begin subjecting African Americans to a reign of terror, 1 8 7 6 neighborhoods, with teams and players earning both legendary but opportunities for such interracial contests quickly during the 19th century. The following letter to a campaign of intimidation and violence that would continue for more than 100 years. but if you do not there certainly will be. We only write this to diminished. Ironically, Pythians captain and star player the editor of Sporting Life in 1887 echoed such With tougher player contracts, the National League begins play with eight teams, including the four strongest franchises status as well as income for their communities. Following World Octavius Catto was murdered during riots in Philadelphia prejudice. prevent much bloodshed, as you alone can prevent. 1 8 6 8 from the defunct National Association. War II and the loyal service of more than one million segregated on the day of the first important election in which black FOURTEENTH AMENDMENT men were legally allowed to vote, October 10, 1871. ––Letter from the Richmond, Virginia team to the of Toledo team regarding Moses Fleetwood Walker, 1883 Grants citizenship to all people born on U.S. soil, affording them 1 8 7 8 Good sherry has a fine nutty flavor and so equal protection and due process of law regardless of race A f ri c a n - A m e rican soldiers, the game itself finally became a testing FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN PROFESSIONAL PLAYER perhaps we would then remark that the Bud Fowler plays for pay in Lynn, Massachusetts, on a team in the minor league International Association. g round for integrating American life. Jackie Ro b i n s o n’s “breaking of colored club were darkhorses and that they 1 8 7 0 played nobly and all that sort of thing, but FIFTEENTH AMENDMENT please, Mr. Editor, can't we say that a the color barri e r” in 1947 eventually led to desegregation of the sport Makes it illegal to prevent voting based on race 1 8 7 8 Octavius V. Catto, Philadelphia schoolteacher, civil rights brunette manager in search of colored advocate and captain of the all-black Philadelphia RESERVE CLAUSE Pythians baseball team, c. 1867 players is on a grand coon hunt? A Foul Tip, Currier and Ives, 1882 at eve r y level. Gi ven new opport u n i t y, many talented black playe r s National League teams agree to abide by the reserve clause, Courtesy of the Urban Archives, Temple University, Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library 1 8 7 7 allowing them to continually hold a player’s rights and preventing Philadelphia, Pennsylvania —T.T.T., The Sporting Life, 1887 took the majors by storm, dominating the most important award s SEGREGATION EXPANDS players from voluntarily switching teams. Following the contested 1876 Hayes-Tilden presidential election and the official end to Reconstruction, many state governments begin 1 8 8 2 and making their mark in the re c o rd books. passing to deny equal rights to African Americans. AMERICAN ASSOCIATION

Competing with the National League, 1 8 8 1 a new major league begins its 10-year . Findlay, Ohio team with black players Grant Johnson TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE (second row, far left) and Bud Fowler (second row, far right), 1895 By 1959, every major league team’s roster was integrated, but Scorecard from a baseball match between the all-black Courtesy of the Mae Huston Local History Resource Center, Booker T. Washington serves as the first principal of Alabama’s Pythians of Philadelphia and the Washington Mutuals, a Hancock Historical Museum, Findlay, Ohio Tuskegee Institute, one of the nation’s first black colleges. famous amateur white team, June 28, 1867 His influential autobiography entitled 1 8 8 3 questions concerning true equality at every level of the sport, from Courtesy of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania (HSP), Up from Slavery was later published in 1901. Leon Gardiner Collection THE NATIONAL AGREEMENT

The National League and American Association agree to respect the executive office to the locker room, remained. Despite progress each other’s contracts, solidifying the reserve clause. Booker T. Washington, 1902 Courtesy of Library of Congress on many fronts, such issues continue in baseball today. African- 1 8 8 4 American participation in the sport is at its lowest level in almost LAST AFRICAN-AMERICAN MAJOR LEAGUERS Catcher Moses Fleetwood Walker plays the 1884 season with Toledo’s American Association team. His brother, Weldy, also plays briefly for Toledo. William Edward White, another ballplayer of 50 years, and limited opportunities for management and front African-American descent, played one major league game for the Providence Greys five years earlier.

Moses Fleetwood Walker, 1884\ office positions are still critical topics for discussion. Courtesy of National 1 8 8 6 Baseball Hall of Fame Library

SOUTHERN LEAGUE OF COLORED BASE BALLISTS

This segregated league in five southern states folds after only two months. 1K 1L 1M 1N 1o 2A 2B 2C 2D 2E Broadside featuring the Belmont Colored Giants of Harlem, 1908 Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library

A f r i c a n -American History Baseball History

1 8 8 7 GENTLEMEN’S AGREEMENT

Midway through the season, International League owners agree to sign no new contracts with African-American baseball players, sparking the tradition of barring black players from pro ball. Other leagues follow and the era of integrated baseball soon ends. BARNSTORMING ON THE OPEN ROAD 1887–1919 NATIONAL COLORED BASE BALL LEAGUE With teams from , Philadelphia, New York, Cincinnati, Land of Giants Washington, Pittsburgh, Baltimore and Louisville, this league fails within three weeks of its May opener. By 1887, some black players were on organized baseball rosters, Many black barn s t o rmi ng teams took the name “Giants” arguably because 1 8 9 1 mainly in the minor leagues. But during that season, the International of the prominence of the National AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOLDS Financially weakened by long years of competition with the National L e a g u e ’s New York Giants, who were League, the American Association fails. League owners agreed to make no new contracts with African- managed by John McGraw. These American players. In unspoken agreement, other leagues adopted black teams, among them the 1 8 9 6 Mohawk Giants of Schenectady, PLESSY V. FERGUSON DECISION

similar policies over the next 15 years. Black players, in response, the Union Giants of Chicago and the In a test of Jim Crow laws, the Supreme Court allows “separate Lincoln Giants of New York City, but equal” schools and public accommodations for African Americans, thereby supporting segregation of schools and started their own professional teams. They barnstormed throughout became giants in their own commerce throughout the country. c o m m u n i t i e s . many of the nation’s towns and cities, playing against all comers and 1 8 9 8

