SPECIAL ISSUE 43 Kumaon , intersecting inequalities, inclusive development, rainfed

agriculture, vulnerability gender, Keywords: societies, and thus foreground the material conditions of of conditions material the foreground thus and societies, life. everyday in gender difference while emphasising their multi-dimensional nature, we present present we nature, multi-dimensional their emphasising while rural changing these in roles women’s of account a nuanced processes of globalisation that work in an exclusionary exclusionary an in work that globalisation of processes manner a situated in inequalities these explaining By manner. reveals sets of intersecting inequalities which disadvantage disadvantage which inequalities intersecting of sets reveals through circumstances, vulnerable in are who women, these contexts, identifying several crosscutting gender-related crosscutting gender-related contexts, identifying several theory aissues. and grounded approach follows analysis Data the impact of globalisation on women within changing rural rural changing within women on globalisation of impact the of the Indian state of with different farming farming different with Uttarakhand of state Indian the of examine to methods qualitative employs study The profiles. is based on a four-month study in a rain-fed agricultural agricultural a rain-fed in study a four-month on based is districts two spans and Himalayas, Kumaon the of region focuses on the roles women perform as biologically, culturally, culturally, biologically, as perform women roles the on focuses It actors. marginalised geographically and economically understanding of multi-dimensional inequalities in rural rural in inequalities multi-dimensional of understanding a gender lens that through communities mountainous This paper contributes an ethnographically informed Inequalities Life in Everyday SIDDHARTH SAREEN AND CELIE MANUEL Multi-dimensional Gendered Gendered Multi-dimensional HIMALAYAN COMMUNITIES: HIMALAYAN UPHILL TASKS WITHIN KUMAON KUMAON WITHIN TASKS UPHILL ASIA IN FOCUS T security solution, investing in irrigated agriculture, promoted the Green Revolution as a national food Plans development for economic aggressively to gain wide currency since the 1990s. the larger discourse of globalisation that come has ernisation (Tomozawa 2014), which is embedded in ment planning and in anational push towards mod other hilly tracts in independent ’s develop the general concerns of the Kumaon Himalayas and sion. This is symptomatic of the marginalisation of Garhwal administrative divi neighbouring khand’s low-lying state capital located in Uttara the official language for bureaucratic matters in the challenged is itants, by the prevalence of as Kumaoni, spoken by over two million regional inhab of The use the Centralhouseholds. Pahari language such as forest wood for use as domestic fuel in rural natural resource base it is heavily dependent on, ing population continues to exert pressure on the small village communities (Kar 2007). Aburgeon ly in hilly terrain that is home to remotely-located, governmental remain challenge, support a especial state in 2000, infrastructure and the reaches northern of developmentally-backward and cash crops of fruits. In this state carved out of agriculture in the form of both subsistence farming the Himalayan foothills, characterised by rain-fed state in northern India is amountainous region in The Kumaon administrative division of Uttarakhand In the 1970s, independent India’s Five-Year development in the Kumaon Himalayas. within the historical context of gender and he objective of this article is explained best ------44 farming communities in regions like Kumaon despite marginalised further thirds has India’s of farmland, to rain-fed agriculture, which comprises over two- riculture (Pingali 2012). Insufficient budget support but out left marginal farmers practicing rain-fed ag which favoured big commercial farmers in the plains significant sections’ (Agarwal 2001: 1623). Women ‘seemingly institutions participatory exclude can & Vaishnav 2015). In Uttarakhand and elsewhere, are difficult to implementaccess and (Sukhtankar schemes in India are seldom free of corruption and objectives.ed It is well established that government desired, falling well of short achieving their intend implementation of such policies leaves much to be wage level. tunities that offer local livelihoods at the minimum ployment to schemes create manual labour oppor and other necessities to poor households, and em tribution System grains subsidised which disburses developmenttions, the such as Public schemes Dis decentralised multi-tier self-government institu Tribes and Other Backward Classes within India’s of Scheduledquotas Castes, for Scheduled women, der. Specifically, these efforts have taken the form of differences along lines caste,of class and gen tional representation premised the on recognition and affirmative action as schemes well propor as enabling inclusion through resource redistribution sive policies, which have steadily moved towards dy &Mishra 2009). This is not for lack of progres recent global emergence a economic as force (Red India’s embrace of globalisation whole-hearted and On the one hand, research suggests that the ------SPECIAL ISSUE ------The results we put forward are based on an an on based