DOCSLIB.ORG

General Anatomy of Sharks

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
General Anatomy of Sharks 6 General Anatomy of Sharks dorsal-fin spine first dorsal fin second dorsal fin spiracle eye caudal keel nostril caudal fin gill slits mouth clasper anal fin pelvic fin (male) pectoral fin General Anatomy of Skates Dorsal scapular thorns (S) nuchal thorns (N) mid-dorsal thorns (D) malar hooks tail thorns dorsal fins rostral thornlets caudal fin Skate Clasper orbital thorns (O) interdorsal thorns clasper (male) spiracle cloaca pseudosiphon ventral lobe dorsal lobe alar hooks pelvic fin gill slits Ventral pectoral fin 7 8 General Anatomy of Egg Cases Egg Case Dorsal View byssal threads byssal threads byssal threads attached at attached at attached at mid-case posterior byssal threads anterior margin margin attached on anterior horns byssal threads attached on posterior horns anterior horns anterior posterior posterior horns margin margin Egg Case Lateral View anterior horns (with dorsal curl) dorsal surface case length mid-case width mid-case keel (includes keels) keel width ventral surface posterior horns Key to the Sharks, Skates, and Ratfish of Alaska 1 One gill slit on each side of head, covered by an opercle. page 18 Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) Gill slits 5-7, on sides or underside of head 2 2 (1) Body not flattened, nearly round in cross section; pectoral fins not enlarged or fused with head; gill openings on side of head Sharks 3 Body distinctly flattened; pectoral fins large and fused with head, giving the body a disc shape; gill openings on underside of head Skates 11 3 (2) Anal fin absent 4 Anal fin present 5 4 (3) Single spine at front of each dorsal fin; pectoral fins large and pointed; caudal fin with two distinct lobes . page 20 Spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) No spine at front of dorsal fins; pectoral fins small and rounded; caudal fin without distinct lobes. .page 22 Pacific sleeper shark (Somniosus pacificus) 5 (3) Gill slits 6; single dorsal fin. page 24 Bluntnose sixgill shark (Hexanchus griseus) Gill slits 5; two dorsal fins 6 6 (5) Gill slits highly elongate, extending from dorsal surface of head nearly to ventral midline of body; teeth very small, with flattened, posteriorly directed cusp. page 26 Basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus) Gill slits restricted to side of head; teeth relatively large, sharp, with one or more cusps 7 9 Key to the Sharks, Skates, and Ratfish of Alaska 10 7 (6) Front of first dorsal fin posterior to front of pelvic fins; caudal fin weakly developed; maximum length less than 70 cm. page 28 Brown cat shark (Apristurus brunneus) Front of first dorsal fin anterior to front of pelvic fins; caudal fin well developed; maximum length greater than 70 cm 8 8 (7) Caudal fin extremely heterocercal, with upper lobe many times length of lower lobe; teeth without serrations or cusps. page 30 Thresher shark (Alopias vulpinus) Caudal fin not extremely heterocercal; teeth with serrations or cusps 9 9 (8) Pectoral fin, head, and body long and narrow; two posterior-most gill slits above pectoral-fin base; caudal fin distinctly heterocercal. page 32 Blue shark (Prionace glauca) Pectoral fin, head, and body short and robust; all gill slits anterior to pectoral-fin base; caudal fin nearly homocercal 10 10 (9) First dorsal-fin base almost directly above pectoral-fin base; teeth with lateral cusps, not serrate; secondary lateral keel on caudal peduncle. page 34 Salmon shark (Lamna ditropis) First dorsal-fin base almost entirely posterior to pectoral-fin base; teeth without lateral cusps, serrate; no secondary lateral keel on caudal peduncle. page 36 Great white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) 11 (2) Snout firm to tip; pectoral-fin rays fall distinctly short of tip of snout 12. (Amblyraja and Raja) Snout flexible, especially near tip; pectoral-fin rays nearly reach tip of snout 14 . .