DOCSLIB.ORG

Thesis FINAL

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Thesis FINAL This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Making the worst of a bad situation: How the interpersonal conflict between Foreign Minister Jozef Beck and Marshal Edward Rydz-Smigly affected Poland’s perception of the German threat in the run-up to the Second World War Kostus, Anna Maria Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 26. Sep. 2021 Making the worst of a bad situation: How the interpersonal conflict between Foreign Minister Jozef Beck and Marshal Edward Rydz- Smigly affected Poland’s perception of the German threat in the run-up to the Second World War Anna Kostus PhD Thesis Department of War Studies King´s College London February 2015 1 Abstract The institutional conflict examined in this thesis can be traced back to the successful military coup of 1926, which elevated Marshal Jozef Pilsudski to dictatorship. Given the Marshal's interest in military and foreign policy matters, he was actively involved in the formation of both, ensuring their coherence. Unfortunately, following Pilsudski's death in 1935, the 'Sanacja' regime plunged into internal conflict. Rydz-Smigly, who succeeded Pilsudski as the General Inspector of the Armed Forces, soon became involved in the domestic power struggle. Named the Second Person in the state in 1936 and promoted to Marshal, Rydz-Smigly sought greater involvement in foreign policy. This interference met with resistance from the Polish Foreign Minister Jozef Beck. The troubled relationship between both men embodied the civil-military conflict in 1930s Poland and is the main subject of this doctorate. This thesis examines the extent in which it affected Polish military preparedness in 1939 by delaying the process of defensive planning. It also subject considers the impact that the tension between the Foreign Ministry and the General Staff had on the flow of strategically important information. Save for Roman Wapinski, whose work focuses on the dynamic between Polish foreign and domestic policy, the historiography to date has failed to address the importance of this institutional and personal rivalry and tended to focus on either diplomatic (e.g. Piotr Wandycz, Anna Cienciala, Marek Kornat, Stanislaw Zerko, Michal Zacharias) or military (e.g. Marian Zgorniak, Marian Leczyk, Mieczyslaw Cieplewicz, Leszek Gadek, Piotr Stawecki) history. This dissertation looks at both 2 and contrasts the diplomats and military men’s different attitudes to Germany. It argues that this dissonance in approach impaired the Polish military and civilian authorities' ability to accurately assess the German threat and, consequently, affected Poland's defence in September 1939. 3 Table of contents List of abbreviations used throughout this thesis 5 Glossary of persons 6 Introduction 10 Chapter One: May 1926 48 Chapter Two: A Biographical Study of the Foreign and Defence Policy 59 Decision-Making elite in 1930s Poland Chapter Three: Cracks in the system: May 1935 – 1936 106 Chapter Four: 1937 – too damn quiet? 140 Chapter Five: 1938 – the year of the Jackal 171 Chapter Six: 1939 – The race to war 202 Chapter Seven: The Epilogue 245 Chapter Eight: Conclusion 250 Appendix 1 266 Bibliography 268 4 List of abbreviations used throughout this thesis Archives: TNA – The National Archives AAN – Archiwum Akt Nowych [The Modern Document Archive] PISM – Polish Institute and Sikorski Museum JPIoA – Jozef Pilsudski Institute of America JPI-London – Jozef Pilsudski Institute - London Political Parties: OZN – Oboz Zjednoczenia Narodowego [Camp for National Unity] BBWR – Bezpartyjny Blok Wspolpracy z Rzadem [Non-Party Bloc for Cooperation with the Government] PSL – Polskie Stonnictwo Ludowe [Polish People's Party] – the Peasant's party Other: GISZ – Glowny Inspectorat Sil Zbrojnych [The General Inspectorate of the Armed Forces] 5 Glossary of persons Arciszewski, Miroslaw – Polish Ambassador in Romania (1932 – 1938), Second Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs (1938 – 1939). Barthou, Louis – French Minister for Foreign Affairs (1934). Beck, Jozef – Polish Minister for Foreign Affairs (1932 – 1939). Beck, Jadwiga – Jozef Beck’s wife. Biddle, Anthony J. Drexel, Jr. – US Ambassador in Poland (1937 – 1944). Benes, Eduard – Czechoslovak President (1935 – 1938). Bonnet, Georges – French Minister for Foreign Affairs (1938 – 1939). Bullitt, William C. – US Ambassador in the Soviet Union (1933 – 1936), US Ambassador in France (1936 – 1940). Burhadt – Bukacki, Stanislaw – general in the Polish Army, Jadwiga Beck’s first husband. Chamberlain, Neville – British Prime Minister (1937 – 1940). Chiczewski, Feliks – diplomat, Polish Consul General in Leipzig ( Chlapowski, Alfred – Polish Ambassador in France (1924 – 1936). Chodacki, Marian – diplomat, Commissioner General of the Republic of Poland in the Free City of Gdansk (1936 – 1939). Churchill, Winston – British Member of Parliament. Ciano, Galeazzo – Italian Minister for Foreign Affairs (1936 – 1943). Daladier, Edouard – French Defense Minister (1936 – 1940), Prime Minister (1933 – 1934, 1938 – 1940). Delbos, Yvon – French Minister for Foreign Affairs (1936 – 1938). Dlugoszowski – Wieniawa, Boleslaw – general in the Polish Army, Polish 6 Ambassador in Italy (1938 – 1940). Eden, Anthony – British Minister for Foreign Affairs (1936 – 1938). Frankowski, Feliks – Polish diplomat, Counsellor in the Polish Embassy in France. Fyda, Wojciech – colonel, Polish Military Attache in France. Gamelin, Maurice – general in the French Army, Commander in Chief and Chief of General Staff. Goering, Hermann – Marshal of the German Third Reich. Halifax, Edward – British Minister for Foreign Affairs (1938 – 1940). Hitler, Adolf – Chancellor of the German Third Reich (1933 – 1945). Hlond, August – Polish cardinal. Kasprzycki, Tadeusz – general in the Polish Army, Polish Minister for Military Affairs (1935 – 1939). Kennard, Howard – British Ambassador to Poland (1935 – 1941). Koc, Adam – leader of the Camp of National Unity (1937 – 1938). Kwiatkowski, Eugeniusz – Polish Deputy Prime Minister and Finance Minister (1935 – 1939). Lipski, Jozef – Polish Ambasador in Germany (1933 – 1939). Lubienski, Michal – diplomat, Minister Beck’s Chef de Cabinet. Lukasiewicz, Juliusz – Polish Ambassador in the Soviet Union (1933 – 1936), Polish Ambassador in France (1936 – 1939). Mackiewicz, Stanislaw (Cat) – journalist, Editor in Chief of Slowo. Moltke, Hans Adolf von – German Amabassador to Poland (1931 – 1939). Molotov, Vyacheslav – Soviet Minister for Foreign Affairs (1939 – 1949). Morawski, Kajetan – Polish Deputy Finance Minister (1936 – 1939). 7 Moscicki, Ignacy – Polish President (1926 – 1939). Mussolini, Benito – Italian leader (1922 – 1943). Neurath, Constantin von – German Minister for Foreign Affairs (1932 – 1938). Noel, Leon – French Ambassador in Poland (1935 – 1939). Paul-Boncour, Joseph – French Minister for Foreign Affairs (1933 – 1938). Pelczynski, Taduesz – colonel, Head of the Second Department of Polish General Staff (1929 – 1939). Papee, Kazimierz – Polish Legate in Czechoslovakia (1936 – 1939). Pilsudski, Jozef – Marshal of Poland Potocki, Jerzy – Polish Ambassador in the United States of America (1936 – 1940). Potocki, Jozef – diplomat, Director of the Political Department at the Ministry for Foreign Affairs. Raczysnki, Edward – Polish Ambassador in the United Kingdom (1934 – 1945). Raczynski, Roger – Polish Ambassador in Romania (1938 – 1940). Ribbentrop, Joachim von – German Minister for Foreign Affairs (1938 – 1939). Romer, Taduesz – Polish Legate in Portugal (1935 – 1937), Polish Ambassador in Japan (1937 – 1941). Rydz – Smigly, Edward – Marshal of Poland, General Inspector for the Armed Forces and Commander in Chief (1935 – 1939). Simon, John – British Minister for Foreign Affairs (1931 – 1935). Skladkowski – Slawoj, Felicjan – Polish Prime Minister (1936 – 1939). Slavic, Juraj – Czechoslovak Legate in Poland (1935 – 1939). Smolenski, Jozef – colonel, Head of the Second Department of the General Staff (1939). 8 Sosnowski, Kazimierz – general in the Polish Army, Chief of the General Staff (1935 – 1939). Strang, William – British diplomat, Head of the Central Department (1937 – 1939). Szymanski, Antoni – colonel, Polish Military Attache in Germany. Szembek, Jan – Deputy Minister for Foreign Affairs (1932 – 1939). Titulescu, Nicolae – Romanian Minister for Foreign
