Structure of Gills in Fishes
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BONY FISHES 602 Bony Fishes
click for previous page BONY FISHES 602 Bony Fishes GENERAL REMARKS by K.E. Carpenter, Old Dominion University, Virginia, USA ony fishes constitute the bulk, by far, of both the diversity and total landings of marine organisms encoun- Btered in fisheries of the Western Central Atlantic.They are found in all macrofaunal marine and estuarine habitats and exhibit a lavish array of adaptations to these environments. This extreme diversity of form and taxa presents an exceptional challenge for identification. There are 30 orders and 269 families of bony fishes presented in this guide, representing all families known from the area. Each order and family presents a unique suite of taxonomic problems and relevant characters. The purpose of this preliminary section on technical terms and guide to orders and families is to serve as an introduction and initial identification guide to this taxonomic diversity. It should also serve as a general reference for those features most commonly used in identification of bony fishes throughout the remaining volumes. However, I cannot begin to introduce the many facets of fish biology relevant to understanding the diversity of fishes in a few pages. For this, the reader is directed to one of the several general texts on fish biology such as the ones by Bond (1996), Moyle and Cech (1996), and Helfman et al.(1997) listed below. A general introduction to the fisheries of bony fishes in this region is given in the introduction to these volumes. Taxonomic details relevant to a specific family are explained under each of the appropriate family sections. The classification of bony fishes continues to transform as our knowledge of their evolutionary relationships improves. -
How Fishes Breath
How fishes breath • Respiration in fish or in that of any organism that lives in the water is very different from that of human beings. Organisms like fish, which live in water, need oxygen to breathe so that their cells can maintain their living state. To perform their respiratory function, fish have specialized organs that help them inhale oxygen dissolved in water. • Respiration in fish takes with the help of gills. Most fish possess gills on either side of their head. Gills are tissues made up of feathery structures called gill filaments that provide a large surface area for gas exchange. A large surface area is crucial for gas exchange in aquatic organisms as water contains very little amount of dissolved oxygen. The filaments in fish gills are arranged in rows in the gill arch. Each filament contains lamellae, which are discs supplied with capillaries. Blood enters and leaves the gills through these small blood vessels. Although gills in fish occupy only a small section of their body, the immense respiratory surface created by the filaments provides the whole organism with an efficient gas exchange. • Some fish, like sharks and lampreys, possess multiple gill openings. However, bony fish like Rohu, have a single gill opening on each side. Bony fish (, Osteichthyes ) • . Greek for bone fish, Osteichthyes includes all bony fishes, and given the diversity of animals found in the world's oceans, it should come as no surprise that it is the largest of all vertebrate classes. There are nearly 28,000 members of Osteichthyes currently found on Earth, and numerous extinct species found in fossil form. -
An Introduction to the Classification of Elasmobranchs
An introduction to the classification of elasmobranchs 17 Rekha J. Nair and P.U Zacharia Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi-682 018 Introduction eyed, stomachless, deep-sea creatures that possess an upper jaw which is fused to its cranium (unlike in sharks). The term Elasmobranchs or chondrichthyans refers to the The great majority of the commercially important species of group of marine organisms with a skeleton made of cartilage. chondrichthyans are elasmobranchs. The latter are named They include sharks, skates, rays and chimaeras. These for their plated gills which communicate to the exterior by organisms are characterised by and differ from their sister 5–7 openings. In total, there are about 869+ extant species group of bony fishes in the characteristics like cartilaginous of elasmobranchs, with about 400+ of those