(Bathyraja) 12 (11) Two or three pairs of scapular thorns; small rostral thorns (thornlets) present on dorsal surface near tip of snout. page 38 Roughshoulder skate (Amblyraja badia) Scapular thorns and rostral thorns absent 13 13 (12) Posterolateral margin of pelvic fin slightly concave; base of pectoral fin with large ocellus surrounded by ring of light spots; ventral surface nearly white; body diamond-shaped. .page 40 Big skate (Raja binoculata) Posterolateral margin of pelvic fin deeply notched; base of pectoral fin with ring of dark pigment; ventral surface dark; body diamond-shaped, with elongate snout. page 42 Longnose skate (Raja rhina) 14 (12) Scapular thorns present (may be reduced) 15 Scapular thorns absent 18 15 (14) Denticles absent from area surrounding tail thorns; orbital thorns present (but often obscure) 16 Denticles present in area around and between tail thorns; orbital thorns absent 17 16 (15) Dorsal surface generally brown, often with a few light spots or blotches; total midline thorn count typically 32 or less . page 44 Alaska skate (Bathyraja parmifera) Dorsal surface olive green with many dark spots or blotches and brighter yellow patches; total midline thorn count typically 31 or more. .page 46 “Leopard skate” (Bathyraja sp. cf. parmifera) 17 (16) Mid-dorsal row of thorns usually interrupted; tail thorns reduced along length of tail, 0-2 reduced thorns between dorsal fins; dorsal surface brown; clasper without pseudosiphon. .page 48 Bering skate (Bathyraja interrupta) Mid-dorsal row of thorns continuous (may be worn down in older specimens); tail thorns not reduced along length of tail, 1-2 strong thorns between dorsal fins; dorsal surface gray; clasper with pseudosiphon. page 50 Aleutian skate (Bathyraja aleutica) Key to the Sharks, Skates, and Ratfish of Alaska 11 Key to the Sharks, Skates, and Ratfish of Alaska 12 18 (14) Ventral surface typically creamy white; dorsal surface uniform brown or brown with pale, yellow, or green and black blotches; disc with thorns absent; median tail thorns weakly developed and progressively smaller toward tip of tail 19 Ventral surface dusky, dark, or blotchy; dorsal surface uniformly dark or dark with light blotches; disc with or without thorns; median tail thorns generally well developed along entire length of tail 21 19 (18) Dorsal surface of disc dull brown with black spots and blotches (no pale, yellow, or green blotches); denticles unevenly distributed on disc, often leaving bare patches; tail length less than or equal to precaudal length. .page 52 Okhotsk skate (Bathyraja violacea) Dorsal surface of disc usually with at least two pale or yellowish spots near pelvic fins, often with complex pattern of bright yellow or olive-green spots and blotches; denticles fine, dense, and evenly distributed on disc; tail length greater than or equal to precaudal length 20 20 (19) Disc small and rounded; dorsal coloration brown, usually with variable pale and black blotching, including a pale round ocellus near each pelvic-fin base; tail may have yellow blotches; clasper with pseudosiphon. page 54 Mud skate (Bathyraja taranetzi) Disc of moderate size and triangular; dorsal coloration brown to olive-green with extensive yellow blotching and smaller black spots, including a large irregularly shaped yellow blotch near each pelvic-fin base; tail with distinct yellow band near base; clasper without pseudosiphon. page 56 Butterfly skate (Bathyraja mariposa) 21 (18) Ventral surface of disc and tail covered with fine denticles; snout somewhat elongate . page 58 Deepsea skate (Bathyraja abyssicola) Ventral surface of disc and tail smooth, without denticles; snout not elongate 22 22 (21) Mid-dorsal thorns present and strong. page 60 Commander skate (Bathyraja lindbergi) Mid-dorsal thorns absent 23 23 (22) Nuchal thorns absent; dorsal and ventral surfaces uniformly dark brown to black, except for white patches often present around mouth and cloaca. page 62 Roughtail skate (Bathyraja trachura) Nuchal thorns present (rarely absent); dorsal surface usually with light blotches on disc or white patches between eyes; ventral surface dusky or blotchy to dark brown 24 24 (23) Nuchal thorns weak, 1-3 (rarely absent); dorsal surface uniformly gray-brown to dark brown, usually with white patches between eyes; ventral surface medium brown, usually with white patch around mouth and/or cloaca. page 64 Whitebrow skate (Bathyraja minispinosa) Nuchal thorns moderate, 1-7; dorsal surface gray with white blotches; ventral surface of disc dusky or blotchy, with dark tail typically separated from lighter disc by a distinct line. page 66 Whiteblotched skate (Bathyraja maculata) Key to the Sharks, Skates, and Ratfish of Alaska 13 14 Key to Egg Cases of Alaska Chondrichthyans 1 Case elongate, spindle or club shaped, without pair of horns at each end. page 18 Spotted ratfish (Hydrolagus colliei) Case ellipsoid to rectangular, with pair of horns