are forward put we results The We aim to address this ambiguity in the lit the in ambiguity this address to aim We 2012) enabled insight into the ground realities of the the of realities ground the into insight enabled 2012) obtained We study. under communities and region development regional of understanding a historical communi the of characteristics basic on details and data empirical collected and staff, CHIRAG from ties activities conducted had CHIRAG where villages in in-depth qualitative study, complemented by a nu by complemented study, qualitative in-depth discus by partlyanced informed understanding a non-governmental with associated staff with sions experi regional of years 25 with (NGO) organisation that argue We observations. field by partly and ence bene promised its deliver truly to globalisation for exclusion the communities, Kumaoni these fits to be consid must processes linked of ary tendencies gendered intersecting, the address to order in ered lives. everyday their shape that inequalities and variation Methodology: Local methods hybrid qual independent an of outcome an is article This as conducted authors the study research itative Ac Rural Himalayan Central the with volunteers CHIRAG’s near located Being (CHIRAG). Group tion the throughout district headquarters in and analy collection data the conceptualisation, January to 2011 (October project the of phases sis erature and further an understanding of what de what of understanding an further and erature along development regional in inequality termines guiding The 2006). (Nightingale gender of lines di multiple the highlight to is paper this of intent understanding a gendered to relate that mensions as communities, Himalayan Kumaon in inequality of local members community by themselves identified general. in mountains the in life whendiscussing essen to tendency a reductionist against guard We nature to close necessarily being as women tialise gen from a perspective adopting by vulnerable or sees gender as that literature derdevelopment and socially constructed approaching 1996), (Mitchell re is constantly that construct problematic it as ‘a 113). 2010: itself’ (Tripathy structuring 45 ------On the other hand, literature on the gendered gendered the on literature hand, other On the region continues to point in strikingly different di different strikingly in point to continues region rections. women remain highly vulnerable in globalising In dia, addressing literature the multi-dimensional and the in inequality of nature gendered particular in en the discourse around these initiatives and the the and initiatives these around discourse en the rural Uttarakhand’s that above claims contrasting munity-partnered natural resource management management resource natural munity-partnered pancha (van councils village-based forest through Giv 2005). (Agrawal onward 1930s the from yats) (Gururani 2014; Sharma & Sudarshan 2010). Their Their 2010). & Sudarshan Sharma 2014; (Gururani com of pioneering Kumaon’s in cited also is role movement (Pathak 1985). This organising capacity capacity organising This 1985). (Pathak movement their in noted been also has women Uttarakhand’s of statehood for movement the in participation recent resource exploitation (Shiva 1988) and as resisting and as resisting 1988) (Shiva exploitation resource social as a linked youth amongst male alcoholism Garhwal in the 1970s (Warren 1988). These wom These 1988). (Warren 1970s the in Garhwal unsustainable beenas resisting recognised enhave natural of form the in modernisation of outcomes li 2011), is often associated with the eco-feminist eco-feminist the with associated often is 2011), li used who women of movement ‘chipko’ the of icon in felled being from trees protect to bodies their boasts a high forest cover (65%) and a literacy rate rate a literacy and (65%) cover forest a high boasts (Chandramou average national the above (79%) aspects of development in the region conveys a a conveys region the in development of aspects impression. rather different Uttarakhand, which velopment a mixed bag rather than something posi something than rather bag a mixed velopment 2004). (Klenk it of experience their to according tive 2005). Women also bear greater burdens from en from burdens also bear greater Women 2005). work’ ‘survival and 2008) (Ogra conflict vironmental find and de 2006), (Fracchia household the around from development in areas such as health, edu health, as such areas in development from in this management; resource and natural cation (Mikkola holds development backcommunity turn sation (Sarin 2001). Traditionally, women are placed placed are women Traditionally, 2001). (Sarin sation benefits accessing of terms in a disadvantage at obstacles benefitting for forces modernising from per or despite, communities same the in men than globali of processes burgeoning of, because haps comprise one such significant section in Uttara in section significant such one comprise greater and different face to continue they khand: ASIA IN FOCUS ducted separate analyses, then shared our catego informed and improved each other. We each con whereby the analysis data and collection iteratively (Glaser &Strauss 2009), and fashioned adesign proach often associated with grounded theory er took detailed notes. translating simultaneously to English while the oth