Load more

Recommended publications
  • On the Threshold of the Holocaust: Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms In
    Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions. of the Holocaust carried out by the local population. Who took part in these excesses, and what was their attitude towards the Germans? The Author Anti-Jewish Riots and Pogroms Were they guided or spontaneous? What Tomasz Szarota is Professor at the Insti- part did the Germans play in these events tute of History of the Polish Academy in Occupied Europe and how did they manipulate them for of Sciences and serves on the Advisory their own benefit? Delving into the source Board of the Museum of the Second Warsaw – Paris – The Hague – material for Warsaw, Paris, The Hague, World War in Gda´nsk. His special interest Amsterdam, Antwerp, and Kaunas, this comprises WWII, Nazi-occupied Poland, Amsterdam – Antwerp – Kaunas study is the first to take a comparative the resistance movement, and life in look at these questions. Looking closely Warsaw and other European cities under at events many would like to forget, the the German occupation. On the the Threshold of Holocaust ISBN 978-3-631-64048-7 GEP 11_264048_Szarota_AK_A5HC PLE edition new.indd 1 31.08.15 10:52 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 11 Geschichte - Erinnerung – Politik 11 Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Tomasz Szarota Szarota Tomasz On the Threshold of the Holocaust In the early months of the German occu- volume describes various characters On the Threshold pation during WWII, many of Europe’s and their stories, revealing some striking major cities witnessed anti-Jewish riots, similarities and telling differences, while anti-Semitic incidents, and even pogroms raising tantalising questions.
    [Show full text]
  • The History of Joint-Stock Companies in the Second
    STUDIA HISTORIAE OECONOMICAE UAM Vol. 36 Poznań 2018 zhg.amu.edu.pl/sho Mariusz W. M a j e w s k i (Katowice) ORCID 0000-0002-9599-4006 [email protected] THE HISTORY OF JOINT-STOCK COMPANIES IN THE SECOND POLISH REPUBLIC AS EXEMPLIFIED BY WSPÓLNOTA INTERESÓW GÓRNICZO–HUTNICZYCH SA (MINING AND METALLURGY COMMUNITY OF INTERESTS JOINT STOCK COMPANY) Abstract: The article focuses on problems related to capital in Katowicka Spółka Akcyjna dla Gór­ nictwa i Hutnictwa SA (Katowice Mining and Metallurgy Joint Stock Company) and Górnośląskie Zjednoczone Huty “Królewska” i “Laura” (Upper Silesian United Metallurgical Plants “Królewska” and “Laura”) in the years 1918–1939. The article examines particular issues of the Upper Silesian industry after the Great War, namely: concentration of foreign capital in the mining and metallur­ gical industries; great mining and metallurgical enterprises in the periods of both industrial pros­ perity and crisis; attempts to limit the influence of foreign capital following the introduction of ju­ dicial supervision over Katowicka Spółka Akcyjna dla Górnictwa i Hutnictwa SA and Górnośląskie Zjednoczone Huty “Królewska” i “Laura” SA; the emergence of Wspólnota Interesów Górniczo– Hutniczych SA (Mining and Metallurgy Community of Interests Joint Stock Company) in the fi­ nal years of the Second Polish Republic. Key words: Second Polish Republic, mining and metallurgical industry, foreign capital, Wspólnota Interesów Górniczo–Hutniczych SA. doi:10.2478/sho-2018-0003 INTRODUCTION. THE CONDITION OF INDUSTRY IN UPPER SILESIA AFTER THE GREAT WAR On May 15, 1922, the Geneva convention on Upper Silesia was signed. As a result, mining and metallurgical enterprises, which up to that point had successfully functioned within the same structures, found themselves 44 Mariusz W.