at each end 2 2 (1) Case ellipsoid, small, length less than 60 mm; anterior horns with elongate tendrils; posterior horns short . page 28 Brown cat shark (Apristurus brunneus) Case rectangular, length greater than 60 mm; anterior horns without elongate tendrils; posterior horns short to long 3 3 (2) Case length more than 200 mm; length of any horn less than 1/4 mid-case width . page 40 Big skate (Raja binoculata) Case length less than 165 mm; length of any horn more than 1/4 mid-case width 4 4 (3) Posterior horns short, less than half of mid-case width, never overlapping; case width more than 100 mm; case smooth. page 42 Longnose skate (Raja rhina) Posterior horns long, more than half of mid-case width; case width less than 100 mm; case with low longitudinal ridges or bristly, fuzzy, or furry texture 5 5 (4) Case with rows of longitudinal spines creating heavily textured surface; keel narrow and indistinct 6 Case with rows of low longitudinal ridges creating smoothly ridged texture; keel wide and distinct 10 6 (5) Case length less than 77 mm, width less than 60 mm; case with longitudinal spinous rows creating rough rasp-like texture.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Age, Growth, and Sexual Maturity of the Deepsea Skate, Bathyraja
    AGE, GROWTH, AND SEXUAL MATURITY OF THE DEEPSEA SKATE, BATHYRAJA ABYSSICOLA A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Alaska Pacific University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Master of Science in Environmental Science by Cameron Murray Provost April 2016 Pro Q u est Nu m b er: 10104548 All rig hts reserv e d INF O RM ATI O N T O ALL USERS Th e q u a lity of this re pro d u ctio n is d e p e n d e nt u p o n th e q u a lity of th e c o p y su b mitt e d. In th e unlik e ly e v e nt th a t th e a uth or did n ot se n d a c o m ple t e m a nuscript a n d th ere are missin g p a g es, th ese will b e n ot e d. Also, if m a t eria l h a d to b e re m o v e d, a n ot e will in dic a t e th e d e le tio n. Pro Q u est 10104548 Pu blish e d b y Pro Q u est LL C (2016). C o p yrig ht of th e Dissert a tio n is h e ld b y th e A uth or. All rig hts reserv e d. This w ork is prot e ct e d a g a inst un a uth orize d c o p yin g un d er Title 17, Unit e d St a t es C o d e Microform Editio n © Pro Q u est LL C .
    [Show full text]
  • An Introduction to the Classification of Elasmobranchs
    An introduction to the classification of elasmobranchs 17 Rekha J. Nair and P.U Zacharia Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi-682 018 Introduction eyed, stomachless, deep-sea creatures that possess an upper jaw which is fused to its cranium (unlike in sharks). The term Elasmobranchs or chondrichthyans refers to the The great majority of the commercially important species of group of marine organisms with a skeleton made of cartilage. chondrichthyans are elasmobranchs. The latter are named They include sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras. These for their plated gills which communicate to the exterior by organisms are characterised by and differ from their sister 5–7 openings. In total, there are about 869+ extant species group of bony fishes in the characteristics like cartilaginous of elasmobranchs, with about 400+ of those being sharks skeleton, absence of swim bladders and presence of five and the rest skates and rays. Taxonomy is also perhaps to seven pairs of naked gill slits that are not covered by an infamously known for its constant, yet essential, revisions operculum. The chondrichthyans which are placed in Class of the relationships and identity of different organisms. Elasmobranchii are grouped into two main subdivisions Classification of elasmobranchs certainly does not evade this Holocephalii (Chimaeras or ratfishes and elephant fishes) process, and species are sometimes lumped in with other with three families and approximately 37 species inhabiting species, or renamed, or assigned to different families and deep cool waters; and the Elasmobranchii, which is a large, other taxonomic groupings. It is certain, however, that such diverse group (sharks, skates and rays) with representatives revisions will clarify our view of the taxonomy and phylogeny in all types of environments, from fresh waters to the bottom (evolutionary relationships) of elasmobranchs, leading to a of marine trenches and from polar regions to warm tropical better understanding of how these creatures evolved.
