COPPER and LEAD MINERALIZATION in The
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COPPER AND LEAD MINERALIZATION in the Bageshwar Area, District Almora (U. p.) BY MIR AZAM ALI, M. Sc. (Osmania) Thesis Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In Geology At the Aligrarh Muslim University, ALIGARH (U. P.) INDIA. 1970 T931 r LIST OF TABLES TABt£ 1 Production And utlltsatlon of eopper ie vesrt ISdB ssd !86f9* Oaoesimar. 6 Tl Soae iaportaat nlnerological characters and nodal CMiposUton of sllletffed dolonfttc ItAiestonat from tesd-bearfn^ fiorfxofls of Skltlikbani-Cbbanapatti b«!t 4S TTt Cbcmical analjrgls of barron eaittonate roeica 65 IV CoMpotltion of taad-baarlng slllefffad itltli tlia barren sllicffled carboaata roeka. 67 V Smsamty of cotaeton alteration atfneraU ebarsetar- Istfe of various types of alnaralfsatfoe VI Easults from ehenlea! analysis of eairttonate rodcs arouad Dalaldev ridge 94 vn raraflenesis of the hypogene ore and opagoe oinerala jj3 (^j VlXt Coaplete parsQenette seqoonee of the ore aod dtmgae 113 (ij)/ aslnerals ie the eopper»lead deposits of Dagefhwar iHsialayas (O.P,) LIST OF FlGtWES 1 Sap sHowfuo the lecstlon of tlte aret ti«d«r feveittcfatloii. fig. 2 Map showing the topography and eavfront of Bagathwar. Ff^. 3 Tho qenerai aubdivtsion of the Rlmalayas. Fig. 4 Seglona! taetonle ibap of the Xtmaoo IHssltyoa. S Coologtcal oap of Oageshwar and adjaeimt areaa, Al«ora Diatriet <U.P.) *Ffg. 6 Gaologfeal sections through the Sageshwar Blnalayaa. Ffg. 7 Strifee freqaeoey of jofntt in the roetrs arotiad Sageshorar. fig. B Variation dlagrua of eilcfte. dotoalte and Jatpensld In the lead beartag doloattle llaestone, Bageshwar. Fig. 9 Zonal dlatrfbatfee pattem of eopper sod iMd deposits, Shlshkhanl- Chhaaapant-Balaldev belt, Ateora diatriet. Fig. 10 Sanplln^ atatfona of eaiiaoBate roehs, Balalder ridgt, Bageshwar area, Alaora diatriet. Fig.II Variation dfagram of €a/ig ratio, St02 and CO^ eontent la eaibonates iroand the eopper deposits of Salaldev ridge, Bageshwar (O.P.) Fig. 12 Field ralatloa of the altered basic sills and eopper-lead deposits, Shtsbhhaal-ChhaaBpaB{'>Bala]dev belt. • in pocket rmi& m COWTEHTS LIST Of TABUS I LIST Of FfGOnKS H CHAPTCR , T BTBODOmOfS & PKEIflOCS INVESTtGATfONS 1 Introduettoa 1 Locstlon, •xttat aed eonamteatlon 1 Purpose of the worte 2 Netkods and prasentatton of work 3 Gen«n I topogrtpliy 3 Clinsie ftfid rata fa II 5 Fauaa, flora and labablttsts 5 BrUf Aittory of tlie ancfent copper«lead tadostry 6 Previous investfgattona a i& cmpTEs > n smncum & LrraoLOGif 13 Regional Geology H Stratioraplite aettiag 13 Age eorraiitloB 14 Stmlgrapbf and llttvology of tbe area 16 Stratigrapiiy IT Uttioiogy W CHAPTER * irt STBOCTOBE 6 iORPHOTECTCmCS 26 Structara 26 Noa^diistropltfe ttruetures 27 Teetoatc or diattropble atruetures 29 Morphoteetonies SB CHAPTER ~ fV PETtOGRAPHf & PETR(»SEN8SlS !» Miaeraltaed earbooote rocks ») Ortafn of dolonite 49 Barren carbonate rocks ... S3 uayastwar quartzltaii 59 Altered basic sills 62 The crystslliae series ... 6S -lit- -iv^ CH/>PTSB > y KAIX IOCS ALTERATIfflS, CUE 208fW6 6 COfDK TO 088 DEPOSITION M Mtll rock elteratfon ... 66 A brief review ef tbe concept of wall roek •lieretioti 70 Prevloos Inirettlgitlon ... 73 Present (nvesiigttfoa ... 14 Effects of Itjrdrotheree} aetlvlty ... 