    [Show full text]
  • January 1939: the Polish Authorities Decline Hitler’S Offer
    Poland – Germany – History Issue: 16/2020 08/01/2021 January 1939: the Polish authorities decline Hitler’s offer Written by Prof. dr hab. Stanisław Żerko In the second week of January 1939, shortly after Minister Józef Beck spoke with Adolf Hitler in the dictator’s spectacular mountain residence near Berchtesgaden, the Polish leaders who gathered in the Royal Castle in Warsaw unanimously rejected the German offer. The way they saw it, an acceptance of the Reich’s proposal would place Poland well on its path towards vassalage and subjection to Germany. Contrary to popular belief, the offer concerned not only Poland’s consent to the annexation of Gdańsk to the Reich and to creating an extraterritorial link between Germany with Gdańsk Pomerania. Hitler’s vision was to turn Poland into the Reich’s satellite state and have Polish troops hemorrhage on the Eastern Front while helping to build the German empire. Five years earlier, less than a year after Hitler ascent to power, Polish-German relations took an unexpected turn. Poland’s relations with the Weimar Republic had been severely strained. The successive governments in Berlin pushed to revise the Versailles Treaty and especially to recover some of its lost eastern territories. At a 1925 Locarno conference, the Reich adopted a new foreign policy of friendly cooperation with Western powers. It also declared a trade war against Poland and escalated its revisionist anti-Polish propaganda. The Germans circulated the narrative of a “burning border” with Poland and of an allegedly absurd “Polish corridor” separating the Reich from East Prussia and – in the League of Nations – touted cases of violations of the rights of the German minority in Poland.
    [Show full text]
  • Political Visions and Historical Scores
    Founded in 1944, the Institute for Western Affairs is an interdis- Political visions ciplinary research centre carrying out research in history, political and historical scores science, sociology, and economics. The Institute’s projects are typi- cally related to German studies and international relations, focusing Political transformations on Polish-German and European issues and transatlantic relations. in the European Union by 2025 The Institute’s history and achievements make it one of the most German response to reform important Polish research institution well-known internationally. in the euro area Since the 1990s, the watchwords of research have been Poland– Ger- many – Europe and the main themes are: Crisis or a search for a new formula • political, social, economic and cultural changes in Germany; for the Humboldtian university • international role of the Federal Republic of Germany; The end of the Great War and Stanisław • past, present, and future of Polish-German relations; Hubert’s concept of postliminum • EU international relations (including transatlantic cooperation); American press reports on anti-Jewish • security policy; incidents in reborn Poland • borderlands: social, political and economic issues. The Institute’s research is both interdisciplinary and multidimension- Anthony J. Drexel Biddle on Poland’s al. Its multidimensionality can be seen in published papers and books situation in 1937-1939 on history, analyses of contemporary events, comparative studies, Memoirs Nasza Podróż (Our Journey) and the use of theoretical models to verify research results. by Ewelina Zaleska On the dispute over the status The Institute houses and participates in international research of the camp in occupied Konstantynów projects, symposia and conferences exploring key European questions and cooperates with many universities and academic research centres.
    [Show full text]
  • A Companion to Nineteenth- Century Britain
    A COMPANION TO NINETEENTH- CENTURY BRITAIN Edited by Chris Williams A Companion to Nineteenth-Century Britain A COMPANION TO NINETEENTH- CENTURY BRITAIN Edited by Chris Williams © 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd 350 Main Street, Malden, MA 02148-5020, USA 108, Cowley Road, Oxford OX4 1JF, UK 550 Swanston Street, Carlton South, Melbourne, Victoria 3053, Australia The right of Chris Williams to be identified as the Author of the Editorial Material in this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher. First published 2004 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A companion to nineteenth-century Britain / edited by Chris Williams. p. cm. – (Blackwell companions to British history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-631-22579-X (alk. paper) 1. Great Britain – History – 19th century – Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. Great Britain – Civilization – 19th century – Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Williams, Chris, 1963– II. Title. III. Series. DA530.C76 2004 941.081 – dc22 2003021511 A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Set in 10 on 12 pt Galliard by SNP Best-set Typesetter Ltd., Hong Kong Printed and bound in the United Kingdom by TJ International For further information on Blackwell Publishing, visit our website: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com BLACKWELL COMPANIONS TO BRITISH HISTORY Published in association with The Historical Association This series provides sophisticated and authoritative overviews of the scholarship that has shaped our current understanding of British history.
