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An Enumeration of Lichens from the Bageshwar District of Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India

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An Enumeration of Lichens from the Bageshwar District of Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(11) 420-435 ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 3 Number 11 (2014) pp. 420-435 http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article An enumeration of lichens from the Bageshwar district of Kumaun Himalaya, Uttarakhand, India Gaurav K. Mishra* and D.K. Upreti Lichenology Laboratory, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow- 226001, India *Corresponding author A B S T R A C T The paper, lists 361 species of lichens belonging to 89 genera and 35 families from K e y w o r d s the Bageshwar district of Uttarakhand. The study is based on the published literature and specimens in the herbarium of National Botanical Research Institute, Lichenized Lucknow (LWG). Dhakuri and Khati areas, situated between 2683 2210 m have fungi, the highest diversity of lichens represented by 215 and 172 species, respectively. Biodiversity, Lichen, families Parmeliaceae with 23 genera and Physciaceae with 8 genera are Distribution, the dominant families in the district. Among the different lichen genera, Cladonia Flora, with 22 species and Heterodermia with 18 species exhibit their dominance in the Taxonomy, area. Trees bear a luxuriant growth of lichens and particularly Quercus, Pinus, Distribution Alnus and Cedrus exhibit the maximum diversity of epiphytic lichens in the district. Introduction The Bageshwar district (1688sq km) is one important pilgrim and tourist centre and the of the mountainous districts of Uttarakhand confluence of the rivers Saryu and Gomti State. The district lies between 29o40 (Fig. 1). The average annual rain fall is 1611 30o20 N and 79o25 80o10 E (Fig. 1). mm. About 1100 sq km is forested with The district is bounded by Almora district in Abies pindro, Alnus nepalensis, Betula spp., the south, Chamoli district in north and Cedrus deodara, Pinus roxburghii, P. northwest, and Pithoragarh district in the wallichiana, Quercus leucotrichophora, Q. east. The district is mainly represented by semecarpifolia, Rhododendron and Taxus the rocks of Lasser Himalaya and Central baccata being the common trees. Himalayas. Major rock types of central crystalline are mica, quartzite, and marble The climate of the district includes, and mica schist. Foremost part of district temperate and alpine that offers habitats for falls under the geotectonic zone known as different plant groups including lichens. The the Lasser Himalaya. temperate region of district up to an altitude of 3000 m exhibit luxuriant growth of The district is Abode of Gods is an Quercus leucotricophora, Q. semecarpifolia, 420 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(11) 420-435 Pinus wallichiana together with Materials and Methods Rhododendron, Taxus baccata, Abies pindrow and Alnus nepalensis trees. The Q. The present study is based on historical and leucotricophora, Q. semecarpifolia and recent lichen collections and on specimens Pinus wallichiana trees on its trunk and preserved in the lichen herbarium of twigs bear luxuriant growth of epiphytic National Botanical Research Institute, lichens. In the temperate zone trees trunk, Lucknow (LWG). Specimens were branches and the forest floor receive good identified with the help of recent literature amount of moisture and shade which (Awasthi, 1988, 1991, 2000; Divakar and provide suitable habitat for growth of certain Upreti, 2005; Nayaka, 2004; Joshi, 2008). epiphytic and terricolous lichens. The nomenclature of the identified species was updated based on the modern concept of The alpine zone of the district is devoid of lichen systematic. trees but has small bushes and large exposed grassland. Due to the non availability of The specimens were identified by studying trees the lichen in the alpine region mostly their morphology, anatomy and chemistry. grows on rocks, soil and branches of the The morphology of the taxa was studied shrubs. using a stereo binocular microscope. The details of thallus anatomy and fruiting Lichenologically the district was surveyed bodies were studied by compound by Babington, Strachey and Winterbottom, microscope. The colour tests were carried Stirton in the present Awasthi has been out on cortex and medulla with usual surveyed the area for its lichens wealth in chemical regents such as aqueous potassium the past and about 15 type species are hydroxide (K), Steiner`s stable reported from the district till date. Many paraphenylenediamine (PD) and aqueous studies regarding lichen taxonomy, calcium hypochlorite (C). Thin layer distribution, ecology, economic importance chromatography was performed for by different workers (Awasthi, 1988, 1991; identification of the lichen substances in Upreti and Chatterjee, 1999a, b; Upreti et solvent system A (Toluene 180: 1-4 Dioxane al., 2001; Pant, 2002; Upreti and Divakar, 60: Acetic acid 8) following the techniques 2003; Nayaka, 2004; Joshi, 2008; Joshi et of Walker and James (1980). al., 2008 a, b; Singh and Sinha, 2010; Mishra et al., 2010; Mishra et al., 2011; Results and Discussion Kholia et al., 2011; Mishra 2012) exhibit