BATTLE OF SAN JUAN HILL

building a reputation for great baseball. By 1910, more than 60 teams African-American troops play a critical role in the Spanish-American War. were on the road. Some were so good that no amount of prejudice The New York Lincoln Giants featuring Hall of Fame catcher and 1 9 0 1 Byron “Ban” Johnson Courtesy of National Baseball power hitter (second row, seated far left), 1912 Hall of Fame Library could deny their talent. Even with the advent of organized black Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library declares the American League a major league, challenging the 25-year-old National League. baseball in 1920, many black teams continued to all the 1 9 0 3 W.E.B. DuBois 1 9 0 3 way up through the . Library of Congress THE SOULS OF BLACK FOLK FIRST MODERN Cuban X Giants W.E.B. DuBois publishes his essays on African-American life. Two years Boston defeats Pittsburgh in the first postseason meeting between the champions later he helps organize the Niagara Movement, created to promote of the American and National leagues. African-American rights and racial equality. Partially made up of players from the earlier Cuban Giants team in Long Island, New York, the Cuban X Giants roster 1 9 0 5

illustrated the frailty of contracts on African-American AFRICAN-AMERICAN NEWSPAPERS The Chicago Defender begins publication, followed in two years by the 1 9 0 7 teams. In general, pay was scarce and traveling and play- . The papers soon have nationwide audiences and become strong vocal opponents against racial inequality. ing conditions were usually marginal during the barnstorm- ’S HISTORY OF COLORED BASE BALL

Black baseball pioneer Tremendous Philadelphia Giants team with Sol White ing era. Players would “jump” their contracts to play with Solomon White’s History (standing, third from right), (standing, second of Colored Base Ball from left), and (sitting, second from left), more financially successful teams. It was difficult for teams all Hall of Fame inductees, 1904 to make a profit based on attendance at games because Chicago Defender masthead Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Courtesy of National Baseball so many other costs, such as rental of a baseball field, Hall of Fame Library decreased their revenues. Black teams scrambled regularly 1 9 1 0 2G to make ends meet and to keep their best players NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FOR THE 2i ADVANCEMENT OF COLORED PEOPLE 2F 2H throughout the era of segregated baseball. 2J Early Six activists, including W.E.B. DuBois and Henry Moscowitz, found the interracial NAACP to fight for equal rights and black integration. cover of The

Proclaiming themselves the “Colored World Champions” of 1909, CUBAN X G I A N T S the barnstorming St. Paul (Minn.) Gophers were one of several 1914 – 1919 independent all-black teams trumpeting that title. Sol White Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library WORLD WAR I

After the U.S. enters the war in 1917, more than 350,000 African Americans

Hall of Famer Sol White, historian Black troops, 1918 serve in the military. Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of early black baseball and player- of Fame Library 1916 – 1919 manager for the Philadelphia GREAT MIGRATION Giants, blamed Adrian “Cap” With many factory jobs available, the first mass Anson for racism in major league migration of African Americans from the rural South to the industrial North begins.

baseball because the powerf u l New arrivals to Newark, , 1918 Courtesy of Newark Public Library Chicago White Stockings manager 1 9 1 9 often refused to play teams with “BACK TO AFRICA” MOVEMENT Publisher and journalist Marcus Garvey starts his black players. Anson was not Black Star shipping line. Since 1914, Garvey had unusual in voicing the widespre a d promoted uniting people of African ancestry through his Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA). racism of the 1880s.

M O H AW K G I A N T S Sol White’s History of Colored Base Ball, printed in 1907, recorded much history of African-American baseball that might otherwise have been forgotten. The Mohawk Giants of Schenectady, New York, reached prominence in Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library the period 1913 to 1915. Their roster during that time included George “Chappie” Johnson (front row, second from right) at catcher and Frank Wickware (back row, second from left) as pitcher. Johnson is credited as being one of the first ballplayers, black or white, to line his catcher's mitt with goose feathers for increased padding. Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library

Marcus Garvey Courtesy of Library of Congress Cuban X Giants, c. 1895 Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library PRIDE & The African-American Baseball Experience 2K 2L 2M 2N 2o Jersey worn by James “Cool Papa” Bell, who played for the St. Louis Stars from Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 1922 to 1931 Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum 3A 3B Ball autographed by the , winners 3C 3D 3E of the 1924 World’s Colored Championship Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