    [Show full text]
  • Function of the Respiratory System - General
    Lesson 27 Lesson Outline: Evolution of Respiratory Mechanisms – Cutaneous Exchange • Evolution of Respiratory Mechanisms - Water Breathers o Origin of pharyngeal slits from corner of mouth o Origin of skeletal support/ origin of jaws o Presence of strainers o Origin of gills o Gill coverings • Form - Water Breathers o Structure of Gills Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes • Function – Water Breathers o Pumping action and path of water flow Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Objectives: At the end of this lesson you should be able to: • Describe the evolutionary trends seen in respiratory mechanisms in water breathers • Describe the structure of the different types of gills found in water breathers • Describe the pumping mechanisms used to move water over the gills in water breathers References: Chapter 13: pgs 292-313 Reading for Next Lesson: Chapter 13: pgs 292-313 Function of the Respiratory System - General Respiratory Organs Cutaneous Exchange Gas exchange across the skin takes place in many vertebrates in both air and water. All that is required is a good capillary supply, a thin exchange barrier and a moist outer surface. As you will remember from lectures on the integumentary system, this is often in conflict with the other functions of the integument. Cutaneous respiration is utilized most extensively in amphibians but is not uncommon in fish and reptiles. It is not used extensively in birds or mammals, although there are instances where it can play an important role (bats loose 12% of their CO2 this way). For the most part, it: - plays a larger role in smaller animals (some small salamanders are lungless). - requires a moist skin which is thin, has a high capillary density and no thick keratinised outer layer.
    [Show full text]
  • New Zealand Fishes a Field Guide to Common Species Caught by Bottom, Midwater, and Surface Fishing Cover Photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola Lalandi), Malcolm Francis
    New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing Cover photos: Top – Kingfish (Seriola lalandi), Malcolm Francis. Top left – Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), Malcolm Francis. Centre – Catch of hoki (Macruronus novaezelandiae), Neil Bagley (NIWA). Bottom left – Jack mackerel (Trachurus sp.), Malcolm Francis. Bottom – Orange roughy (Hoplostethus atlanticus), NIWA. New Zealand fishes A field guide to common species caught by bottom, midwater, and surface fishing New Zealand Aquatic Environment and Biodiversity Report No: 208 Prepared for Fisheries New Zealand by P. J. McMillan M. P. Francis G. D. James L. J. Paul P. Marriott E. J. Mackay B. A. Wood D. W. Stevens L. H. Griggs S. J. Baird C. D. Roberts‡ A. L. Stewart‡ C. D. Struthers‡ J. E. Robbins NIWA, Private Bag 14901, Wellington 6241 ‡ Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, PO Box 467, Wellington, 6011Wellington ISSN 1176-9440 (print) ISSN 1179-6480 (online) ISBN 978-1-98-859425-5 (print) ISBN 978-1-98-859426-2 (online) 2019 Disclaimer While every effort was made to ensure the information in this publication is accurate, Fisheries New Zealand does not accept any responsibility or liability for error of fact, omission, interpretation or opinion that may be present, nor for the consequences of any decisions based on this information. Requests for further copies should be directed to: Publications Logistics Officer Ministry for Primary Industries PO Box 2526 WELLINGTON 6140 Email: [email protected] Telephone: 0800 00 83 33 Facsimile: 04-894 0300 This publication is also available on the Ministry for Primary Industries website at http://www.mpi.govt.nz/news-and-resources/publications/ A higher resolution (larger) PDF of this guide is also available by application to: [email protected] Citation: McMillan, P.J.; Francis, M.P.; James, G.D.; Paul, L.J.; Marriott, P.; Mackay, E.; Wood, B.A.; Stevens, D.W.; Griggs, L.H.; Baird, S.J.; Roberts, C.D.; Stewart, A.L.; Struthers, C.D.; Robbins, J.E.