76 First phase ... ... 76 Seeend phase ... ... OS Ore aonlng ... ... Zooiog la the 0a0«sl>wer di^osits ... 90 Ofseusstoa ... ... 92 Gatde to ore deposition ... 97 CtlftPTga , yf MIN8RAGIIAPH* AND PARACENBSIS ... 99 fotrodaetioii ... ... 99 Mfneralogieel descrlptton of the ores ... 100 Ttxtores sod olcrostrnctures ... lOS Interpretetfoe of textures eed nlerostraetares 110 Peregenests ... ... 113 CHAPTgK > VTT CENiSTS OP fllE COppgB & LEAO tti!»OSm 114 Geaerel steteweat 114 Miners Heat Ion by hydrotherRsl solattoas ... M Sttpergene salphfde earlehaeet and exldetlon 127 Probable sooree of hydrothersiai solatloo ... 129 Type of deposit i:i4 SOflAgY & CONCLUSION IM eXPUNATION OP PLATSS 14$ REPetENCES M FIG.1. MAP SHOWING THE LOCATION OF THE AREA UNDER INVESTIGATION. Cii«pt«r • I INTROOOCTION AND PUntm INVBSTlGAttONS tNTOOOOCTlON locittoPt Exttnt md Coamwittctttoii Ba9«tli»«r Is « flouriikiag torn IN the ktlly Alaora dittrlet of Ottar Fr8desl»« India, tt ft located fi«av tli« ctmflaeaee of the ^rju and Gonatt rtvens at a dfstaeee of about 66 lailes NNE of the Alaora dfstrfet headqaaneri aad aboat tlO «llet NNS of iCathoodaia. a ter- aitnal ttatioo !a the Nonh-Saitern iathmya. The town oeevpiet a place fa the reaote taterfor of the Ktwaoa divleton m the old pi iQvlai road between Alaora and dadrlnath (30^44* N« 79*^32* S). The aotorable roads on the eoiith« north and eaat of Bageshwar were eonttrneted only after 196S. 1%e town fa aifo eoaneeted to Katkgodan (tee 1) vta Alaora and Ganir 79^37*04") by another good aotorable road and a aule traek. the area aetected for geologfoal tarveyfng aad study ft aboat 65 square alias around Bageshwar between T9®42'B longUude te t9®48'B tongltude and 29®46'52'' N latftade te . latitude. It Is tnoluded In the one Inch to a alle topographleal sheet Not. 63, 0/9 aad 0/13 published by the Survey of India <Ffg. 2). The central part of the area Is occupied by the Sarja river valley (Fig. 2) which is sarrauided by soae of the lofty ridges of the Inner Biaalayan sane. 1 - - 2 - P^ypf^i^ df th» wftrit AltHOBflh ttif oocvrrtRett aatl eaefeat alalBO of eopp«r and laad aroaad Bagttbwar wtrt kaowa for the last 100 yMrt. vary tm aatboritattvo pnbllsbad iiorl: OR tht aoda of oeearraaea, vtaaralogy. atmetare and genatft of tli« dapoiltt it avallabia. Aa far aa tb« atratf^rapby and itraetara of the area given Is eoaeeraed* a little aora U kaoim. Aamag the raeeat workers, «rtio bava/sone iaforaatloat re^ardfag the gaolofnr of the ore-depotIta. their Mde of oeeurrmee and phytteal aatare, matton aay be aade of Sabra«aayaa and Jala C19<i0a, 1960b. 1961). Alagraa aad Matbar (aea lay 1961). Naatlyal (1962), and Swarap aad Xiara (194S). Qaaaaer (1964. Plate lA) bat ealy given the broad atruotaral pattern of the area la bis geological nap of the Hloalayas. Nltb ineb a baek- groand of prevtoai work, the present invMttgatlon mis planned la tach a way 8f to bring oat aot only the straetttre and atratlgrapby of the area ia ioae detail, bat also the aatare of wall rook alteration dae to aalphlde Miaerall- aatlon, in addition to the Mineralogy and parageaetis of the eopper and lead ores and finally, their genesia. The invastigatloa was aadertakea at the auggeatlen of Or. S.R.Saaal who also sapervited the eatire work. It was obviotisly of