A f r i c a n -American History Baseball History

1 9 2 0 s 1 9 2 0

HARLEM RENAISSANCE Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library AGE OF THE “” African-American music, art and literature flourish in New York City. Bandleader Duke Ellington, stage actor Paul Robeson, and poets Langston Hughes S E PA R ATE LEAGUES, PARALLEL LIVES 1920 – 1932 and Claude McKay figure prominently. Kansas City Monarchs BASEBALL’S FIRST COMMISSIONER The first of the Negro leagues, the Negro National League, was formed in Take to the Road Following the Black Sox Scandal of 1919, the National and American The Indianapolis ABCs INDIANAPOLIS ABCS leagues agree to appoint one person, federal judge Kenesaw Mountain Landis, to oversee the major leagues. 1920 by black owner-managers Rube Foster of the Chicago American NEGRO NATIONAL LEAGUE Charles Isham Taylor, known as C.I., began his baseball In the 1920s, the Kansas City Monarchs were among the first to travel in team owned vehicles instead of by rail. Eight team owners create the first successful league of African-American Giants and C.I. Taylor of the Indianapolis ABCs. They hoped to lessen the career in college like a number of other black players. teams. As president and booking secretary, Rube Foster is its most He and his two brothers, Jim (Candy) and Ben, all became The Monarchs' white owner, Hall of Fame executive J.L. powerful individual owner. His win the first three pennants. The NNL folds in 1931. effects of discriminatory practices of white-run booking agencies and to important leaders and players in black baseball during Wilkinson, traveled with them in “Dr. Yak,” the team bus. In the South, many restaurants often refused to serve black the early 20th century. C.I. organized several teams Rube Foster enhance opportunities for black players. A second league, the Eastern Courtesy of National Baseball 1 9 2 3 before finally settling with the ABCs in Indianapolis. He patrons. If the players could not find black restaurants, they Hall of Fame Library EASTERN COLORED LEAGUE was known for gentle, persuasive leadership, a style very had to locate grocery stores. Sometimes they did not eat Colored League, formed for the 1923 season. These leagues prospered in The Eastern Colored League forms an eastern circuit of teams different from the bluster and force of Rube Foster. After at all. In big cities, they could find housing in segregated to compete with the Negro National League. The ECL folds in 1928. hotels, but in small towns they slept in people’s homes, the boom years of the 1920s, as many southern rural African Americans C.I. Taylor's death in 1922, the Indianapolis team lost Kansas City Monarchs team members with their first bus and team owner J.L Wilkinson (standing, second from left), c. 1930 barns, under the stars or on their bus. several of its best players and faded from its earlier glory. Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library 1 9 2 4 migrated to northern and midwestern industrial cities. FIRST WORLD’S COLORED CHAMPIONSHIP Indianapolis ABCs team featuring Hall of Fame outfielder (back row, center), early 1920s With two African-American leagues, the first “World’s Colored Championship” is Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library played between Kansas City and Hilldale (Philadelphia), with Kansas City winning five of nine games. The series is played irregularly until 1948.

Rube Foster (back row, far left) and the Chicago American Giants, 1920, also featuring Hall of Famer Cristóbal Torriente (top left). Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library 1 9 2 5

BROTHERHOOD OF SLEEPING CAR PORTERS CHICAGO AMERICAN GIANTS A. Philip Randolph organizes this influential African-American labor union, the first of its kind.

KANSAS CITY MONARCHS Kansas City Monarchs, c. 1920 Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library INDIANAPOLIS ABCS Chicago American Giants with Dave Malarcher The Chicago American Giants (front row, third from left), 1927 Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Indianapolis ABCs, 1915, with team leader C.I. Taylor The Eastern Colored League (middle row, center) and Hall of Famers Ben Taylor (top row, second from left) and Oscar Charleston The Chicago American Giants enjoyed one of the longest 1929 – 1939 1 9 2 9 (back row, center). AMERICAN NEGRO Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Seeing the success of histories of any African-American baseball team. Organized LEAGUE the Negro National by Rube Foster and John Schorling in 1911, the American The stock market crashes; many banks, farms and businesses fail; and the unemployment rate soars. The Eastern Colored League League, Ed Bolden, Giants were a dominant team throughout the teens and revives itself as the American manager and part the Negro league era from 1920 onward. “Gentleman” Negro League, owner of the Hilldale Dave Malarcher was the soft-spoken and fleet-footed third 1 9 2 9 club of suburban baseman, who later became manager of the club. EAST-WEST LEAGUE Philadelphia, joined 3F 3G 3H 3i After both the Negro 3J Nat Strong, a powerful National League and the Eastern Colored League fold, white booking agent some owners start the East- who controlled two New York black baseball teams, to Chicago American Giants jersey belonging to “Gentleman” Soup kitchen for the unemployed, 1930 Courtesy of Chicago History Museum

H I L L D A L E S Rube Foster and the First Successful Pro League The Hilldales World’s Colored Championship The St. Louis Stars

Andrew “Rube” Foster played for numerous teams in the 1890s and Ed Bolden's Hilldales, already a professional club In 1924, the Kansas City Monarchs, champions of the The St. Louis Stars were one of the most early 1900s. By the 1910s, he had shifted to managing, first with for six seasons, won the Eastern Colored League Negro National League, and Hilldale of suburban consistent teams in the Negro National

Chicago’s Leland Giants and then the Chicago American Giants. pennant three straight years from 1923 to 1925. Philadelphia, champions of the Eastern Colored League, Baseball watch fobs given to Hilldale’s and the League during the 1920s. They almost In 1920, he pioneered the first successful professional black league, the Typical of professional black teams, the Hilldales, played the first World’s Colored Championship, with Kansas City Monarchs’ Newt Joseph for the 1925 and 1924 always finished in the first division and World’s Colored Championships, respectively. Negro National League. This league had teams from the midwestern based in Darby, Pennsylvania, played a variety of games in four different cities to increase attendance. Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame sometimes took the championship. and Museum cities of Chicago, Dayton, Indianapolis, Kansas City, Detroit and St. clubs, including other league teams, white semi The Monarchs won in 1924; the following year Hilldale Lightning fast James “Cool Papa” Bell was Louis, as well as the Cuban Stars. Sadly, no matter how successful the pros and local teams. During the peak season, captured the series. among the best-known ballplayers. Black Negro leagues became, they were never considered equal to the white one or two games a day, seven days a week, was teams tended to play a very fast running The Hilldale club, featuring Hall of Famers Louis Santop major and minor leagues as Foster had hoped. not unusual. By the mid-1930s, three games a (back row, far right) and Biz Mackey (back row, game, a strategy they kept while adding thrid from left), 1924 day on weekends and holidays became common. Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library power hitting in the 1920s. In contrast, St. Louis Stars with white major league teams began to adopt (sitting, third from left), 1928 Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library “Organization is [black baseball’s] only a slower-paced, slugging brand of ball during the same era. hope. With the proper organization

patterned after the men who have made Belt buckle celebrating Hilldale’s Eastern Colored League championship, 1923 Ed Bolden Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Courtesy of Cash-Thompson Collection, Afro-American Historical and Cultural Museum, baseball a success, we will in three years Philadelphia This broadside from 1925 advertises the Kansas City Monarchs’ victory in the 1924 World’s Colored Championship Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library be rated as other leagues.” Rube Foster quoted in the Indianapolis Freeman, 1913

