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Deformation Style in the Munsiari Thrust Damage Zone (Mct-Ii) Along Madlakiya-Mun.Siari Section, Kumaun Himalaya

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Deformation Style in the Munsiari Thrust Damage Zone (Mct-Ii) Along Madlakiya-Mun.Siari Section, Kumaun Himalaya DEFORMATION STYLE IN THE MUNSIARI THRUST DAMAGE ZONE (MCT-II) ALONG MADLAKIYA-MUN.SIARI SECTION, KUMAUN HIMALAYA A DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of INTEGRATED MASTER OF TECHNOLOGY in GEOLOGICAL TECHNOLOGY iaw ABHISHEK MOHARANA OF TEC~{gr~~o - DEPARTMENT OF EARTH SCIENCES- INDIAN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY ROORKEE ROORKEE - 247 667 (INDIA) JUNE, 2012 CERTIFICATE I hereby solemnly declare the work presented in this dissertation, entitled "STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS ALONG THE SOUTHERN BOUNDARY OF MAIN CENTRAL THRUST" in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the degree of `Integrated Master of Technology' in Geological Technology submitted to the Department of Earth Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, is an authentic record of my own work carried out during the period August 2011 to June 2012, under the supervision of Dr. D.C. Srivastava, Professor, Department of Earth Sciences, 1.I. T. Roorkee. The matter embodied in this dissertation has not been submitted by me for the award of any other degree of this or any other institute. Date: Place: Roorkee (ABHISHEK MOHARANA) This is to certi/ that the above statement made by the candidate is correct to the best of my knowledge. Date: Place: Roorkee .C. D. C. Srivastava Professor Department of Earth Sciences Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee-247667 (Uttarakhand) Abstract The southern boundary of the Main Central Thrust zone, identified in the form of Munsiyari Thrust in the north-eastern Kumaon Himalaya, brings Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC) over the Tejam Sedimentaries of the Lesser Himalayas (LHS). Detailed mapping and structural analysis shows that the hanging wall and footwall rocks across the Munsiyari Thrust has been deformed by same deformation plan with two phases of folding and a later extensional deformation. Geometry of the Munsiyari Thrust shows a characteristic pattern which has been explained using fold or imbricate model. We find the folding of the Munsiyari Thrust as a more plausible explanation for the identified geometry of the thrust, with the thrust being folded and later modified by early and late folding events along the thrust. .............. ii Page Acknowledgements. I express my profound gratitude to Dr. D.0 Srivastava, who gave me this opportunity to work under him, guiding me throughout the project with his useful and valuable insight, into the subject. I am deeply indebted to him for expanding my knowledge about the subject and most importantly motivating me to pursue research as a career option in the future. I would take this opportunity to thank Prof. G.J. Chakrapani and all the members of the Dissertation Evaluation Committee for keeping us on track with periodic evaluations and organizing the dissertation work in such an interactive way. My heartfelt thanks to Prof. A.K. Jain who was forthcoming with his valuable suggestions which led to much brainstorming and considerable improvement in the final thesis. I would like to thank Anurag Mishra and Sampath Reddy for all their help and support which made work so much easier and a lot more fun. Abhishek Moharana IIT Roorkee ii Page Contents Abstract..........:..... ............................... ........................:...... i Acknowledgements................................... ............................... Preface................................................... ............................... Listof Figures .......................................... ............................... iv 1.Introduction .......................................................................... 2. Geological, Setting ................................................................................ 5 2.1 Lesser Himalayan Sedimentaries(LHS)................................ ................ 5 2.2 Higher Himalayan Crystallines (HHC)............ 3. Geological and Structural Mapping ...................................... ...... 10' 3.1 Madlakiya to Girgaon (Subarea A) ...................................................... 10 3.2 Kalamuni to Munsiyari (Subarea B) ..................................................... 16 4. Structural Geometry of Munsiyari Thrust.......... ............................... 19 5. Structural Analysis .................................................................. 26 6.. Discussion and Conclusion ...................................................... 29 7. References ........................................................................... 