    [Show full text]
  • August Zaleski Papers, 1919-1981
    http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/tf2s2002bg No online items Register of the August Zaleski Papers, 1919-1981 Processed by Michael Jakobson; machine-readable finding aid created by Xiuzhi Zhou Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] © 1998 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Register of the August Zaleski 80163 1 Papers, 1919-1981 Register of the August Zaleski Papers, 1919-1981 Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California Contact Information Hoover Institution Archives Stanford University Stanford, California 94305-6010 Phone: (650) 723-3563 Fax: (650) 725-3445 Email: [email protected] Processed by: Michael Jakobson Date Completed: 1989 Encoded by: Xiuzhi Zhou © 1998 Hoover Institution Archives. All rights reserved. Descriptive Summary Title: August Zaleski Papers, Date (inclusive): 1919-1981 Collection Number: 80163 Creator: Zaleski, August, 1883-1972 Collection Size: 29 manuscript boxes, 1 oversize box, 1 envelope (13 linear feet) Repository: Hoover Institution Archives Stanford, California 94305-6010 Abstract: Correspondence, dispatches, memoranda, and reports, relating to interwar Polish diplomacy, conditions in Poland and diplomacy regarding Poland during World War II, and postwar Polish emigre life. Physical Location: Hoover Institution Archives Language: Polish. Access Collection is open for research. The Hoover Institution Archives only allows access to copies of audiovisual items. To listen to sound recordings or to view videos or films during your visit, please contact the Archives at least two working days before your arrival. We will then advise you of the accessibility of the material you wish to see or hear. Please note that not all audiovisual material is immediately accessible.
    [Show full text]
  • Acta 103.Indd
    Acta Poloniae Historica 103, 2011 PL ISSN 0001–6892 Marek Kornat THE POLISH IDEA OF ‘THE THIRD EUROPE’ (1937–1938): A REALISTIC CONCEPT OR AN EX-POST VISION? The concept of ‘the Third Europe’ – or ‘the Intermarium Bloc’ – was certainly an interesting political project invented by the Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck in the years 1937–8. It was bold and ambitious, but quite controversial, therefore it was merely mentioned in many works devoted to the foreign policy of the interwar Poland. There can be no doubt today that without a careful analysis of the assumptions of this concept, it is impossible to grasp the real meaning of the Polish ‘policy of balance’ between Nazi Germany and the Stalinist Soviet Union, as well as the way of thinking of the Polish leaders about international affairs towards the end of the 1930s. The idea of concentrating the smaller states of East-Central Europe around Poland was one of the most essential and independent politi- cal concepts of Beck, although, quite naturally, it referred to various similar ideas put forward by Polish political thought and in the Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs from the dawn of Poland’s independence. Had this project any real basis in the political reality of the Europe of the 1930s? What was its essence? What were its concrete pros- pects? What aims did Józef Beck connect with it – who was regarded, not without reason, as a fi rm adherent of bilateralism in international relations and a critic of the concept of ‘bloc-building’ as a method of fi nding security? What were the possibilities of Polish diplomacy in the realities of the late 1930s? Was it a real political project, or maybe only a concept described by historians ex post? What determined its failure? The present study is devoted to refl ection upon these questions.