Jersey, cap, bat and sunglasses belonging to outfielder James “Cool Papa” Bell, who played for the St. Louis Stars from 1922 to 1931 Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Program from the first “World’s Colored Championship,” played in 1924 between the Negro National League’s Kansas City Monarchs and the Eastern Colored League champion Hilldales of Philadelphia PRIDE & Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library The African-American Baseball Experience

3K 3L 3M 3N Ball autographed by the Kansas City Monarchs, winners of the 3o 1924 World’s Colored Championship Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Warm-up jacket worn Glove used by Dave Barnhill, a pitcher for Glove Jersey by pitcher Chet the New York Cubans from 1941 to 1948 belonging to from the Brewer for the Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball outfielder Pittsburgh 4A 4B 4C Jimmy 4D 4E Hall of Fame and Museum Crawfords, Crutchfield, who played

A f r i c a n -American History Baseball History

Estrellas Importadas jersey worn by Hall of Famer The PAVING THE WAY 1933–1946 Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Gus Greenlee created the professional Pittsburgh Crawfords team from an amateur President ’s team poses in the in 1937. 1 9 3 3 1 9 3 3 The Great Depression of the 1930s hard in the many new and Among the players who left the Pittsburgh Crawfords to play for Trujillo’s club, first fielding the pro team in 1932. He team were (middle row, far right), (back row, NEW DEAL THE SECOND NEGRO NATIONAL LEAGUE far left), and James “Cool Papa” Bell (front row, center). built , making the Crawfords President Franklin Roosevelt designs far-reaching programs to With teams from Chicago, Pittsburgh, Baltimore, Cleveland, Nashville, vibrant, but relatively poor, black neighborhoods of industrialized All-Stars Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library improve the economy and provide publicly-funded jobs Detroit and Columbus (Ohio), a new NNL is formed. It lasts until 1948. one of the few Negro league teams of the during the Great Depression. EAST-WEST GAME America, where spending power was already limited. Attendance 1930s to own its home field. The new club Pioneered in 1933, the East-West Game put the best players Beginning the same year as the first major league All-Star Game, the provided strong competition for the powerful East-West All-Star Game in Chicago is the highlight of the African- of the Negro leagues in the spotlight at Chicago’s Comiskey American baseball year. Played until 1950, it frequently outdraws the at black baseball games plummeted. By 1931, both the Negro , another Pittsburgh team. majors’ Midsummer Classic. Park. It drew as many as 50,000 fans for one of the most This rivalry lasted until 1937, when the National and Eastern Colored leagues had folded. But black baseball important events in the African-American community. Some Crawfords were weakened as their best fans came on specially chartered trains from all over the Ticket to the East-West All-Star Game, 1948 re o rg a n i z e d with two new leagues, the second Negro National players jumped their contracts to play for Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library country. The East-West Game also provided the venue Marian Anderson at the Rafael Trujillo, president-dictator of the Lincoln Memorial, 1939 where major league scouts and the white press saw many Bettmann/CORBIS League and the , forming in 1933 and The East squad from the 1939 East-West All-Star Game, featuring baseball-mad Dominican Republic. Buck Leonard (back row, far left), (back row, second from left) of the best black players for the first time. Chicago hosted and Josh Gibson (back row, third from right) 1 9 3 7 Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library the last East-West contest in 1953. 1937, respectively. Eventually grew into a The Latin Beat NEGRO AMERICAN LEAGUE

The new Negro American League brings several midwestern and southern multi-million dollar enterprise, one of the largest in the African- 1 9 3 9 barnstorming teams, such as the Kansas City Monarchs and the Memphis From the early 1900s, African-American Red Sox, back into league baseball. MARIAN ANDERSON AT LINCOLN MEMORIAL players and teams had strong ties with American community and a focus of pride. The teams of these Negro Baseball Pictorial Yearbook, 1945 Denied permission by the Daughters of the American Revolution Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Latin America. The best American players (DAR) to sing in Constitution Hall, Marian Anderson is revived leagues paved the way to major league integration. often played in winter leagues in invited to perform at the Lincoln Memorial. , and Mexico, where 1939 – 1945 they were treated like princes. A few, Night Games WORLD WAR II President Franklin Roosevelt, Opening Day, like , Josh Gibson and Willie Wells, Washington, D.C., 1937 Over one million black soldiers serve and fight in segregated units. Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library ended up playing several summer seasons Playing under lights helped preserve black baseball there too. during the Depression. The Negro leagues and the minors pioneered night games in the early 1930s, The flow of players also went in the other 1 9 4 0 FIRST BLACK GENERAL before they taken up by major league teams. Among direction. Unable to play in the majors because Colonel Benjamin Davis Sr. becomes the first African-American officer of the color of their skin, many great Latino the first to hold night games were the Kansas City promoted to a general’s rank in the American military. 1 9 4 2 Monarchs and their innovative owner J.L. Wilkinson, ballplayers came north to barnstorm and play GREEN LIGHT LETTER who traveled with their own generators and light with black teams in the U.S. Early Latino stars In a letter to President Roosevelt, Commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis offers stands. By moving contests to hours when more included Cuban natives José Méndez, the to cancel the 1942 season to help with the war effort. President Roosevelt says baseball is important for national morale and should continue. people could go to games, management improved Ball signed by participants in the first East-West Kansas City Monarchs’ pitching hero in the 1924 game, including Josh Gibson, James “Cool gate receipts many times over. Papa” Bell and Bingo DeMoss, 1933 World’s Colored Championship, Cristóbal Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball 1 9 4 3 Hall of Fame and Museum Torriente, the power-hitting outfielder who ALL-AMERICAN GIRLS helped lead the Chicago American Giants to PROFESSIONAL Broadside advertising the Kansas City Monarchs’ three straight pennants (1920-1922), and Colonel Benjamin Davis inspects troops, c. 1942 Courtesy of Library of Congress BASEBALL LEAGUE portable lighting system, c. 1930 Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Martín Dihigo, who played all nine positions Philip K. Wrigley founds the All- The with skill during a distinguished Negro Rockford Peaches league career. girls’ profes- sional 4F 4H baseball 1 9 4 5 team at the A 1949 program for the East-West Game, 4G 4J Savanna, black baseball’s all-star game 4i , EBONY MAGAZINE Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Ordinance Publisher John Johnson begins this popular and enduring magazine Depot, 1945 Courtesy of National Baseball geared towards African Americans.