author one with and questions both authors posing Hindi or, using an interpreter, in Kumaoni and Hindi, see Rose 1997). Interviews were conducted either in overall (on situating knowledge and methodology, everydaydiscussions about life development and how such differencescame to light naturally during soliciting differences gender directly, we examined can enable agood life in this context. Rather than and/or support agency external individual how and are for the respondent’s community; and household what the barriers to securing these components what the respondent thinks comprises a ‘good life’; communities. The three main foci in this guide were ing of the broad-based development needs within guide which aimed to give a deeper understand withinhouseholds the village. sources, the lay of the land and the distribution of such as distance from the road, access to forest re villages within each area that differed in key features ticed subsistence farming. Moreover, we selected in Bageshwarhouseholds district primarily prac cultivated mainly fruit or other cash crops, while women differently: households Nainital in district that impact agricultural characteristics particular and four respondents in each village. Each area had in interviewing 16villages, households one between with 52 respondents (46% women) from separate this time, we conducted semi-structured interviews tems in Nainital and districts. During four separate areas with different agricultural sys introduction to interviewees during data collection. sociation with CHIRAG thus served as abasis for targeted towards integrated development. as Our We followed the constant comparative ap Interviews were conducted using an interview We undertook fieldwork for two months across ------46 ties with rain-fed agricultural local economies. more inclusive in mountainous other and communi and render processes linked with globalising India ables to target in order to address gender inequality of this paper and we present them as the key vari community members. These codes form the focus by respondents reflecting as inequality gender for theprise self-expressed variables brought forward categories. across theme of gender inequality from trends observed emerging and abstracted codes, the crosscutting We jointly identified the key categories based on repeated to pool categories across the four areas. separate analysis and consultative was process ries, jointly grouping them for each area. The same This change involved moving away from joint fam they see.” [Elderly male respondent, Gajaar Village] things are changing. People want to live like what life are changing: “Ever since television has come, ing more common, young people’s expectations of respondent mentioned that with televisions becom inherited farmland from their fathers. However, one adjoining their parents’ home after marriage, and typically builtSons traditional bakhlis called houses patriarchal a system. on based families joint prising were predominantly Hindu, with com households (Chandramouliple 2011). Villages in our study areas mixed profile, with 85% Hindu and 13% Muslim peo (99%), ’s population has amore war district’s population is predominantly Hindu tent suggestions by trusted While traders. Bagesh families have always done – as well as to some ex farming methods informed by tradition –what their the people most part, rely on farming to get by, with and in some cases lack of connectivity by road. For limitedes, services (e.g. healthcare and education) eas with steep slopes and depleted natural resourc tricts in a mountainous region of India. These are ar The study areas represent rain-fed agricultural dis inequalities gendered Results: Multi-dimensional The codes within this particular theme com ------SPECIAL ISSUE ------This sentiment was supported by other re supported was other by sentiment This This generational gap is overwhelmingly gen is overwhelmingly gap generational This Nayal Village]. late her in woman well-off fairly One spondents. brighter are “girls although that forties mentioned in life to adjust to girls for difficult is … it boys than home.” at stayed always they’ve if places, outside ilar to what respondents mentioned about the in the about mentioned respondents what to ilar modern and life city to exposure television, of flux life in gap a generational introduced has amenities us: told mother One savoir-faire. and expectations alienated feels and city the in studied son own “My teacher, [Female facilities” lack us. areas These from Village] Dhutiya more the in especially respondents, der-specific; women most that out pointed areas, study remote vis even not have and world the to exposure lack lived had husband whose woman, One a city. ited where places as cities of spoke a time, for Delhi in However, a learn skill. something, learn could you be might she skill of kind what about prodded when able learn, to her answer unfamiliarity revealed and it’ in ‘making regarding disempowerment of a sense a job Doing know? to I supposed am “How city: the the know you village, the in Here difficult. is Delhi in to need you support. There have you and people yourself” respondent, out by [Female things figure liquidity resulted in higher consumption of alcohol. sen this replicated man a young village, another In – money goes goes, everything land