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Architectural Reflection of Shared Cultural Heritage of Transhumance Routes in Pithoragarh

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Architectural Reflection of Shared Cultural Heritage of Transhumance Routes in Pithoragarh The Architectural Reflection of Shared Cultural Heritage of Transhumance Routes in Pithoragarh By Samiksha Srichandan Research Scholar Under the Guidance of: Prof (Dr.) Ram Sateesh Pasupuleti Prof (Dr.) A.J.Mishra Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee Architecture & Planning Department Kailash Sacred Landscape Interface between humans (“culture”) and the non-human world (“nature”) at a range of scales and across a variety of terrains. defined by socially recognized markers and boundaries inhabited and understood through layers of meaning produced by people’s engagements with their environments Source : https://www.grida.no The Concept of Cultural Routes Tracks A cultural route is a route of historical Transportation Infrastructure For finding food & fodder importance that might have been Element Frequent use created(as a planned project) for a Places of Exchange specific purpose or a route that might Pathways have taken advantage (fully or partially) Influences Growing need of of pre-existing roads and evolved over a Communication long period through collective Time & Commerce intervention by different cultural groups Type Well defined Routes for a common purpose. •Pilgrimage Routes Expansionist urge Expansionist •Administrative Routes Various Socio- •Exchange routes economic Usage in history Wholeness Multi-dimensional •Military Routes Cultural needs •Transhumance Routes •Passenger Routes Heritage of Relationships- Crossing borders – •Pillagers' raiding Routes Complex web of Route capacity to connect and cultural, ecological, political •Postal Routes network over land & create interrelationships •Settlers' migration routes water •Signals routes shared roots Reflects cross-fertilization of cultures •Tribute routes etc. and influences Cultural Routes as a Heritage Category INTERNATIONAL Leading International Organizations that played significant roles in the development of the concept The “Sites along the Uttarapath, Badshahi Sadak, Sadak-e-Azam, Grand Trunk Road” is the only Indian route submitted to the tentative list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites HIMALAYAN ROUTES UTTARAPATH DAKSHINAPATH APARANTAPATH PUBBANTAPATH TRADE ROUTES OF ANCIENT INDIA ROUTES OF PITHORAGARH Source : Author Based on various archival maps and map of uttarakhand available at www.pahar.in The Routes and Movement High-lying natural Pastures Summer TRANSHUMANCE settlements TRADE Munsiari Permanent settlements Including crop land Johari-Shaukas Dharchula Winter ( and permanent) settlements Rang-Shaukas Jauljibi Low-lying natural PILGRIMAGE Pastures JOHAR VALLEY DARMA VALLEY Seasonal movement Transhumance mobility comprised of a) the shifts BYANS VALLEY with animal flocks of the whole families between winter settlements CHAUDANS VALLEY Trading Inflow (gunshas) in the hill zone and summer settlements Trading Outflow (mait) in the alpine valley sections Annual Pilgrimage The Routes and the associated Valleys MOVEMENT PATTERN Source : Author Based on various archival maps and map of Uttarakhand available at www.pahar.in Study Area & Method Raungkong Navi Napalchchu Gunji Garbyang HimkholaSirkha Dhar Pangu Sirdang Sosa Pangla Objectives : 1. Preliminary assessment of the routes within the framework of Cultural routes 2. Finding out key areas of investigation for further research and establishment of significance. Methods: This study is based upon field research conducted in the month of June and December of 2019 as well as an evaluation of primary and secondary material related to the four high mountain valleys of Pithoragarh. Data assessment included participant observation and semi-structured interviews with village communities, academicians and government authorities. The human knowledge repository Photograph Source : Author Map Source : Author, Based on Google earth Pro The Negotiated Landscape and the Routes Situation: 1. Valley Settlements 2. Midland Settlements 3. Ridge Settlements Land use System: Traditional land use system is characterized by animal husbandry, crop cultivation & forest use in different altitudinal belts, all of which are interdependently linked through seasonal migrations & energy flows Different Shapes and Situations Shape: a. Loosely arranged around Open spaces following the terrain joined by tracks. b. Densely built clusters of houses. These clusters are called Haaru. Function : Agro-pastoralism, trading (past) Many people have migrated to the plains for better Types of Routes Opportunities Photograph Source : Author Area: 100-600 Ha Map Source : Author, Based on Google earth Pro Population: 100 - 1000 The Negotiated Landscape and the Routes Source : Throne of the Gods Photograph & 2 Source: Dhiraj