Shoes belonging to pitcher Theolic “Fireball” The first cover of Ebony magazine Smith, who played for several teams, Courtesy of Johnson Publishing 1 9 4 6 including the Pittsburgh Crawfords and St. Louis Stars, from 1936 to 1951 ROBINSON BREAKS COLOR BARRIER Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Tools of the Game Ballparks for Rent The Homestead Grays Hall of Fame and Museum breaks the minor league color barrier when he debuts with the , a Brooklyn Dodgers farm club, on April 18. Equipment used by Negro leaguers is scarce today As Negro league crowds grew, team owners sometimes Travel was the way of life in the Negro leagues of the because players used their equipment until it was rented major league ballparks to increase their gate 1930s. Beyond playing a league schedule, many teams Mexico City team jersey worn by Ray Dandridge, c. 1946 beyond repair. Most Negro leaguers were outfitted receipts. Around New York City, black teams occasionally Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum also barnstormed continuously, sometimes playing at the beginning of the season with two uniforms, rented mammoth for Sunday. The three games a day. Nearly all teams kept their own sometimes second-hand, meant to survive a season Homestead Grays split their home schedule between vehicles, racking up thousands of miles criss-crossing of 200 to 300 games. Most players bought the rest of Pittsburgh’s and Washington’s , North America. Led by Cumberland “Cum” Posey, their equipment. If a player returned to which stood in a largely black neighborhood. The Brooklyn the Homestead Grays began as barnstormers before without a glove or shoes or ready cash, he could Eagles rented for homestands in 1935. joining the short-lived American Negro League in Bacardi Trophy awarded to the Brooklyn Eagles borrow against his first paycheck to buy equipment. for winning the Puerto Rican winter league, 1936 1929. They returned to barnstorming, but by 1937 this Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Jackie Robinson slides into base as a minor-leaguer with Montreal, 1946 The Negro leagues came to an end before the idea Hall of Fame and Museum legendary team was a dominant power in the second Traveling bag used by Buck Leonard, backbone of the Homestead Grays for 17 seasons Courtesy of the Photographs and Prints Division, The Schomburg Center of a baseball memorabilia market took hold, meaning Negro National League. Loaned by the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. League Champions for Research in Black Culture, The New York Public Library Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum the few objects that remained were often not saved. , one of the ’ best pitchers Like , the Negro leagues awarded an during the , was awarded this Bulova watch for his out- annual championship to the strongest team in each league. standing 1946 season, when the A season in the Negro leagues consisted of fewer games Eagles won the Colored World Program for the Philadelphia Stars vs. the New York Series. This watch might be than in major league baseball. Only a handful of teams Black Yankees at Yankee Stadium, 1941 compared to today’s Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Award of the major leagues. owned their fields and, thus, controlled the booking of their Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of games. This made it difficult to stick with the schedule as Fame and Museum the season progressed because most teams rented fields as they were available.

Negro National League trophy for 1940 season awarded The Homestead Grays, c. 1931 to the Homestead Grays, loaned by the Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

The Homestead Grays on the dugout steps at Griffith Stadium, Washington, D.C., 1940 PRIDE & Courtesy of the Collection of Lawrence Hogan The African-American Baseball Experience 4K 4L 4M 4N 4o Bat from Jackie Robinson’s 10-year major league career 5B 5C Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame 5D Glove from 5A and Museum 5E Jackie Robinson’s 10- year major Jackie Robinson’s #42 Brooklyn Dodgers jersey

Jackie Robinson’s warm-up jacket Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum A f r i c a n -American History Baseball History

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MAJOR LEAGUE BASEBALL INTEGRATES Many a Skill On April 15, Jackie Robinson is the first African American to play major league baseball in the 20th century. On July 5, the American League follows suit when takes the field for Cleveland.