being sharks skeleton, absence of swim bladders and presence of five and the rest skates and rays. Taxonomy is also perhaps to seven pairs of naked gill slits that are not covered by an infamously known for its constant, yet essential, revisions operculum. The chondrichthyans which are placed in Class of the relationships and identity of different organisms. Elasmobranchii are grouped into two main subdivisions Classification of elasmobranchs certainly does not evade this Holocephalii (Chimaeras or ratfishes and elephant fishes) process, and species are sometimes lumped in with other with three families and approximately 37 species inhabiting species, or renamed, or assigned to different families and deep cool waters; and the Elasmobranchii, which is a large, other taxonomic groupings. It is certain, however, that such diverse group (sharks, skates and rays) with representatives revisions will clarify our view of the taxonomy and phylogeny in all types of environments, from fresh waters to the bottom (evolutionary relationships) of elasmobranchs, leading to a of marine trenches and from polar regions to warm tropical better understanding of how these creatures evolved. -
Function of the Respiratory System - General
Lesson 27 Lesson Outline: Evolution of Respiratory Mechanisms – Cutaneous Exchange • Evolution of Respiratory Mechanisms - Water Breathers o Origin of pharyngeal slits from corner of mouth o Origin of skeletal support/ origin of jaws o Presence of strainers o Origin of gills o Gill coverings • Form - Water Breathers o Structure of Gills Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes • Function – Water Breathers o Pumping action and path of water flow Chondrichthyes Osteichthyes Objectives: At the end of this lesson you should be able to: • Describe the evolutionary trends seen in respiratory mechanisms in water breathers • Describe the structure of the different types of gills found in water breathers • Describe the pumping mechanisms used to move water over the gills in water breathers References: Chapter 13: pgs 292-313 Reading for Next Lesson: Chapter 13: pgs 292-313 Function of the Respiratory System - General Respiratory Organs Cutaneous Exchange Gas exchange across the skin takes place in many vertebrates in both air and water. All that is required is a good capillary supply, a thin exchange barrier and a moist outer surface. As you will remember from lectures on the integumentary system, this is often in conflict with the other functions of the integument. Cutaneous respiration is utilized most extensively in amphibians but is not uncommon in fish and reptiles. It is not used extensively in birds or mammals, although there are instances where it can play an important role (bats loose 12% of their CO2 this way). For the most part, it: - plays a larger role in smaller animals (some small salamanders are lungless). - requires a moist skin which is thin, has a high capillary density and no thick keratinised outer layer. -
Florida's Fintastic Sharks and Rays Lesson and Activity Packet
Florida's Fintastic Sharks and Rays An at-home lesson for grades 3-5 Produced by: This educational workbook was produced through the support of the Indian River Lagoon National Estuary Program. 1 What are sharks and rays? Believe it or not, they’re a type of fish! When you think “fish,” you probably picture a trout or tuna, but fishes come in all shapes and sizes. All fishes share the following key characteristics that classify them into this group: Fishes have the simplest of vertebrate hearts with only two chambers- one atrium and one ventricle. The spine in a fish runs down the middle of its back just like ours, making fish vertebrates. All fishes have skeletons, but not all fish skeletons are made out of bones. Some fishes have skeletons made out of cartilage, just like your nose and ears. Fishes are cold-blooded. Cold-blooded animals use their environment to warm up or cool down. Fins help fish swim. Fins come in pairs, like pectoral and pelvic fins or are singular, like caudal or anal fins. Later in this packet, we will look at the different types of fins that fishes have and some of the unique ways they are used. 2 Placoid Ctenoid Ganoid Cycloid Hard protective scales cover the skin of many fish species. Scales can act as “fingerprints” to help identify some fish species. There are several different scale types found in bony fishes, including cycloid (round), ganoid (rectangular or diamond), and ctenoid (scalloped). Cartilaginous fishes have dermal denticles (Placoid) that resemble tiny teeth on their skin. -