    [Show full text]
  • Janusz Jędrzejewicz
    2 Zbigniew Osi ński Janusz J ędrzejewicz – piłsudczyk i reformator edukacji (1885 – 1951) Wydanie drugie, poprawione i uzupełnione. Lublin 2008 Wydanie pierwsze ukazało si ę w 2007 r. nakładem Wydawnictwa UMCS w Lublinie. ISBN 978-83-227-2704-1 Recenzent dr hab. Zenon Jasi ński Spis tre ści SPIS TRE ŚCI ........................................................................................................................................................ 3 WST ĘP................................................................................................................................................................... 6 ROZDZIAŁ I: DZIECI ŃSTWO I MŁODO ŚĆ 1885 – 1914........................................................................... 16 OKRES UKRAI ŃSKI 1885 – 1904 ........................................................................................................................ 16 STUDIA WY śSZE I PIERWSZA PRACA 1904 – 1914.............................................................................................. 25 ROZDZIAŁ II: W OKOPACH PIERWSZEJ WOJNY ŚWIATOWEJ 1914 – 1918................................... 34 W POLSKIEJ ORGANIZACJI WOJSKOWEJ I W LEGIONACH 1914 – 1916.............................................................. 34 W KONSPIRACJI W WARSZAWIE 1916 – 1918.................................................................................................... 43 ROZDZIAŁ III: PIERWSZE LATA NIEPODLEGŁEJ POLSKI 1918 – 1926 ........................................... 60 śOŁNIERZ WOJSKA POLSKIEGO 1918 – 1923
    [Show full text]
  • Druga Rzeczpospolita
    N r 1 2 11 listopada 2015 Druga Rzeczpospolita SZKOLNA GAZETKA ZZSP IM. JANA PAWŁA II E –mail: [email protected] www.zzsp.miasto.zgierz.p l S t r . 2 11 listopada 2015 Droga do niepodległej Polski 11 listopada stał się datą symboliczną oznaczającą odzyskanie przez Polskę niepodległości w 1918 roku po 123 latach niewoli. Przyjazd Józefa Piłsudskiego do Warszawy i przekazanie mu pełni władzy wojskowej i cywilnej przez Radę Regencyjną zbiegło się przypadkowo w czasie z podpisaniem rozejmu w Compiegne , kończącego działania militarne na frontach I wojny świato- wej. 10 listopada 1918 r. zwolniony z więzienia w Magdeburgu został Józef Piłsudski . Na dworcu w Warszawie, dokąd przyjechał ok. 7 rano, nie było tłumów, bo jego przyjazd nie był pu- blicznie zapowiedziany. Piłsudskiego witali: regent, ks. Zdzisław Lubomirski, komendant naczel- ny POW Adam Koc i kilka innych osobistości. Piłsudski pojechał od razu, w towarzystwie Koca, na "herbatę" do księcia Lubomirskiego w jego domu przy Frascati. Według wspomnień księżny Marii Lubomirskiej jej mąż przekonywał Piłsudskiego, że "on jeden Polskę zbawić potrafi w tym historycznym momencie". Według relacji księcia (jednej z dwóch) Piłsudski chciał od razu jechać do Lublina, gdzie 6-7 listopada powstał wybitnie lewicowy Tymczasowy Rząd Ludowy Republiki Polskiej z Ignacym Daszyńskim na czele i Rydzem-Śmigłym jako ministrem wojny. Piłsudski mó- wił: "Jest to rząd mój, rząd moich przyjaciół". Wysłuchał argumentacji Lubomirskiego, że rząd ten jest partyjny, a nie ogólnonarodowy i powiedział: "Tak, ale jest on na wolnej ziemi". Na to Lubo- mirski wyraził przekonanie, że lada dzień cała ziemia będzie wolna. Piłsudski mruknął: "No, ja zobaczę". 11 listopada o godzinie 11, w wagonie kolejowym w Compiegne we Francji podpisano za- wieszenie broni na froncie zachodnim.