Jackie Robinson burst onto the scene in 1947, breaking BLACK JOURNALISTS AND THE BBWAA JACKIE ROBINSON BREAKS THE BARRIER 1947 baseball's color barrier and bringing the Negro leagues' Wendell Smith and are the first black baseball writers admitted to the Baseball Writers’ Association of America. electrifying style of play to the majors. With Robinson as As World War II ended, many African Americans believed that “separate but the catalyst, the Brooklyn Dodgers won six National 1 9 4 8 1 9 4 8 League pennants and one World Series in his 10 seasons. MILITARY DESEGREGATES NEGRO NATIONAL LEAGUE FOLDS equal” could no longer be tolerated because while much was separate, little On the field, Robinson excelled in all aspects of the game. Despite objections by a few members of the officer corps, President By the end of the 1948 season, many of the best Negro league players Jackie Robinson’s image appeared on the May 8, 1950, cover of LIFE magazine He dominated the base paths, stealing home 19 times Truman begins desegregation of the military via Executive Order. to major or minor league teams. Fewer people come to Negro league was equal. Highly decorated black regiments helped foster the pride and Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library games, and several owners shut down operations rather than go bankrupt. while riling opposing pitchers with his daring baserunning impetus that demanded change in all parts of American life. Following the style. During his career, the six-time All-Star primarily 1 9 4 9 played second base, but also served multiple seasons at JACKIE ROBINSON EARNS MVP AWARD

death of commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis, Brooklyn Dodgers third base and first base. Robinson was named National In a stellar season, Jackie Robinson garners a league-leading 37 stolen bases and a .342 batting average to become the first black winner of the MVP award. League Rookie of the Year in 1947 and captured the 1950 – 1953 president and Jackie Robinson took the lead in testing KOREAN CONFLICT Jackie Robinson turns the play at Forbes Field in Pittsburgh National League’s Most Valuable Player (MVP) award in Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library U.S. combat units are integrated for the first time. America’s tolerance for integrated baseball. Under pressure, the major and 1949, leading the league in hitting (.342) and steals (37) 1 9 5 1 while knocking in 124 runs. His career batting average ALL-BLACK OUTFIELD (.311) ranks him in the top ten of all time at second base. In Game One of the World Series against the Yankees, the minor leagues began to desegregate, but slowly and on their own terms. New York Giants field the first all-black outfield in major league history— , and .

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BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION WOMEN IN THE NEGRO LEAGUES OF TOPEKA, KANSAS DECISION , and Peanut Johnson all In a case argued by lawyer , the play for Negro American League teams. U.S. Supreme Court rules that “” facilities are Program page featuring Toni Stone, unconstitutional. A year later the Court rules that school Connie Morgan and Peanut Johnson desegregation should proceed “with all deliberate speed.” Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library

Jack the Soldier American Hero 1 9 5 5 MONTGOMERY, ALABAMA BUS BOYCOTT Jackie Robinson served in the Army during World War II. Jackie Robinson became a hero to millions of refuses to move to the back of a city bus, triggering a boycott led by Rev. Martin Luther King Jr. , Americans. He embodied the hope that one day the Like many African Americans, he felt it was a war to end and energizing the . 1 9 5 6 prejudice as well as a war for democracy. Black soldiers color of a person's skin would no longer determine served in segregated units until after the war. Many were the limits of opportunity. Nearly everybody agre e d highly decorated for their service, and their that Robinson’s ability to tolerate prejudice, and his Rosa Park, Montgomery, Alabama, 1956 1 9 5 7 The Brooklyn Dodgers’ star pitcher becomes Bettmann/CORBIS the example helped highlight their right to full ability to play, helped many accept that A f r i c a n LITTLE ROCK NINE first African American to win the Cy Young Award participation as citizens when peace came in Americans belonged in the majors and in mainstre a m President Eisenhower mobilizes federal troops and the Arkansas National Guard to protect nine African-American students at a American life. 1945. Having been in the service made previously all-white high school in Little Rock. 1 9 5 9

Robinson somewhat older than the usual ALL MAJOR LEAGUE TEAMS baseball recruit, but it was an important part INTEGRATE 5J of his past for Branch Rickey and baseball 5F Robinson steals home in the 1955 World With Pumpsie Green’s signing by the Boston 5G 5H Series against the 5i Red Sox, all major league teams are finally inte- Jackie Robinson in military uniform Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame grated, but black ballplayers still find it difficult to make big league Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Library

Brooklyn Dodgers’ cap from Jackie Robinson’s 10-year major league career From the Barry Halper Collection Branch Rickey Encountering Hatred Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr. /National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum

Branch Rickey assigned Dodgers scout to Some Americans hated Robinson for crossing the color line and find an African American player with major league talent wrote vicious letters to him. Branch Rickey asked Robinson to turn and the courage to withstand harsh prejudicial treatment. the other cheek during his early years with the Dodgers. Following S u k e f o rth found his man in Kansas City Monarchs short s t o p his major league career, Robinson discussed how difficult it had Jackie Robinson. Despite opposition from major league been to rise above the racial hatred he encountered. owners, Rickey signed Robinson for the 1946 season with Brooklyn's in Montreal.

Jackie Robinson played the 1946 season with the Montreal Royals, Brooklyn’s International League farm team. Rickey hoped that Canada, a country with less racial prejudice, would provide Robinson with a gentler introduction to the minors. Robinson’s strong season with the Royals laid the Jackie Robinson and Branch Rickey groundwork for his promotion to the Dodgers in 1947. Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library “It is said on good authority that one of the leading players and a manager of the National League is advocating the entrance of colored players in the National League with a view of signing Matthews, the colored man, late of Harvard. It is not expected that he will succeed in his advocacy of such a move, but when such actions come to notice, there are grounds for hoping that some day the bar will drop and some good man will be chosen from out of the colored profession that will be a credit to all, and pave the way for others to follow.”