one’s “If timent: does last” not respondent, Village]. [Male Chokhuta lifestyles modern to and world the to Exposure women leaving work, for cities to migrate men Many of care take to village the in behind children and alike respondents female and Male homes. and land opportunities the of available spoke overwhelmingly access of ease the and money making for cities in also while there, amenities and facilities modern to the hustle, the coin: the of flipside the out pointing Sim community. of lack the and air, clean of lack 47 ------Several respondents mentioned a growing respondentsa mentioned growing Several However, the possibilities for income genera income for possibilities the However, houses, these young female respondents agreed agreed respondents houses,female theseyoung more when especially lives”, “ruins land selling that [Young female respondent, Newada Hamlet]. De Hamlet]. Newada respondent, female [Young like assets buy to available becoming money spite motorbikes and agricultural equipment or improving land rarely led to better lives for the sellers, in fact, fact, in sellers, the for lives better to led rarely land properly” money use to able is anyone “hardly since Seeing the potential for a quick win and better lives, lives, better and win a quick for potential the Seeing of)(parts their off selling by responded locals some selling reported that one respondent However, land. trend of people from ‘outside’ who have ‘deep pock ‘deep have who ‘outside’ from people of trend mountains. the in homes second buy to looking ets’ farming, with men chipping in where hard labour labour hard where in chipping men with farming, was required. Women bore the brunt of everyday labour demands demands labour everyday of brunt the bore Women and incomes environmental these with associated needs were met through non-income-generating, non-income-generating, through met needs were such activities livelihood natural-resource-based material. housing and water firewood, collecting as by men but never by women. In the study areas in in areas study the In women. by never but men by provided also crops cash and fruit district, Nainital portion A household large of some annually. income Scheme (known as NREGA) available to both sexes, sexes, both to available NREGA) as (known Scheme migration seasonal some with casesin combined holds subsisted on farming and generated some some generated and on farming holdssubsisted employment labour minimum-wage from income Guarantee Employment the through National Rural existed, these took the form of relatively well-remu relatively of form the took these existed, house posts. commonly, More government nerated tion outside of agriculture are still limited in these these in limited still are agriculture of outside tion households in within individuals few Very areas. that cases rare the in jobs; formal had village each weather and climate-related risks [Elderly male re male [Elderly risks and climate-related weather Village]. spondent, Gajaar for it. Our respondent noted: “Agriculture is not not is “Agriculture noted: respondent Our it. for own its with comes it as life” of kind that for enough family in a more nuclear family setting. At the same same the At setting. family nuclear a more in family brought globalisation with associated trends time, desire the or – consumerism in increase an about ily structures. While fathers want to keep families families keep to want fathers While structures. ily own their sons want generations, across together ASIA IN FOCUS of women. of and looking after children, are all the responsibility as well as farm work, tending to the cattle, cooking fuel-wood (often from kilometres away, or uphill), such as fetching water, fodder, cattle bedding and ment keep Tasks to women bound work. house few opportunities very and fordens paid employ by. them nities for life improvement to alarge extent passed more remote areas, seemed to feel that opportu common perception, and women, especially in the dia as spouses to men in the army –it seemed a of village, and women who had travelled all over In – we did in fact meet female teachers, female heads Village] all there is in their lives.” [Female respondent, Nayal girls are married off; they don’t go to work. That’s thenpre-school, they and then school, finish the dren growing up, awoman told us: “Now there’s a communities. Speaking of the experience of chil similar level of schooling for girls and boys in rural muchbe more limited than men’s irrespective of a Women’s opportunities in life were perceived to opportunities Life sharing can help other women improve their lots. the village”,benefit indicating that knowledge such “goes to meetings all over to learn things that can ample avery active woman in their community who this experience, they mentioned as apositive ex Chaugaonchhinarespondent, Village]. In relation to [Elderly we benefits” knowledge, get no no female opportunity to benefit from them: “Since we have velopment and schemes don’t get and support the working at home, they don’t get to know about de work outside the village stating that since they are to the opportunity and knowledge denied being en [Female Bohrakot respondent, Village]. A combination of high domestic work bur While this reflection may overly be pessimistic voiced frustration respondents Other at wom ------48 Women will get at least 100 days, maybe more.” earn can men more because scheme, elsewhere. Village told us that “it is mostly women who use the NREGA scheme. Avillage health worker in Satbunga ly available to women is manual labour through the Village] ing…” [Young Chaugaonchhina respondent, male have so much work at home... maybe some stitch ously responded: “What’s possible for women? They who had worked both in Bombay and Delhi dubi could do at home, for instance –one young man development of microenterprise work – that women There’s so much alcohol in the village, the men one respondent retorted: “Voice? What voice? mestic abuse. When prodded about women’s voice, they were forced to put up with this and even do bling), and as women not earning their own income, dered much of the money (e.g. on alcohol and gam consumption, respondents stated that squan men areas characterised by high a level of male alcohol tlement would restrict In some such opportunities. that emphasised spondents the lack of enti legal they needed to feel confident and empowered, re respondent, Gajaar Village] [Male finances” to market handle crops and bring – even though they do all the work, it’s the men who “Women have no idea about what the crops bring in lihood, women often lacked control over their lives: money and not having independent means of live en to have their own income. Knowing little about household finances and it was not normal for wom generallyspondents said that control held men of interview her] spondent, Gajaar Village, upon our requesting to am not“I educated. Iknow nothing.” [Female re Voice empowerment and One opportunity for income generation for income wide opportunity One for the opportunities about questioned When While stating that for women’s lives to improve, Despite the higher work burden of women, re ------SPECIAL ISSUE ------As the sub-section on exposure to the world world the to exposure on sub-section the As extends to opportunities for acquiring knowledge knowledge opportunitiesacquiring to for extends rural deniedto consistently are and skills, which be life in participate to wish their despite women roles. subjugated traditional and village their yond con socially are roles gendered manner, this In cases demon exceptional 1996); (Mitchell structed modern lifestyles, life opportunities, and voice and and voice and opportunities, life lifestyles, modern pic gendered a persistently reveal empowerment, as globalisation even development Kumaoni of ture drawn are Villagers aspirations. people’s changes future a with dissatisfied and lifestyles modern by of limits economic and uncertainties the on based is gen farmland selling yet agriculture; subsistence lack inhabitants since a mistake as regarded erally in other renders skills, which management financial Indeed, ownership. land than less secure vestments on spending male about worry to continue women threat the with now except 1985), (Pathak alcohol sale the from gains windfall irreplaceable losing of men only jobs, urban of lure the Despite land. of shoul women while work for seasonally migrate der heavy fetching work’ domestic ‘survival like and cattle children, to tending water, and wood fuel house mainte cooking farmland, and routine doing 2006). also Fracchia (see tasks nance divide gender this shows, lifestyles modern to and felt the pressure of tradition to make ritual sacrifices sacrifices ritual make to tradition of pressure the felt being as such a son, to especially birth, giving after unbalanced) (and restrictive a very have to obliged breast despite birth the after period a long for diet were who women prevented also Tradition feeding. remarrying, some in from early widowed although “Wid cases implications: had certain this positive without [i.e. conditions economic better have ows oth on money spend not do they because men] almost spent men some that estimating things”, er monetary of household on income alco two-thirds Village] Gajaar Respondent, hol.[Male of gendered impact The Discussion: Himalayas Kumaon the in globalisation to and world the to exposure on findings above The 49 ------so much, she won’t even tell us her name. [Fe name. her us tell even won’t she much, so Village]. male respondent, Udaidkhani Regardless of whether I’m right or wrong, it’s it’s wrong, or right I’m whether of Regardless ... Otherwise they’ll I speak. that important some In speak. to right the have I don’t think hesitate will woman – the that like it’s places, This respondent also reflected on women’s on women’s also reflected respondent This In other villages, the experience of the wom the of experience the villages, other In Domestic problems would oftenbe not would ad Domestic problems This woman had been chosen as sarpanch as chosen been had woman This times with inputs from village elders, decided how how decided elders, village from inputs with times women and have, should a woman children many The lack of women’s individual empowerment was Re bodies. own their to rights their in reflected also household, the some spondents elders said within their husband’s village as a bride, while still recog still while a bride, as village husband’s their to: able are women all not that nising need to ensure their own agency upon moving to to moving upon agency own their ensure to need “Sometimes the woman has to