    [Show full text]
  • XIV. Appendices
    Appendix 1, Page 1 XIV. Appendices Appendix 1. Vertebrate Species of Alaska1 * Threatened/Endangered Fishes Scientific Name Common Name Eptatretus deani black hagfish Lampetra tridentata Pacific lamprey Lampetra camtschatica Arctic lamprey Lampetra alaskense Alaskan brook lamprey Lampetra ayresii river lamprey Lampetra richardsoni western brook lamprey Hydrolagus colliei spotted ratfish Prionace glauca blue shark Apristurus brunneus brown cat shark Lamna ditropis salmon shark Carcharodon carcharias white shark Cetorhinus maximus basking shark Hexanchus griseus bluntnose sixgill shark Somniosus pacificus Pacific sleeper shark Squalus acanthias spiny dogfish Raja binoculata big skate Raja rhina longnose skate Bathyraja parmifera Alaska skate Bathyraja aleutica Aleutian skate Bathyraja interrupta sandpaper skate Bathyraja lindbergi Commander skate Bathyraja abyssicola deepsea skate Bathyraja maculata whiteblotched skate Bathyraja minispinosa whitebrow skate Bathyraja trachura roughtail skate Bathyraja taranetzi mud skate Bathyraja violacea Okhotsk skate Acipenser medirostris green sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus white sturgeon Polyacanthonotus challengeri longnose tapirfish Synaphobranchus affinis slope cutthroat eel Histiobranchus bathybius deepwater cutthroat eel Avocettina infans blackline snipe eel Nemichthys scolopaceus slender snipe eel Alosa sapidissima American shad Clupea pallasii Pacific herring 1 This appendix lists the vertebrate species of Alaska, but it does not include subspecies, even though some of those are featured in the CWCS.
    [Show full text]
  • Fish Bulletin 161. California Marine Fish Landings for 1972 and Designated Common Names of Certain Marine Organisms of California
    UC San Diego Fish Bulletin Title Fish Bulletin 161. California Marine Fish Landings For 1972 and Designated Common Names of Certain Marine Organisms of California Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/93g734v0 Authors Pinkas, Leo Gates, Doyle E Frey, Herbert W Publication Date 1974 eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY OF CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME FISH BULLETIN 161 California Marine Fish Landings For 1972 and Designated Common Names of Certain Marine Organisms of California By Leo Pinkas Marine Resources Region and By Doyle E. Gates and Herbert W. Frey > Marine Resources Region 1974 1 Figure 1. Geographical areas used to summarize California Fisheries statistics. 2 3 1. CALIFORNIA MARINE FISH LANDINGS FOR 1972 LEO PINKAS Marine Resources Region 1.1. INTRODUCTION The protection, propagation, and wise utilization of California's living marine resources (established as common property by statute, Section 1600, Fish and Game Code) is dependent upon the welding of biological, environment- al, economic, and sociological factors. Fundamental to each of these factors, as well as the entire management pro- cess, are harvest records. The California Department of Fish and Game began gathering commercial fisheries land- ing data in 1916. Commercial fish catches were first published in 1929 for the years 1926 and 1927. This report, the 32nd in the landing series, is for the calendar year 1972. It summarizes commercial fishing activities in marine as well as fresh waters and includes the catches of the sportfishing partyboat fleet. Preliminary landing data are published annually in the circular series which also enumerates certain fishery products produced from the catch.