Examples of hate mail received by Jackie Robinson when he broke into the majors ––Sol White, History of Colored Base Ball, 1907 Courtesy of Rachel Robinson In Jack Roosevelt Robinson, Branch Rickey found PRIDE & Sol White’s “good man” to “pave the way.” The African-American Baseball Experience 5K 5L 5M 5N 5o 6B 6C 6D 6E

Baseball cards honoring award-winning African-American players 6A Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library

A f r i c a n -American History Baseball History

League Leaders 1 9 6 0 1 9 6 0 POST INTEGRATION ERA 1948–PRESENT LUNCH COUNTER SIT-INS EGRO MERICAN EAGUE OLDS N A L F Courtesy of the National Archives and Records Administration, African-American students in North Carolina stage sit-ins at lunch With the continuing integration of the white major leagues, Washington, D.C In 1949, , Larry Doby, Don Newcombe counters where they are not allowed to eat. the Negro American League can no longer support itself and Jackie Robinson made All-Star Game history at with its remaining talent base. Ebbets Field as the first African-American players on the 1 9 6 2 roster. Former Negro leaguers Campanella and BUCK O’NEIL Between 1947 and 1959, every major league team’s roster Integration Is Gradual Newcombe teamed with Robinson to make the Brooklyn 1 9 6 3 First African-American major league , MARCH ON WASHINGTON was integrated, but in baseball, as in all parts of American life, Dodgers a perennial contender for the National League with the pennant and, ultimately, the World Championship in 1955. Martin Luther King Jr. delivers his “I Have a Dream” speech to a massive protest questions concerning true equality of opportunity remained After Jackie Robinson's 1947 Dodgers debut, pressure rally of nearly 250,000 in front of the Lincoln Memorial. The civil rights leader Newcombe, a pitcher and an all-around ballplayer, won receives the Nobel Peace Prize the following year. mounted for the rest of the major league teams to inte- unresolved. The presence of black players, managers or team 20 games in 1955 and batted .359 with seven home runs. grate. But progress was slow, and it would take more than officials was not always fully accepted or welcomed. Despite In 1956 he won 27 games and was awarded baseball’s 1 9 6 4 a decade before every club had at least one African- first Cy Young Award. , National League CIVIL RIGHTS ACT progress on many fronts in baseball, such issues continue to American player on its roster. Sam Jethroe (in the uniform of the Boston Braves) Rookie of the Year in 1950, led the league in stolen bases Outlaws racial discrimination in all public accommodations and employment be discussed today. Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library in his first two seasons, but injuries limited his major TWENTY-FOURTH AMENDMENT On Opening Day 2002, Hall of Famer wore this jersey when he “Colored” entrance tickets for a minor league Eastman (Georgia) Buck O’Neil Dodgers game, c. 1953 league career to just three full seasons. Jethroe played returned to the dugout as the manager of the . In 1975, Robinson Abolishes poll taxes in federal elections, which are required by some southern Courtesy of National Baseball During the 1972 World Series, Jackie Robinson called attention Donated by Hal M. Smith, Jr. had made baseball history when he was chosen by the as the states in an effort to prevent African Americans from voting Hall of Fame Library Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library for the Boston Braves and the Pittsburgh Pirates. major leagues’ first African-American manager. to the absence of African-American managers in the majors. Donated by Frank Robinson VOTING RIGHTS ACT Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Abolishes literacy-test requirements and other discriminatory Not until 1975 did Frank Robinson break the manager’s color practices traditionally used to keep black citizens from registering to vote Emmett Ashford line, piloting the Cleveland Indians for three years. Over the Courtesy of National Baseball ASSASSINATED Hall of Fame Library

years, and often outside the public eye, integration of baseball’s Three gunmen kill the civil rights leader at a speaking engagement in Manhattan. executive offices and related businesses has remained an issue. AFFIRMATIVE ACTION

Roy Campanella, Larry Doby, Don Newcombe and Jackie President Lyndon B. Johnson signs an Executive Order requiring Robinson pose on the dugout steps at the 1949 All-Star all government contractors and subcontractors to take Game at Ebbets Field in Brooklyn, New York. This was the “affirmative action” to expand job opportunities for minorities. first All-Star Game to feature black players on the roster. Courtesy of United Press International 1 9 6 6 1 9 6 6

FIRST AFRICAN-AMERICAN SENATOR SINCE RECONSTRUCTION EMMETT ASHFORD First African-American in the major leagues is elected to the U.S. Senate from Massachusetts. He is the first African-American senator since Reconstruction. ’ INDUCTION SPEECH

During his Hall of Fame induction speech, Ted Williams calls for recognition of the great Negro league players and hopes they will Founded by black revolutionaries Huey Newton, and Richard Aoki, some day be elected to the Hall of Fame. Don Newcombe and Roy Campanella Curt Flood Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library the party promotes militant self-defense and black liberation. Courtesy of National Baseball windbreaker jacket belonging to Comer Cottrell, Jr., the first Hall of Fame Library African American to become a major league team owner. Cottrell partnered with George W. Bush to buy the club in 1989. Donated by Comer Cottrell, Jr. 1 9 6 7 Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum THURGOOD MARSHALL 1 9 7 0 The U.S. Senate approves President Lyndon Johnson’s nomination of CURT FLOOD Thurgood Marshall, making him the first black Supreme Court justice. After refusing to play for Philadelphia following a 1969 Handbill urging integration of the New York Yankees, CIVIL RIGHTS PROTESTS CONTINUE trade, Flood sues Major League distributed by the American Labor Party at Yankee Stadium, 1953 Thurgood Marshall Baseball in an effort to abolish In 1975, Frank Robinson made baseball history when he was chosen Two years after riots erupted in the Watts section of , Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library (Background Photo) Courtesy of Library by the Cleveland Indians as the major leagues' first African-American of Congress civil rights protests spread to northern cities where they sometimes After Jackie Robinson integrated the manager. Robinson excelled as a player as well in a 21-season career. turn violent. Newark and Detroit experience major riots in July. ballfield itself, other areas of the game 1 9 7 1 He was the only player to win the Most Valuable Player award in both followed slowly. In some major league the National and American leagues and ranks in the top ten in career FIRST ALL-BLACK St. Louis Browns home jersey worn by Satchel Paige, cities, black and white teammates 6G 6H LINEUP 6J 6F home runs. Robinson went on to manage the San Francisco Giants, the 1952 6i could not stay in the same hotels or Donated by Lee MacPhail , the Montreal Expos and the . On September 1, the Pittsburgh eat in the same restaurants. In the Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Courtesy of the National Baseball Hall of Fame Library Pirates use the first all-black lineup in major league history.