    [Show full text]
  • Zapisz Jako PDF Otwiera Się W Nowym Oknie
    The Second Polish Republic Under the Sanaon Government (revision class) The Second Polish Republic Under the Sanaon Government (revision class) Lesson plan (Polish) Lesson plan (English) The Second Polish Republic Under the Sanaon Government (revision class) Children with flags during a ceremony Source: Dzieci z chorągiewkami podczas uroczystości, 1934, Narodowe Archiwum Cyfrowe, domena publiczna. Link to the Lesson You will learn to define the effects of the May Coup D’État and the manifestations of the crisis of democracy; to describe the everyday life of students of the elementary schools in the Second Polish Republic; to characterize the strong and weak points of the economy and social life of the Second Polish Republic. Nagranie dostępne na portalu epodreczniki.pl Nagranie abstraktu In 1926, Józef Piłsudski decided to take the power with the use of armed force. Ignacy Mościcki assumed the office of President. The August Novelization of 1926 became a temporary solution. One of the first decrees to be issued was the appointment of the General Armed Forces Inspector (Polish acronym: GISZ). Józef Piłsudski was appointed for this office by Ignacy Mościcki. In 1935, the April Constitution was adopted, limiting the authority of the Parliament. During the campaign for the new term of the Sejm in September 1930, the opposition leaders were arrested. Some of them were forced to emigrate. The Brest elections of November granted the Nonpartisan Bloc for Cooperation with the Government (BBWR) 56% of the seats in the Sejm and almost 68% in the Senate. It was a result of a violation of democratic principles. The founding of the Bereza Kartuska prison in the 30s became a symbol of the Sanation’s activities.
    [Show full text]
  • Ribbentrop and the Deterioration of Anglo-German Relations, 1934-1939
    University of Montana ScholarWorks at University of Montana Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers Graduate School 1956 Ribbentrop and the deterioration of Anglo-German relations, 1934-1939 Peter Wayne Askin The University of Montana Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y Recommended Citation Askin, Peter Wayne, "Ribbentrop and the deterioration of Anglo-German relations, 1934-1939" (1956). Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers. 3443. https://scholarworks.umt.edu/etd/3443 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at ScholarWorks at University of Montana. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Student Theses, Dissertations, & Professional Papers by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at University of Montana. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RIBBENTROP AND IHU: DSTRRIORATION OF AmiX)*G5RMAN RELATIONS 1934*1939 by PETER W# A8KIN MONTANA 8TATB UNIVERSITY, 1951 Preseated in partial fulfillment of the requlrememta for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS MONTANA STATE UNIVERSITT 1966 Approved by: rd '^•'•"Sa^aer» Demn. oraduat® Schoo1 UMI Number: EP34250 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent on the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript nd there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. UMI UMI EP34250 Copyright 2012 by ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This edition of the work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code.
    [Show full text]
  • W Drodze Do Wolnej Polski Kawalerowie Krzyża I Medalu
    W drodze do wolnej Polski! Kawalerowie Krzyża i Medalu Niepodległości II Rzeczypospolitej W drodze do wolnej Polski! Kawalerowie Krzyża i Medalu Niepodległości II Rzeczypospolitej ROZPORZĄDZENIE PREZYDENTA RZECZYPOSPOLITEJ z dnia 29 października 1930 r. o Krzyżu i Medalu Niepodległości. Na podstawie art. 44 ust. 5 Konstytucji postanawiam co następuje: Art. 1. Ustanawia się „Krzyż Niepodległości” i „Medal Niepodległości” celem odznaczenia osób, które zasłużyły się czynnie dla niepodległości Ojczyzny w okresie przed wojną światową lub podczas jej trwania, oraz w okresie walk orężnych polskich w latach 1918–1921, z wyjątkiem wojny polsko-rosyjskiej na obszarze Polski. […]. Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Ignacy Mościcki Krzyż Niepodległości z Mieczami – awers i rewers Krzyż Niepodległości – awers i rewers Medal Niepodległości – awers i rewers Zbiory Roberta Mączyńskiego (Warszawa) Zbiory Roberta Mączyńskiego (Warszawa) Zbiory Roberta Mączyńskiego (Warszawa) Autorzy Realizacja: (scenariusz, tekst, wybór ilustracji, opracowanie): Agencja Kreatywna Błażej Olbromski tel. 508 100 923 Wystawa przygotowana przez: Projekt fi nansowany ze środków Kancelarii Prezesa Stowarzyszenie „Wspólnota Polska” Rady Ministrów w ramach zadania publicznego Ryszard Rybka Projekt graficzny: Warszawa 2020 r. dotyczącego pomocy Polonii i Polakom za granicą. Robert P. Stachowicz 1 W drodze do wolnej Polski! Kawalerowie Krzyża i Medalu Niepodległości II Rzeczypospolitej Ustanowienie odznaczenia Krzyż i Medal Niepodległości Ustanowienie tego odznaczenie miało na cele uhonorowanie
    [Show full text]