The Physiological Response of Port Jackson Sharks and Australian Swellsharks to Sedation, Gill-Net Capture, and Repeated Sampling in Captivity
SEDAR21-RD-19 North American Journal of Fisheries Management 29:127–139, 2009 [Article] Ó Copyright by the American Fisheries Society 2009 DOI: 10.1577/M08-031.1 The Physiological Response of Port Jackson Sharks and Australian Swellsharks to Sedation, Gill-Net Capture, and Repeated Sampling in Captivity LORENZ H. FRICK AND RICHARD D. REINA* School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia TERENCE I. WALKER Department of Primary Industries, Queenscliff Centre, Marine and Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute, 2a Bellarine Highway, Queenscliff, Victoria 3225, Australia Abstract.—Studying postrelease effects of fisheries capture on chondrichthyans in the wild poses considerable logistical challenges. We report a laboratory-based technique to (1) simulate gill-net capture of sharks, which allows monitoring the condition of animals during recovery from a controlled capture event, and (2) assess effects of sedation, serial blood sampling, and repeated exposure to experimental treatment on stress-related blood variables. Exposing Port Jackson sharks Heterodontus portusjacksoni and Australian swellsharks Cephaloscyllium laticeps to 30 min of simulated gill-net capture elicited behavioral stress (struggling and elevated ventilation rate) and minor physiological stress (elevated plasma lactate) responses but did not cause any mortality. Sedation of Australian swellsharks affected some stress-related blood variables. Repeated handling of Port Jackson sharks and Australian swellsharks at short intervals may result in elevated stress levels, but repeated exposure to simulated capture does not affect the physiological response of these two species to the treatment. Overall, the results of this study demonstrate the feasibility of simulated capture events as a technique to investigate the physiological response of sharks to capture stress. -
Spiracular Air Breathing in Polypterid Fishes and Its Implications for Aerial
ARTICLE Received 1 May 2013 | Accepted 27 Nov 2013 | Published 23 Jan 2014 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms4022 Spiracular air breathing in polypterid fishes and its implications for aerial respiration in stem tetrapods Jeffrey B. Graham1, Nicholas C. Wegner1,2, Lauren A. Miller1, Corey J. Jew1, N Chin Lai1,3, Rachel M. Berquist4, Lawrence R. Frank4 & John A. Long5,6 The polypterids (bichirs and ropefish) are extant basal actinopterygian (ray-finned) fishes that breathe air and share similarities with extant lobe-finned sarcopterygians (lungfishes and tetrapods) in lung structure. They are also similar to some fossil sarcopterygians, including stem tetrapods, in having large paired openings (spiracles) on top of their head. The role of spiracles in polypterid respiration has been unclear, with early reports suggesting that polypterids could inhale air through the spiracles, while later reports have largely dismissed such observations. Here we resolve the 100-year-old mystery by presenting structural, behavioural, video, kinematic and pressure data that show spiracle-mediated aspiration accounts for up to 93% of all air breaths in four species of Polypterus. Similarity in the size and position of polypterid spiracles with those of some stem tetrapods suggests that spiracular air breathing may have been an important respiratory strategy during the fish-tetrapod transition from water to land. 1 Marine Biology Research Division, Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA. 2 Fisheries Resource Division, Southwest Fisheries Science Center, NOAA Fisheries, La Jolla, California 92037, USA. 3 VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, California 92161, USA. -
Chondrichthyes:Elasmobranchi)