1 9 6 8 SATCHEL PAIGE Larry Doby and Satchel Paige MARTIN LUTHER KING JR. AND ROBERT F. KENNEDY Satchel Paige becomes the first player inducted into the Pride and Passion: The African-American Baseball Experience, a traveling exhibition for libraries, National Baseball Hall of Fame based solely on his ASSASSINATED performance in the Negro leagues.

was organized by the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum, Cooperstown, New York, Senator Kennedy is shot following the Democratic Party primary for 1 9 7 4 In , the American League began integrating when Several Negro league owners, including Hall of Famer president just two months after the killing of Dr. King, the civil rights leader. and the American Library Association Public Programs Office, Chicago. The traveling exhibition has been made Effa Manley, hoped that the Negro leagues would Former Negro league player and star and the Cleveland Indians signed Larry Doby. Satchel Paige at his 1971 induction possible by a major grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities: great ideas brought to life. Hank Aaron passes as the career Courtesy of National Baseball Doby would go on to lead the American League in home become formal minor leagues within the majors’ The citizens of New York’s 12th District, located in Brooklyn, record holder in major league history. Hall of Fame Library elect the first black woman to the U.S. Congress as a member runs with 32 in both 1952 and 1954. Though legendary organizational structure. Instead, the major leagues The traveling exhibition is based on an exhibition of the same name on permanent display at the of the House of Representatives. MLB PARTICIPATION pitcher Satchel Paige was nearing 50 years old when signed only the strongest black players, leaving African Americans make up nearly one quarter of all National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. players on major league rosters, the height of black other players, experienced managers and black participation in baseball history. integration began, he still enjoyed a brief major league Shirley Chisolm Courtesy of Library of Congress 1 9 7 8 career, playing for both the Cleveland Indians and St. owners with no role in the integrated game. Manley AFFIRMATIVE ACTION UPHELD Louis Browns. He also appeared in one game for the and her husband owned the Newark Eagles baseball 1 9 7 5 The U.S. Supreme Court upholds affirmative action policies in the Kansas City Athletics in 1965. franchise in the Negro leagues from 1935 to 1946. Regents of the University of California V. Bakke decision. FRANK ROBINSON The majors’ first African-American field manager works for the Cleveland Indians from 1975 through 1977. He goes on to 1 9 8 3 manage San Francisco, Baltimore, Montreal and Washington. Any views, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this exhibition do not necessarily reflect those of the National Endowment for the Humanities. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. DAY 1 9 8 4 New national holiday approved by the U.S. Congress, to begin in 1986 IN THE FRONT OFFICE Effa Manley The National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum wishes to recognize the following for their The Atlanta Braves promote Bill Lucas to vice president and Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library director of player personnel, making him the first African American to assistance in the development of this exhibit: head up front office operations for a major league club.

Jersey worn by Cleveland Indians Larry Doby, 1948 1 9 8 9 Loaned by the National Museum of American History, Dick Clark Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. BILL WHITE Photo by Milo Stewart, Jr./National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum Phil Dixon Dr. Lawrence Hogan A 13-year major league player, Bill White becomes president of the National League. Len Coleman, 1 9 9 2 Bill White John Holway another African American, succeeds him from 1994 to 1999. Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library COMER COTTRELL JR. First African-American woman elected to the U.S. Senate Rachel Robinson Comer Cottrell, Jr. becomes part-owner of the Texas Rangers, making him the first African American to partially Mary Quinn, National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum OS NGELES IOTS Gretchen S. Sorin L A R own a major league team. After four white police officers are found not guilty of using excessive force in the videotaped beating of African-American 1 9 9 2 The Hall of Fame would also like to thank Major League Baseball Rodney King, riots erupt in Los Angeles. CITO GASTON for funding the Museum’s study on African-American baseball from 1860 to 1960, Toronto’s Cito Gaston is the first African-American manager to lead conducted by the Negro Leagues Researchers & Authors Group from 2001 to 2005. 1 9 9 5 his team to a World Series victory.

MILLION MAN MARCH Cito Gaston 1 9 9 3 Courtesy of National Baseball This Washington, D.C. rally seeks to strengthen the family Hall of Fame Library and challenge negative images of African-American men. FIRST BLACK GENERAL MANAGER

Bob Watson is promoted to GM by the Astros, becoming the first black man to hold this post in the major leagues. 2 0 0 1 Three years later he wins a World Series as Yankees GM.

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Colin Powell becomes U.S. Secretary of State, the first JACKIE ROBINSON’S NUMBER RETIRED African American appointed to this high political office. PRIDE & Robinson’s number “42” is retired throughout all levels of professional Courtesy of National Baseball Hall of Fame Library baseball, an honor never before bestowed on any player.

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ROSA PARKS DIES BLACK PARTICIPATION DECLINES The civil rights pioneer is the first woman to lie in honor in the U.S. Capitol Rotunda. African-American participation in . the majors is down to 6K 6L 6M 6N nine percent, the lowest since 6o