    [Show full text]
  • Vertebrate Respiratory System Gills
    Dr. Medhavi Sudarshan Assist Prof nd B.SC 2 Year, Paper IV Deapt of Zoology JNL College , Khagaul Comparative Anatomy – Vertebrate Respiratory System Respiratory system is a system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. Respiration is the process of obtaining oxygen from the external environment & eliminating CO2. External respiration - oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between the external environment & the body cells Internal respiration - cells use oxygen for ATP production (& produce carbon dioxide in the process) In vertebrates the skin may be respiratory (e.g., anurans), while in some fishes and aquatic turtles, the vascular rectum or cloaca is respiratory. But there are two main types of respiratory organs- gills for aquatic respiration and lungs for aerial respiration. Both gills and lungs may occur in the same animal. Accessory respiratory organs are also present in some vertebrates. In both kinds of respiration two conditions are essential; 1. The respiratory organs must have a rich blood supply with very thin moist epithelium covering the blood vessels so that these blood vessels are through into close contact with the environment (water or air). 2. The organs of respiration the blood vessels should be reduced to thin capillaries which expose a large surface area to the environment, so that blood is brought into close contact with the water or air in the respiratory organs. Gills Cartilaginous fishes: Septal gills. Cartilaginous fishes (Sharks) use gills to breathe rather than lungs. There is 5 to 7 gill arches, each bearing one gill slit and covered by the operculum, which acts as a lid over the gill.
    [Show full text]
  • Cutaneous Exchange • Evolution of Respiratory Mechanisms
    Lesson 25 Lesson Outline: Evolution of Respiratory Mechanisms – Cutaneous Exchange • Evolution of Respiratory Mechanisms - Water Breathers o Origin of pharyngeal slits from corner of mouth o Origin of skeletal support/ origin of jaws o Presence of strainers o Origin of gills o Gill coverings • Form - Water Breathers o Structure of Gills Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes • Function – Water Breathers o Pumping action and path of water flow Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Objectives: At the end of this lesson you should be able to: • Describe the evolutionary trends seen in respiratory mechanisms in water breathers • Describe the structure of the different types of gills found in water breathers • Describe the pumping mechanisms used to move water over the gills in water breathers References: Chapter 13: pgs 292-313 Reading for Next Lesson: Chapter 13: pgs 292-313 Function of the Respiratory System - General Respiratory Organs Cutaneous Exchange Gas exchange across the skin takes place in many vertebrates in both air and water. All that is required is a good capillary supply, a thin exchange barrier and a moist outer surface. As you will remember from lectures on the integumentary system, this is often in conflict with the other functions of the integument. Cutaneous respiration is utilized most extensively in amphibians but is not uncommon in fish and reptiles. It is not used extensively in birds or mammals, although there are instances where it can play an important role (bats loose 12% of their CO2 this way). For the most part, it: - plays a larger role in smaller animals (some small salamanders are lungless). - requires a moist skin which is thin, has a high capillary density and no thick keratinised outer layer.