Dissertação de Mestrado Lucas Romero de Oliveira Anatomia comparada e importância filogenética da musculatura branquial em tubarões da superordem Galeomorphi (Chondrichthyes:Elasmobranchi) Comparative anatomy and phylogenetic importance of the branchial musculature in sharks of the superorder Galeomorphi (Chondrichthyes:Elasmobranchi) Instituto de Biociências – Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Novembro de 2017 1 Dissertação de Mestrado Lucas Romero de Oliveira Anatomia comparada e importância filogenética da musculatura branquial em tubarões da superordem Galeomorphi (Chondrichthyes:Elasmobranchi) Compartive anatomy and phylogenetic importance of the branchial musculature in sharks of the superorder Galeomorphi (Chondrichthyes:Elasmobranchi) Dissertação apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo para a obtenção de Título de Mestre em Zoologia, na Área de Anatomia comparada Supervisora: Mônica de Toledo Piza Ragazzo Instituto de Biociências – Universidade de São Paulo São Paulo Novembro de 2017 2 Introduction Extant sharks are currently divided into two monophyletic groups based on morphological (Compagno, 1977; Shirai, 1992a, 1992b, 1996; de Carvalho, 1996; de Carvalho & Maisey, 1996) and molecular (Douady et al., 2003; Winchell et al. 2004; Naylor et al., 2005, 2012; Human et al., 2006; Heinicke et al., 2009)data: Galeomorphi and Squalomorphi. Molecular data support that rays, forming a group named Batoidea, are the sister-group to a clade comprising both galeomorph and squalomorph sharks. Results from many older morphological studies also considered both body plans (sharks and rays) as indicative of monophyletic groups, but some recent works based on morphological data suggested that rays form a monophyletic group nested within squalomorph sharks (Shirai, 1992; de Carvalho & Maisey, 1996; de Carvalho, 1996). In studies based on both types of dataset, the Galeomorphi comprehend only shark groups. -
Relationship Between Gill Raker Morphology and Feeding Habits of Hybrid Bigheaded Carps (Hypophthalmichthys Spp.)
Knowledge and Management of Aquatic Ecosystems (2015) 416, 36 Knowledge & c I. Battonyai et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2015 Management of DOI: 10.1051/kmae/2015031 Aquatic Ecosystems www.kmae-journal.org Journal fully supported by Onema Relationship between gill raker morphology and feeding habits of hybrid bigheaded carps (Hypophthalmichthys spp.) I. Battonyai(1),,A.Specziár(1),Z.Vitál(1),A.Mozsár(1), J. Görgényi(2), G. Borics(2),L.G.Tóth(1),G.Boros(1) Received July 6, 2015 Revised October 26, 2015 Accepted October 27, 2015 ABSTRACT Key-words: Bigheaded carps and especially silver carp have been considered as an bigheaded carp, effective biological control for algal blooms, thus were introduced to sev- gill raker eral countries in the last decades, including Hungary. Our aim was to ex- morphology, plore the feeding habits of bigheaded carps in Lake Balaton (Hungary), filter-feeding, where the stock consists mainly of hybrids (silver carp × bighead carp). food size, We examined the relationship between filtering apparatus (gill raker) mor- plankton phology and size-distribution of planktonic organisms in the food. We failed to find any significant relationship between gill raker parameters and plankton composition in the filtered material. Bigheaded carps with vari- ous types of gill rakers consumed food within the same size-spectrum, independently of the rate of hybridization. However, the linkage between the proportion of different planktonic size classes in the water and in the diet of fish was detectable in case of both phytoplankton and zooplankton consumption, suggesting that the seasonally variable availability of differ- ent food items was an important factor in determining the food composi- tion of bigheaded carps. -
Syndromes of the First and Second Branchial Arches, Part 1: Embryology and Characteristic REVIEW ARTICLE Defects
Syndromes of the First and Second Branchial Arches, Part 1: Embryology and Characteristic REVIEW ARTICLE Defects J.M. Johnson SUMMARY: A variety of congenital syndromes affecting the face occur due to defects involving the G. Moonis first and second BAs. Radiographic evaluation of craniofacial deformities is necessary to define aberrant anatomy, plan surgical procedures, and evaluate the effects of craniofacial growth and G.E. Green surgical reconstructions. High-resolution CT has proved vital in determining the nature and extent of R. Carmody these syndromes. The radiologic evaluation of syndromes of the first and second BAs should begin H.N. Burbank first by studying a series of isolated defects: CL with or without CP, micrognathia, and EAC atresia, which compose the major features of these syndromes and allow more specific diagnosis. After discussion of these defects and the associated embryology, we proceed to discuss the VCFS, PRS, ACS, TCS, Stickler syndrome, and HFM. ABBREVIATIONS: ACS ϭ auriculocondylar syndrome; BA ϭ branchial arch; CL ϭ cleft lip; CL/P ϭ cleft lip/palate; CP ϭ cleft palate; EAC ϭ external auditory canal; HFM ϭ hemifacial microsomia; MDCT ϭ multidetector CT; PRS ϭ Pierre Robin sequence; TCS ϭ Treacher Collins syndrome; VCFS ϭ velocardiofacial syndrome adiographic evaluation of craniofacial deformities is nec- major features of the syndromes of the first and second BAs. Ressary to define aberrant anatomy, plan surgical proce- Part 2 of this review discusses the syndromes and their radio- dures, and evaluate the effects of craniofacial growth and sur- graphic features: PRS, HFM, ACS, TCS, Stickler syndrome, gical reconstructions.1 The recent rapid proliferation of and VCFS. -
Pictorial Guide to the Gill Arches of Gadids and Pleuronectids in The
Alaska Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Service U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE AFSC PROCESSED REPORT 91.15 Pictorial Guide to the G¡ll Arches of Gadids and Pleuronectids in the Eastern Bering Sea May 1991 This report does not const¡Ute a publicalion and is for lnformation only. All data herein are to be considered provisional. ERRATA NOTICE This document is being made available in .PDF format for the convenience of users; however, the accuracy and correctness of the document can only be certified as was presented in the original hard copy format. Inaccuracies in the OCR scanning process may influence text searches of the .PDF file. Light or faded ink in the original document may also affect the quality of the scanned document. Pictorial Guide to the ciII Arches of Gadids and Pleuronectids in the Eastern Beri-ng Sea Mei-Sun Yang Alaska Fisheries Science Center National Marine Fisheries Se:nrice, NoAÀ 7600 Sand Point Way NE, BIN C15700 Seattle, lÍA 98115-0070 May 1991 11I ABSTRÀCT The strrrctures of the gill arches of three gadids and ten pleuronectids were studied. The purPose of this study is, by using the picture of the gill arches and the pattern of the gi[- rakers, to help the identification of the gadids and pleuronectids found Ín the stomachs of marine fishes in the eastern Bering Sea. INTRODUCTION One purjose of the Fish Food Habits Prograrn of the Resource Ecology and FisherY Managenent Division (REF![) is to estimate predation removals of cornmercially inportant prey species by predatory fish (Livingston et al. 1986). -
Vertebrate Respiratory System Gills
Dr. Medhavi Sudarshan Assist Prof nd B.SC 2 Year, Paper IV Deapt of Zoology JNL College , Khagaul Comparative Anatomy – Vertebrate Respiratory System Respiratory system is a system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism. Respiration is the process of obtaining oxygen from the external environment & eliminating CO2. External respiration - oxygen and carbon dioxide exchanged between the external environment & the body cells Internal respiration - cells use oxygen for ATP production (& produce carbon dioxide in the process) In vertebrates the skin may be respiratory (e.g., anurans), while in some fishes and aquatic turtles, the vascular rectum or cloaca is respiratory. But there are two main types of respiratory organs- gills for aquatic respiration and lungs for aerial respiration. Both gills and lungs may occur in the same animal. Accessory respiratory organs are also present in some vertebrates. In both kinds of respiration two conditions are essential; 1. The respiratory organs must have a rich blood supply with very thin moist epithelium covering the blood vessels so that these blood vessels are through into close contact with the environment (water or air). 2. The organs of respiration the blood vessels should be reduced to thin capillaries which expose a large surface area to the environment, so that blood is brought into close contact with the water or air in the respiratory organs. Gills Cartilaginous fishes: Septal gills. Cartilaginous fishes (Sharks) use gills to breathe rather than lungs. There is 5 to 7 gill arches, each bearing one gill slit and covered by the operculum, which acts as a lid over the gill.