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A Comparative Study of the Spiracle in Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii and Pisces

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A Comparative Study of the Spiracle in Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii and Pisces University of Tennessee, Knoxville TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Masters Theses Graduate School 6-1939 A Comparative Study of the Spiracle in Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii and Pisces Miser Russell Richmond University of Tennessee, Knoxville Follow this and additional works at: https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes Part of the Animal Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Richmond, Miser Russell, "A Comparative Study of the Spiracle in Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii and Pisces. " Master's Thesis, University of Tennessee, 1939. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/4396 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of TRACE: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Miser Russell Richmond entitled "A Comparative Study of the Spiracle in Cyclostomata, Elasmobranchii and Pisces." I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree of Master of Science, with a major in Animal Science. Barton C. V. Ressler, Major Professor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Henry Meyer, A. C. Cole Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official studentecor r ds.) Kay 22, 1939 To the Committee on Graduate Study:. I am submitting to you a thesis written by Miser Russell Richmond entitled "A Comparative Study of the Spiracle in Cycloatomata, Elasmobranchii and Pisces." I reconmend that it be accepted for nine quarter hours credit in partial fulfillment of the requirements tor the degree of Master of Science with a major in Zoology. .�®�Major Profeasor We have read this thesis and recommend its acceptance: Accepted for the Committee --- :; J De.;�(E�,�'the Graduate School c:;:::::,,,- - A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE SPIRACLE IN THE CYCLOSTOMATA, EIASMOBRANCHII AND PISCES A THESIS Submitted to ..•... �- the Committee on Graduate Study . .;. ot . .... Q· • • : The University of Tennessee .; • 0 . in Partial Fulfillment ot the Requirements for the degree ot Master of Arts by Miser Russell Richmond June 1939 .&.CKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my appreciation to the Department of Zoology ot the· University of Tennessee tor the opportunity af'f'orded me to carry on this study.I am especially indebted to Professor Bartaa c.v.Ressler tor the suggestion of the problem, and for guidance. during. the study. I wiah,also, to thank the Library Staff of the University of Tennessee tor their cooperation in searoh tor litere.ture on the subject. 1.63524 IV TABI.E OF CONTENTS CHAPTER PAGE I. INTRODUCTION . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Statement of the purpose ••• ••••••••••••• 1 Importance of the investigation. • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Plan of investigation. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1 Classification of forms studied•• • • • • • • • • • • • l .II. LITERATURE • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Introductory statements. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 Description of Cyolostomata. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 3 The olfactory apparatus of Cyclostomata. • • • • • • • • 3 The Myxinoidei and Bdellostoma . • • • • • • • • • • • • 4 Gills of Cyclostomata. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 Spiracle or Elasmobre.nchii . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 5 Description of visceral region of.Elasmobranchii . • • • 6 Diverticula of spiracle. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 6 The spiracle in the Raji erinaceae . • • • • • • • • • • 8 Respiration of the Raji erinaoeae. • • • • • • • • • • • 8 Thymus-element of the spiracle . • • • • • • • • • • • • 9 The spiracle in the Teleostomi ••• • • • • • • • • • • 10 III. DISSECTION AND DISCUSSION••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 12 Description and discussion of the nasal apparatus ot Petromy1on marinua •••••••••• •• •••••• 12 Description and discussion of the spiracle of Squalus marinua•••• ••••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 14 Description and discussion of the spiracle of Raji erinaceae. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 23 V CRA.PrER PAGE Description and discussion of the spiracle in the Teleosts •••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 25 Description of the ear ot Petromyzon marinus • • • • • • 27 Description of the ear ot S3ualus aoanthiaa. • • • • • � 27 Description of the ear of Raji erinacea. • • • • • • • • 29 Description or the ear or Perea tlavesoena . • • • • • • 29 Formation of tympanum. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 31 IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32 VI LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS FIGURES PAGE 1. Petromyzon marinus, sagittal section ••• • • • • • • • • 13 2. Petromyzon marinus, sagittal section through olfactory apparatus x 3 •• • • •••••••• ••• ••••••• 13 3. Squalus acanthias. aide view of head ••• • ••••••• 16 4. Squalus acanthias, dorso-lateral view showing structures under the skin and skin muscles•• ••••••••••• 16 6. Squalus acanthias. dorso-lateral view showing structures. 1/4 inch below the surface • ••••• ••••• •••• 11 6. Squalus acanthias. dorso-lateral view sh01l'ing structures 1/2 inch belOW' the skin •••••••••••••••• • 17 7. Squalua acanthias. dorso-lateral view showing structures 3/4 inch below the surface •• • . •••••••••••• 19 s. Squalus acanthias, dorso-lateral view showing structures where spiracle meets the pharym •••••••••••• 19 9. Squalus acanthias, transverse section through the spiracle 20 10. Soyllium oanicula, advanced embryo, transverse section through the spiracle •••• ••••••••••••••20 11. Scyllium canicula, advanced embryo, transverse section through the spiracle ••••••••••••••••••21 12. Soyllium oanicula.. dorso-lateral view of skull shoring relation of-the poet-1piraoular ligaments and the dorsal apiracular caecum.•• ••••••••••••••••••21 13. ·Elaemobranch (Squalua aoanthias), horizontal section. • • 22 14. Teleost (Perea tlaveaoens) horizontal section. • • • • • • 22 15. Dorsal view of head region of Raji erinaceae •••••••26 VII FIGURES PAGE 16. Ventral view of pectoral region of Raji erinaceae . • ••26 17. Raji erinaceae� cross section through the spiracles • ••26 18. Ear of Petromyzon marinua • •••••••••••••••28 19. Ear of &qualus acanthias • ••••••••••••••••28 20. Ear of Raji erinacea•• ••••••••••••••••• 30 21. Ear of Perea flavescens • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 30 CHAPI'ER I INTRODUCTION Although scientists have been interested in the spiracle for a number of years, very little investigation has been done. In this study t�e writer shall endeavor to describe the structures and functions of the spiracle in the Cycloatomea, Elaamobrancha and Piacea as well as show the continuous development ot any structure as to its tunction in the animals studied. A• a. plan of study the epeoimena •ere divided into three general groups acoording to their olassitioation . The methods used in making the observa­ tions will be discussed later. The ,rork has been done either in the l�brary or laboratories ot the University o� Tennessee. Specimens tor study were supplied from. the stock of the University of Tennessee, .from the markets in Knoxville, or from fish­ ermen along the Tennessee River. Claaaitication of torma studied in this theaiaa Phylum-Chordata Sub-Phylum - Vertebrata. Class .l. Cyolostomata Sub-Class I. Myxinoidea--Hagtiahes Family - Kyxinidae Genus - 1. Bdellostoma--Pacific Form.a 2. Par&JQXine--Ooean Forms 3. Myxine--Pacitic, Atlantic Oceans Sub-C lau II . Petrc,av1ontia-Lampreya Family �-Petromyiontidae Genus - 1. Petr01111'zon-•Found in rivera and· seas of America, Europe and Asia 1 Cla1s B •. Ela1mobranchii Sub-Claaa I. Selachii Orcler l. S'quali--Sharka and Dogfish Sharks Order 2. Raji--Raya and Skates Sub-Class II. Holooeophali Order 1. Chimaeridae Class c. Pisces Sub-Class I. Teleostom.1--True Fishes Order 1. Croaaopterygii--Polypteridae Order 2. Chondrostei--Paddle-fiah am Sturgeons Family a. Polyoc:lontidae--Pa.ddletiahes Family b. Aoipenaeridae--Sturgeona Order 3. Holoatei--Oa.rpilces and Bowfina Family a. &miidae--Bowtina Family b. Lepiaoateidae--Oarpilce Order 4. Teleostei--Bony Fiahea . Suborder (1) Cyprinitormes Family a. Cyprinidae--Carp, Minnows Family b. Catostomidae--Suokera Family c. Siluridae--Catfishea Suborder (2) Clupeiformes Family a. Salm.onidae--Trouts, Salmons Suborder (3) .loanthopterygii--s·piny-rayed Fishes Family a. Percidae--Perchea Sub-Cl.a.as II. Dipnoi - Lung Fishes Family a. Ceratodontidae - Australian Lung Fishes Family b. Lepidoeirenidae - South American and A.frioan Lung Fishes CHAPrER II LITERATURE The amount of literature on the apiracle ii limited to a few text­ books on C'ompara.tive .lnatom.y and a very limited number ot articles and reports in various sciantitic publications. No reoent reports were found. The spiracle, known as the pituitary canal in the Cyoloatomata. does not come to the surface but ia &Hooiated with the nasal organ and runs from the nasal capsule downnrd and backward tothe reapiratory tube at the velum. Gill-Slitsi In Petromyzon •rinua there are seven pa.ire ot gill-elite and a lilce number ot pouches. The first gill-slit opens just opposite the entrance ot the pituitary canal. Water can enter the gill pouches either by the mouth or through the gill-alita. "The Lampreys differ from the other Vertebrata in the fact that the gills
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