listen to the elders elders the to listen to has woman the “Sometimes also husband the sometimes but husband, the orto equal.” it’s house, this In listen. to has anything about these things”. said: respondent female One dismal. as not was en other’s company during daily chores like collecting collecting like chores daily during company other’s doing for unity no “There’s water: fetching and grass ask the police” and despite the fact that the sense sense the that fact the despite and police” the ask de and strong was women between community of each sharing spent they time the through veloped serious cases by public law enforcement officials, officials, enforcement law casesserious public by and out go to afraid feel “We said: she as because, what is a woman in that position to do?” to position that in a woman is what more in even not community, the within dressed tion, she worked as a community health worker but but worker health a community as worked she tion, household the work: all “I doing despite us that told – at yelled and outside working for at sworn get still (head of village) as a result of an imposed quota for for quota imposed an of a result as village) of (head addi In educated. most the being her and women speak up against her husband.” [Female respon [Female her husband.” speak against up village]. dent, anonymised come home and create trouble and then there’s no no there’s then and trouble create homecome and can woman No […] bed hungry go to you and food ASIA IN FOCUS their biological identity (Rocheleau et al. 2013). The address the gendered inequalities they face due to turally, economically and geographically unable to marginalised to such an extent that they are cul sional, gendered inequalities: women are multiply (Klugman et al. 2014). This points to multi-dimen independent income, voice, and legal protection visible in terms of their limited access to knowledge, 2008). Women’s lack of individual empowerment is in the mountains (also see Elmhirst &Resurreccion tural, economic and geographical dimensions of life ginalisation is based on intersecting biological, cul even how many children they may have. This mar how and where they live their lives, and sometimes whether not, or spent, income is hold sold land is women are not allowed to co-determine how house Many child-bearing. and linked alcoholism, with in terms of domestic violence financial decisions, overwield especially women, within the household, empowerment reveals the power enormous men systematically premised (Agarwal gender on 2001). mannera reminiscent of ‘participatory exclusions’ in work, farm and duties domestic back-breaking to marriage, life choices their restricts drastically tional gendered expectations. female born Being women’s futures are determined in line with tradi 2001). By and large, as Klenk (2004) also argues, highly circumscribed nature of their options (Sarin tarakhand, but rather by acute awareness of the (2010) Sudarshan Ut rural for and argue Sharma panied by political representation inclusion, and as en with some local livelihoods, these are not accom that while provide development do schemes wom history.tarakhand’s mental resistance (Shiva 1988) movements in Ut community forestry (Agrawal 2005) and environ roles to ascribed women inerful pre-globalisation ofsort exception is at quite aremove from the pow Yet (Mikkola 2005). inequity this social trenched encourage mobilise and others to redress such en strate that some empowered, proactive women can Most worryingly, the sub-section on voice and The sub-section on life opportunities shows ------50 parents and from their home communities, of young and working in cities feeling alienated from their in these communities. Stories of children educated of which appear to sustainably be improving lives rations of the youth to live modern lifestyles, neither on selling land to ‘outsiders’ and given rise to aspi has enabled quick access to money for men based & Mishra 2009). Rather, in these areas, globalisation despite the Green Revolution (Pingali 2012; Reddy saw little evidence of modernisation of agriculture We communities. mountain agrarian their outside women’s knowledge of and exposure to the world show marked differences in Kumaoni men’s and ened by limits over women’s will and agency. dynamic nature of gender (Tripathy 2010) is weak apprehending the variety of exclusionary ways in opmental challenges within globalising India entails thatstudy addressing suggest Uttarakhand’s devel (ibid.). Uttarakhand in en 87% of males being literate compared to 70% wom the sexes of 17 percentage points (pp) persists with literacy gender a and ofage 18, differencebetween tween 20-24 years of age are married before the comes for male infants. Almost 15% of women be determination, as well as better nutritional out male foeticide despite laws banning prenatal sex 2011) suggesting adisheartening likelihood of fe female to male child sex ratio of 919 (Chandramouli 1000 boys)ery which trails behind India’s national male child sex ratio (0-6 years) is (girls 890 for ev in demographic statistics. Uttarakhand’s female to 2006). (Nightingale es disadvantagedbe in these and most other process ties (Tomozawa 2014). This study shows women to beneficial ways towards these mountain communi ing processes of globalisation not being routed in (villager’s