    [Show full text]
  • Conclusions GRS 1 3 5 6 8 9 10 12 16 18 20 21 31 35 36 38 40 42 45 GREENLAND SEA
    a a b c d e a) b) c) d) e) Lynghammar University of Tromsø, Norway, A., Christiansen University of Washington,, J. USAS., Gallucci Murmansk Marine, V. BiologicalF., Karamushko Institute, Russia California, O. V., AcademyMecklenburg of Sciences, USA, C. Natural W. History& Møller Museum ,of P. Denmark R. Contact: [email protected] introduction The sea ice cover decreases and human activity increases in Arctic waters. Fisheries (by-catch issues), shipping and petroleum exploita- tion (pollution issues) make it imperative to establish biological base- OCCURRENCE OF lines for the marine fishes inhabiting the Arctic Ocean and adjacent seas (AOAS). As a first step towards credible conservation actions for the Arctic marine fish faunae, we examine the species-richness of chondrich- thyan fishes (class Chondrichthyes) pertaining to 16 regions within the AOAS: chimaeras, sharks and skates. CHONDRICHTHYAN materials and methods • Voucher specimens from Natural History Collections IN THE ARCTIC OCEAN • Annotated checklists (see selected references) • The CAFF Database on Arctic marine fishes (Christiansen et al., in AND ADJACENT SEAS progress) FISHES Only presence and absence data are considered, as reliable abundance data lack for most species. Occurrences known only from floating or beach-cast carcasses, such as Pacific sleeper shark (no. 17) and Alaska skate (no. 29) in the Chukchi Sea, are not considered conclusive evidence of presence and are not included. CHIMAERIFORMES HEXANCHIFORMES RAJIFORMES Chimaeridae - ratfishes Chlamydoselachidae
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to the Coastal Marine Fishes of California
    STATE OF CALIFORNIA THE RESOURCES AGENCY DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME FISH BULLETIN 157 GUIDE TO THE COASTAL MARINE FISHES OF CALIFORNIA by DANIEL J. MILLER and ROBERT N. LEA Marine Resources Region 1972 ABSTRACT This is a comprehensive identification guide encompassing all shallow marine fishes within California waters. Geographic range limits, maximum size, depth range, a brief color description, and some meristic counts including, if available: fin ray counts, lateral line pores, lateral line scales, gill rakers, and vertebrae are given. Body proportions and shapes are used in the keys and a state- ment concerning the rarity or commonness in California is given for each species. In all, 554 species are described. Three of these have not been re- corded or confirmed as occurring in California waters but are included since they are apt to appear. The remainder have been recorded as occurring in an area between the Mexican and Oregon borders and offshore to at least 50 miles. Five of California species as yet have not been named or described, and ichthyologists studying these new forms have given information on identification to enable inclusion here. A dichotomous key to 144 families includes an outline figure of a repre- sentative for all but two families. Keys are presented for all larger families, and diagnostic features are pointed out on most of the figures. Illustrations are presented for all but eight species. Of the 554 species, 439 are found primarily in depths less than 400 ft., 48 are meso- or bathypelagic species, and 67 are deepwater bottom dwelling forms rarely taken in less than 400 ft.
    [Show full text]
  • A Comparative Study of the Spiracle in Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii and Pisces
    University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 6-1939 A Comparative Study of the Spiracle in Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii and Pisces Miser Russell Richmond University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Richmond, Miser Russell, "A Comparative Study of the Spiracle in Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii and Pisces. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1939. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4396 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Miser Russell Richmond entitled "A Comparative Study of the Spiracle in Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii and Pisces." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Animal Science. Barton C. V. Ressler, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Henry Meyer, A. C. Cole Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Kay 22, 1939 To the Committee on Graduate Study:. I am submitting to you a thesis written by Miser Russell Richmond entitled "A Comparative Study of the Spiracle in Cycloatomata, Elasmobranchii and Pisces." I reconmend that it be accepted for nine quarter hours credit in partial fulfillment of the requirements tor the degree of Master of Science with a major in Zoology.
    [Show full text]
  • Your Inner Fish
    CHAPTER FIVE GETTING AHEAD It was two nights before my anatomy final and I was in the lab at around two in the morning, memorizing the cranial nerves. There are twelve cranial nerves, each branching to take bizarre twists and turns through the inside of the skull. To study them, we bisected the skull from forehead to chin and sawed open some of the bones of the cheek. So there I was, holding half of the head in each hand, tracing the twisted paths that the nerves take from our brains to the different muscles and sense organs inside. I was enraptured by two of the cranial nerves, the trigeminal and the facial. Their complicated pattern boiled down to something so simple, so outrageously easy that I saw the human head in a new way. That insight came from understanding the far simpler state of affairs in sharks. The elegance of my realization—though not its novelty; comparative anatomists had had it a century or more ago— and the pressure of the upcoming exam led me to forget where I was. At some point, I looked around. It was the middle of the night and I was alone in the lab. I also 108 happened to be surrounded by the bodies of twenty-five human beings under sheets. For the first and last time, I got the willies. I worked myself into such a lather that the hairs on the back of my neck rose, my feet did their job, and within a nanosecond I found myself at the bus stop, out of breath.
    [Show full text]