the interest in lichen flora of in Kumaun A total of 361 species belonging to 89 Himalaya. genera and 35 families are reported from ten major localities of Bageshwar district (Table However, few cursory collections of lichens 1). The district shows dominance of foliose from the districts are recorded in the past lichens (150 species) and crustose lichens while carrying out monographic and (140 species). Parmeliaceae is the dominant revisionary studies of lichens from India family represented by 77 species belonging (Divakar and Upreti, 2005; Nayaka, 2004; to 23 genera and is followed by Physciaceae Joshi, 2008; Joshi, 2010). The present study with 39 species belonging to 8 genera (Fig. is carried out with an aim to list the lichens 2). The lichen genus Lecanora with 26 from the district together with their species is dominant followed by Cladonia distribution pattern in different localities to with 22 species and Heterodermia with 18 assess the loss of lichens in the area. 421 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(11) 420-435 species (Fig. 3). Having rich diversity of phorophytes, the bark inhabiting The district exhibit luxuriant growth of (corticolous) lichens are dominant with 242 corticolous lichens. Quercus species followed by 115 saxicolous and 66 lecucotricophora and Q. semecarpifolia terricolous lichen species (Fig. 4). form pure forest patches at high altitude of 2700 3000m. The microclimatic conditions Temperate zone: The lichen flora in this and forest composition in different sites or region exhibits great diversity due to localities are different. The comparatively presence of diverse micro-climatic younger and shorter trees of Quercus conditions. The dense forest of Q. growing among older and taller trees present leucotrichophora together with moist and shady conditions at their trunks Rhododendron and Alnus nepalensis trees in and branches and have a cover of crustose lower and higher temperate region; Q. lichen taxa, dominated by Graphis Semecarpifolia forming pure or mixed proserpens, Amendina punctata, Bacidia patches with coniferous trees Cedrus milligrana, Diorygma hieroglyphicum, deodar, Pinus wallichiana, Taxus baccata Pertusaria leucosorodes, Pertusaria and Abies pindrow trees provide many quassiae. According to Kholia et al. (2011) opportunity for luxuriant growth of lichens the young twigs of diameter class 1.0 2.0 on bark, twigs, soil and boulders. Many cm have a dominance of crustose and foliose epiphytic lichens such as Parmotrema lichens. Taller trees do not bear crustose nilgherrense, Parmelaria thomsonii, lichens on their trunks and twigs. On the Evernia strumcirrhatum, Ramalina trunk, species of Leptogium and conduplicans, Heterodermia diademata, Heterodermia grow abundantly, along with Flavoparmelia caperata and Usnea mosses. The twigs also show many foliose eumitrioides and crustose lichen like and fruticose taxa. Most of the fallen twigs Anthracothecium assamiense, A. in the old forests of Dhakuri area bear himalayense, Pyrenula immissa and P. species of Usnea andCetraria together with introducta are reported from various trees patches of Lobaria. Many Graphidioid from the region, while species of Graphis group prefer to grow on the bark of old exhibit their luxuriant growth on Alnus trees. Quercus trees. Quercus semecarpifolia is an The lichen diversity in different localities of excellent host tree for luxuriant growth of the district is given in Figure 5. lichens and it provides rich lichen biomass. The canopy of the tree plays important role Alpine Zone: This zone is devoid of trees in creation of moisture and shade on the and has small bushes and large areas of main branches and trunk of the tree. exposed grassland. Due to absent of tall trees in this zone the lichens grow The probable reason for good lichen flora of luxuriantly on rocks, soil and branches of Q. semecarpifolia is the variation of tree small shrubs such as Lobothallina spp., bark at different parts of the tree. Within a Xanthoria elegans, Ioplaca pindarensis, single tree four different niches are available Acarospora oxytona., Rhizocarpon for lichens to colonize. The tree has rough, geographium and Umbilicaria indica. In and hard and furrowed bark at the base, around Pindari Glacier 283 species sometimes laden with soil or mosses. The belonging to 77 genera and 35 families were trunk base, 2 3 m above ground have reported by Joshi et al. (2011). Three major slightly narrow fissured more or less smooth localities came under this zone. barked, the bark remains smooth, soft at the 422 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2014) 3(11) 420-435 main branches and twigs. The rough base of exhibit poor to scarce growth of lichens due the tree bears good growth of species of to heavy anthropogenic activities. Increasing Lobaria and some crustose lichens. The temperature, air pollution and habitat loss trunk base up to 1 2 m from ground allows have become major detrimental factors for an easy foothold to the members of lichen diversity in the district. Apart from Collemataceae and Parmeliaceae. Smooth their use as bioindicator, lichens play a bark on young branches and twigs of the tree major role in nutrient cycle and exhibit luxuriant growth of crustose lichen establishment of an ecosystem.
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