words) present apicture of the burgeon one-off influxes of too much money ‘ruining lives’ that remain unavailable to them, and of alcohol and men frustrated at seeing amenities on television The findings of this qualitative study thus The trends emerging from this qualitative The bias in favour of males is also reflected ------SPECIAL ISSUE recently completed his PhD at at PhD his completed recently graduated with a Masters in Public Public in a Masters with graduated [email protected] [email protected] monitoring and evaluation. She has a keen interest interest a keen has She evaluation. and monitoring development. and health global in background and Email: Siddharth Sareen Sareen Siddharth Economics Resource and Food of Department the a currently is and Copenhagen of University the at for Centre Weber Max the with fellow postdoctoral Erfurt, and Studies, Social and Cultural Advanced Delhi. New Growth, Economic of Institute the Email: Manuel Celie is She Copenhagen. of University the from Health Gender and Evaluation, Monitoring, the currently for Institute International the at Adviser Learning she where (IIED) and Development Environment for specialist a methods as teams research supports 51 ------what these factors currently are in the Kumaon Hi Kumaon the in are currently factors these what malayas. terventions must respond to gendered inequalities inequalities gendered must respondto terventions keep or exacerbate that factors the targeting by furthers of It understanding our entrenched. them ly empower communities and bring the purported purported the bring and communities empower ly in them, development to benefits globalisation of this and comparable regions need to acknowledge acknowledge to need regions comparable and this (Kabeer inequalities intersecting these address and tru to that suggests study This 2007). Kar 2010; omy (Sukhtankar & Vaishnav 2015). Interventions Interventions 2015). & Vaishnav (Sukhtankar omy in development services in actors public and by realities of everyday life in the Kumaon Himalayas Himalayas Kumaon the in life everyday of realities moun of integration the towards critical so are that econ global and national the in communities tain files (cash-crop versus subsistence farming). Gov farming). subsistence versus files (cash-crop with processes schemes linked and larger ernment these target to little done have India globalising on gender was present across communities regard communities across on gender present was pro livelihood and remoteness in differences less of inequality within communities, which is being com being is which communities, within inequality modernisation by mitigated than rather pounded based Marginalisation processes. globalisation and inequalities for development for inequalities deep-seated of gender evidence provides Our study ing that dominates mainstream discourses. mainstream dominates that ing gendered Addressing Conclusion: stories of globalising India as an emerging power power emerging an as India globalising of stories imagina popular the captured otherwise have that courtesy spectacle-making the nation-build tion of exclusions take in two mountainous districts of Ut of districts two in mountainous take exclusions the from removed rather remain These tarakhand. women, in Uttarakhand’s rain-fed com agricultural munities (Afshar & Barrientos 1999; 2005). Mikkola these forms specific some demonstrated have We which globalisation does or does not affect the lives lives the affect not does or does globalisation which for especially thereof, implications the and people of ASIA IN FOCUS Pathak, (1985) S. Intoxication as asocial evil: Anti-alcohol movement in Uttarakhand. Ogra, V. M. (2008) Human–wildlife conflict and gender in protected area borderlands: a Nightingale, (2006) A. The nature of gender: work, gender, and environment. Environment Mitchell, (1996) S. Gender and Development: Asafe recipe. Mikkola, (2005). A. Role of Gender Equality in Development -ALiterature Review. Klugman, J., Hanmer, Twigg, L., Hasan, T., S., McCleary-Sills, J., &Santamaria, J. (2014). (2004). M. Klenk, R. is the ‘Who Developed Woman?’ Women as aCategory of Development Kar, (2007). S. Inclusive growth in hilly regions: priorities for the Uttarakhand economy. Kabeer, (2010). N. Gururani, (2014). S. “Geographies that Make Resistance”: Remapping the Politics of Glaser, (2009). & Strauss, G., L. B. A. Fracchia, (2006). E. M. Elmhirst, &Resurreccion, R., P. B. (2008). Gender, environment and natural resource (2011). C. Chandramouli, Agrawal, (2005). A. Agarwal, (2001). B. Participatory exclusions, community forestry, and gender: An analysis Afshar, &Barrientos, H., (1999). S. Introduction: Women, globalization and fragmen References India. India. perceptions, study vulnerabilities and ofcase costs, from Uttarakhand (Uttaranchal), D: planning and 140-143. 6(2): Papers Discussion Center of Economic Research DC: World Bank Publications. Voice and agency: Empowering women and girls for shared prosperity Discourse, Kumaon, India. WorkingInstitute Paper of Economic Growth inequalities intersecting Himalayan Studies and Nepal for and PlaceGender in Uttarakhand, India. research qualitative Kumaon, in work Indian gendered management: natural and management: New dimensions, new debates. 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