40 0 Preface "There is a pleasure in the pathless woods, There is a rapture on the lonely shore, There is society, where none intrudes, By the deep sea, and music in its roar: I love not man the less, but Nature more." --Lord Byron When the area of study in the Kumaon Himalayas was first suggested by our guide Prof. D .C. Srivastava, I had no inkling of what to expect from the field work. Having previously worked in the Garhwal Himalayas., nothing could have prepared me for the long arduous journey that lay ahead. Travelling for two straight days , a snow storm greeted us at arrival in Munsiyari during our first field trip in February. With all the outcrops under a thick snow cover it was difficult to forge ahead and yet our perseverance paid off when the weather improved and we were greeted with beautiful deformation structures, the like of which I had never seen before. The difficult terrain notwithstanding the folds and shear zones were a reward in themselves. The sight of the snow-clad mighty Himalayas which always loomed above us, always managed to uplift our spirits whenever things were going downhill. The tranquility and the idyllic setting of the Munsiyari town coupled with the Main Central Thrust, is like a mecca for budding geologists and I consider myself lucky to have been part of such a project which has been so educating as well as providing me with fond memories that I shall cherish forever iiIPage List of Figures and Tables Fig. 1. Structural divisions of the Himalayas (Page 1) Fig. 2. Study area in the Kumaon Himalayas (Page 2) Fig. 3.(a). Laminated Limestone (Calcareous Unit, Lesser Himalayan Sedimentaries) (b). Augen Gneiss (Munsiyari Formation, Higher Himalayan Crystallines) (Page 8) Fig. 4. Geological map of the region and cross-section along the line (after Paul,1998) (Page 9) Fig. 5. Structures in Lesser Himalayan Sedimentaries. (a). Dextral Shear zone in calcareous unit (b). Rootless hinges of the isoclinalfolds near Girgaon (Page 11) Fig. 6. Sheathfold in augen gneisses ,near Banik. (Page 12) Fig. 7. Large scale openfold in calcareous unit of Lesser Himalayan Sedimentaries (Page 12) Fig. 8. a-b. Style offolding in calc-silicate rock. Tight isoclinalfolds near Ratapani (Page 13) Fig 9: Kink Folds in dolomite at Banik (Page 14) Fig. 10. Detailed map of a part of subarea A showing the intricately folded nature of the Munsiyari Thrust and phyllonite zone in the footwall rocks (Page 15) Fig 11 (a) Normal contact of Munsiyari Thrust with gneiss representing Munsiyari Formation (HHC) and Impure limestone from the Deoban Formation (LHS) (b) Overturned Contact of Munsiyari Thrust (c) Imbrication of phyllonitised gneiss into the Lesser Himalayan Sedimentaries (d) Kink Folds in Munsiyari Formation (e) Migmatization of gneisses in Munsiyari Formation (1) Folding ofquartz veins in gneiss of Munsiyari Formation (Page 16-17) Fig 12: Detailed map of Subarea B showing gneiss-phyllonite zone (Page 18) Fig 13. FI A folds in calc-silicate rocks of Lesser Himalayan Sedimentaries (Page 20) ivIPage Fig. 14. (a) Sinistral shear zone (top to STS) (b) 6 porphyroclast showing top-to-south sense of movement (c) Development of secondary foliation (S2) fabric at an angle to the original foliation (Si) (d) Rotated porphyroclast (e) Isoclinal fold (FIB) (f) Large scale F2 folds of Late Folding (Page 23) Fig. 15. (a) Extensional shear zone (D4 deformation) near Kalamuni. (b) Type 3 fold interference near Banik. (Page 24) Fig. 16. Poles to bedding plot of (S°), foliation (Si) & lineation (L) data for the Kwiti-Madlakiya traverse ' in the undeformed Lesser Himalayan Sedimentaries. Total 34 data points were plotted for So & Si with calculated girdle being 104/67 and fold axis plunging 23° towards '014°. 17 data points for lineation were plotted with Mean Principal direction being towards 16° and plunging at 18° (Page 26) Fig. 17. Poles to bedding plot of 371 data points for the combined bedding and frsliation data are plotted with 107 data points for the lineation. The calculated girdle for the foliation data comes at 119/73 with fold axis at 17° plunging towards 29°. For the foliation data plotted the mean direction 13° plunging towards 370 (page 27) Fig. 18. Poles to bedding plot of 14 data obtained from individual fold measurements for two different classes of folds F2 and F2•. (Page 28) Fig. 19. Map showing folded Munsiyari Thrust. (Page 30) Fig. 20. Map showing Munsiyari Thrust based on imbricate hypothesis. (Page 31) Fig. 21. Stereoplots for (a) Footwall (LHS) (b) Hanging wall (HHC) (c) Contact points of MCT- 1. (Page 32) Fig.22. Formation of imbricates and relationship with foliation (after sp. lyellcollection. org). (Page 33) Fig. 23. Deformation episodes in the region. (Page 34) Fig. 24. Rough map showing contact points of the Munsiyari Thrust, with points which cannot be explained by imbricate thrusts. (Page 35) vIPage Fig. 25. Contouring of points for different classes showing three maxima with 48% of point density in them. (Page 36) Fig. 26. A comparative
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