Garbyal, A. P. (no date) Throne of the Gods : The amaing vyans,Chaudans and Darma Valley, A Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam Publications. Earthquake Resistant Construction Eco-sensitive built environment Place making Traditional Water management Food storage techniques Decorative art & Craftsmanship Photograph Source : Author The institution of Sacred Forests called Dev Van, the institution of Shingul are prominent mechanisms of biodiversity conservation at the community level. As the people inhabiting these areas are agro- pastoralist-trader society, whose livelihood depends on the forest ,pastures, people attach sacred values to the natural environment for their conservation and optimum use of resources 'A reserved space, established by a community, a group of people or an individual, following the conventions based on specific phenomena and requiring the respect of engagements taken at this place; in order to satisfy the .spiritual, cultural and socio- political needs while focusing on the harmony and wellbeing of the native community, as well as of the whole humanity (Kamga-Kamdem, 2008) Source : Google earth Pro •The Jauljibi fair is held in November every year at Jauljibi, the confluence of the rivers Kali and Gori. This is a meeting place of three cultures – the Shauka, the Kumauni and the Nepali. •The Thal Fair, celebrated in the month of April again is a festival where cross-border gathering happens. •The Kandali festival, held by the Rung sub-tribes in Chaudans valley, happens once in every twelve years , the festival, to some extent, takes care of checking the spread of the invasive species through community action. •Nabu Samo is performed during the main agricultural season to mainly collect harmful insects from the fields and destroy them after elaborate rituals. •Nanda Astami, a festival to collect the sacred fl owers of Brahma Kamal •The Hill Jatra is a festival of pastoralists and agriculturists, which expresses the linkages of agro-pastoralist communities with nature.. •The concept of kathbhuria, the hillside The Kandali festival Godess, ensures effective conservation on the hill tops and facilitates natural Source: Dhiraj Garbyal, A. P. (no date) Throne of the Gods : The amaing vyans,Chaudans and Darma Valley, A Kumaon Mandal Vikas Nigam Publications. regeneration. •Khatarua is a special festival of pastoral- agricultural society Routes as Conduits for Knowledge Flow Conduits for for Conduits flow knowledge Major zones of Cultural Confluence & Knowledge Exchange The seasonal migration (Transhumance) facilitated intensive trade relations with Tibetan Highland and Nepal. After 1962, agriculture and the use of forest and grassland products became even more important for their livelihood security. The Pilgrimage to Kailas Mansarovar brought in people from the plains KNOWLEDGE FLOW THROUGH and their knowledge and ideas. THE TRANSHUMANCE ROUTES OF PITHORAGARH Source : Author Usage in history Multi-dimensional Wholeness Crossing and connecting shared roots Reflects cross- Associational Value borders – and influences – fertilization of cultures cultural, ecological, Heritage of political Relationship These routes crossing the Different layers of The routes as a whole Located at the “interface Chhangru and Tinkar, Rapla, Being situated in the Many mythological tightly bounded mountain function- along with their various between two main ecological Syangkang and Dumling intermediate zone between association: settings connect with the Transhumance tangible and intangible and subsistence zones” these Nepali villages have Tibetan and Indic culture, Lord hanuman had come to larger trade routes , Commerce heritage could showcase Connects Tibetan and Indic age-old relationships with the routes helped in Chhiyalekh to gather the influence the long standing Religion the co-existence of cultures and it is a part of the the Rangs of Chaudans and facilitating cross-cultural magical herb- Sanjivani ties between highland and Politics nomadic and long-distance trade silk roads) at exchanges. As a result many that could bring the dead plains for many centuries. Migration settled cultures and the a cross-continental scale Byans valley.They follow micro-cultures and societies back to life. In spite of harsh living adaptation of different The routes not just traverse similar social and religious do exist within this A small stream called conditions, inaccessibility of a crucial passage for the mechanisms to live in through the high altitude areas customs. Marriages landscape originating from Nyungtang-Ti falling in the terrain and geographic transport of people and harmony with nature. but connects to other cultural between the members of the Kol-Munds, Kirat- route to Budi from Lamari isolation, the routes helped ideas from the high Environmental ethics and regions of Pithoragarh: Sor, these villages with those in Mongols-Huns, Khasas, also appears
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