eonsiderable scientifle interest aad thoaght-provoking. In ootirse of the present work, the author eatae aevoss several exeltlag problems in the field as well as la the laboratory, tt has also opened SOM new aveaaes of thiaklng. For aK>st of the observatioat, dlseassions, JadcNtasta and eoaelasloas the aathor ia responsible. Baret-. / ^ Tunera ^^ c H H A T (^'E N A ftjf JAULKANO, R^ • MOLTO^ / ^ Belaunasera\ ooi^i^ SHI|HKHANI litryadal • Naugaon^ BALALDEV ^QP^^ * .Borgaon \ ///^^V^/ ^ / ''KalautaJx^Ghusety CHHANAPANI Raikf^tichak *C h ougaonc hhinc^ / Pagnakho/T7 l Dewaldhar MILE 79- FIG. 2 MAP SHOWING THE TOPOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONS OF B A GESHWAR - 3 - Bvoadlf, th« Mork «•• ctrHeil out •eeording to the following progrannvt !. Field Invest!^!Ions «• Preparation of a geological tnap tad structural sactfona of tha am showiBg the aiora tnpoitaat structural faaiuraa of tbe country rocks, IncIudtaQ the boat rocks of eoppor and lead deposits: b) sataplino of the relevant rocks, tstnerals and ores for petro- grapbic and ore nlcroscopfe wortr; e) restricted aanpltag of the alaerallstd rocks for cb^lcal analysis asd d> eolleetlon of data for geoaorphologleal studies. 2. Uberatory Study - a) Preparation of thin and polished sections of rocks ond ores and their study la traasnitted and reflected llqht respectively: b) detenalaation.of laicro hardness of the ore ninerals using a Mlcro-hardness tester. 3. Ch«BicQl aaalyses of rocks sa«ples: The work is presented In the following order; i) latroductiea and previous larestigations. ii) Stratigraphy and lithology ill) Stmcture aad morphotactonIcs. iv) Petrography aad petrogenesls. v) Vail rock alteration, ore-sotiing and guide to ore depositfoa. v1) ttiaeragrapiiy and parageaesfs of the opaque ninerals. vli) Genesis of the copper and lead deposits, viii) SMmary and coacluslons The topography of the area Is very rugged and the relief of the ares is 3.600*. The hills, valleys and ridges are sotsewhat arcuate. Ta the southwest of Bageshwar the ridges reu^ily rua In an east-west direction. The ranges to the south of Paagar river (Fig. 2) attain an elevation apto 5,600 ft. aad « 4 - ttrlles KW.se. Broad allitviu»>eover«d vallcfi may ««11 be teee tt landal Stra- Katiiathfoare regicr.« Bslsuaa Sftra, Nadfgaoii r«gfoii ate. the arM fa drained by ttie Sarja. f«o«atl, F«BQar« Uhor rtvert end tbttr trlbntarfea. Pralwaqa lliara are tifo miR rivers the Sarju and Goaatl wblch are largely retpoBstble for dra<aa@9 of the area. la gaaeral, the drataagt ayatea of the area hot a trelHa pattern. Itie nain trfbutarlet of the Sarja river are In general, along strike of the foraattons or along faults etc. and say ttms be regarded as of SHbseqaent type Csee Sparks p.9). Tn laajority of eases* the tributaries of snbseqaeat streaias are of laseqaent type beeatise they appear neither to dapead opon the initial depressions nor upon the weakness In the rocks. In the north of Bageshwar* the i^rjo flows aeross the stike of the differaot fonnitions with earvatures and bends at a ntMber of places. The sab- sequtnt nature of the tributaries of the Sarja river Is evident fro« the «ap. H%ff ftUi Sone water falls have been notleed in sone subseqneat streaas of Sarju and in SOM inse<)«ent tribatarles of the subsequent streaas.