DOCSLIB.ORG

Will New York's

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Volume 14, Number 5 ■ June 2017 Will New York’s Renewables Plan Work? Can the state power through its myriad issues while increasing wind and solar? page 18 Project Profile EDP Renewables adds to its New York wind portfolio. page 22 Energy Assessment Is it time for the wind industry to rethink some common terms? page 24 a_01_NAW1706.indd 1 5/18/17 11:52 AM _Suzlon_1703.indd 1 2/13/17 5:27 PM Contents Features 1 16 Lighting Considerations During Wind Farm Development Federal guidelines underscore the importance of adhering to obstruction lighting requirements. Spotlight 18 New York’s 50% Clean Energy Standard: Making It Real There are a variety of moving parts in the evolution of New York’s clean energy mandate. Project Profile 22 EDP Renewables Adds To New York Portfolio The developer’s latest New York project is online and operational. 24 Seeking A Better Understanding For Uncertainty Does the wind industry need to rethink some common energy assessment terms? 16 22 Departments 18 4 Wind Bearings 6 New & Noteworthy 12 Projects & Contracts 28 Products & Technology 31 Policy Watch 34 Viewpoint On the cover: The 322 MW Maple Ridge Wind Farm, a joint venture between EDP Renewables North America and Avangrid Renewables. The wind farm, lo- cated about 75 miles northeast of Syracuse, is situated in the towns of Lowville, Martinsburg, Harrisburg and Watson in Lewis County, N.Y. Photo cour- tesy of EDP Renewables North America North American Windpower • June 2017 • 3 d_TOC_NAW_1706.indd 3 5/18/17 3:59 PM Wind Bearings www.nawindpower.com [email protected] 100 Willenbrock Road, Oxford, CT 06478 Not Buying Toll Free: (800) 325-6745 Into This Phone: (203) 262-4670 Fax: (203) 262-4680 MICHAEL BATES Publisher & Vice President New York Story [email protected] Mark Del Franco MARK DEL FRANCO Associate Publisher (203) 262-4670, ext. 283 [email protected] his month’s cover story focuses on New York’s effort to increase its renewable portfolio standard to 50% renewables by 2030. The article, BETSY LILLIAN JOSEPH BEBON Associate Editors Twritten by Anne Reynolds, executive director at the Alliance for Clean LAUREN TYLER Energy New York, nicely lays out New York’s challenges if it is to meet the ambi- tious renewables mandate. AMANDA FAVA Editorial Assistant On the surface, it all appears positive. A top wind state is redoubling its DAWN S. HOWE Creative Director efforts to develop more electricity emanating from terrestrial-based wind, as well as offshore wind. However, because New York is the subject, any enthusi- ANGEL L. HERNÁNDEZ Graphic Artist asm generated by the announcement must be tamped down. SANDRA MINCK Production Coordinator Why? Well, any wind developer will tell you that developing in New York is not for the faint of heart. For starters, its environmental reviews are the most CHERYL SAMIDE Office Manager comprehensive and stringent anywhere this side of California. Then, in 2011, the state brought back Article X, which was supposed to create a one-stop DAMASE CARON Information Systems Manager shop for permitting and shorten the length of time for projects to be signed off. Yet, here we are, six years later, and there has only been one wind project Advertising Sales (Everpower Wind Holdings’ Cas- Mark Del Franco sadaga Wind) that has completed Empire State [email protected] a full application. That’s right - the (800) 325-6745, ext. 283 development is not project still needs formal approval. for the faint of heart. Further complicating matters is the New York Independent Sys- Z ACKIN tem Operator’s (NYISO) class year PUBLICATIONS process, a system impact study that determines the network upgrades needed PAUL ZACKIN President under the generator’s interconnection agreement. But instead of simplifying [email protected] the process, the NYISO may have made the process harder, as indicated by a dizzying 35-step process found on its website. Member of As Reynolds writes, “There are some signs that the market is responding to Gov. Cuomo’s 50 percent renewable pledge. The New York Independent System Operator queue now shows a total of 36 wind proposals (totaling more than 4.9 GW) and 40 solar projects (totaling 920 MW).” That’s good news, right? Perhaps, but what evidence has New York pro- vided to make me believe that it has fixed all of its issues? Wind developers are North American Windpower (USPS: 024-604 still grappling with the state’s thorny permitting and interconnection regimes. ISSN: 1939-0947) is published monthly by Zackin In short, although the state’s efforts are laudable, I’m not buying into it. Publications, Inc. Advertising, Editorial, Production and Circulation offices are at 100 Willenbrock Road, Wind developers need New York’s actions to keep pace with the rhetoric. Oxford, CT 06478; (203) 262-4670. Periodical postage Despite its best intentions to keep pace with the likes of California, New York paid at Shelton, CT and additional mailing offices. wind development will always remain a slog. w Canada Post: Publications Mail Agreement #40612608. Return undeliverable Canadian addresses to IMEX Global Solutions, P.O. Box 25542, London, ON N6C 6B2. Subscription: $48 per year. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to: North American Windpower, Send your news items to 100 Willenbrock Road, Oxford, CT 06478. Copyright [email protected] © 2017 by Zackin Publications, Inc. All rights reserved; no reproduction without written permission from the publisher. 4 • June 2017 • North American Windpower b_NAW1706_2_15.32_36.indd 4 5/18/17 12:15 PM © 2017 BP Lubricants USA Inc. _Castrol_1706.indd 1 5/16/17 4:54 PM New&Noteworthy U.S. Wind Industry Boasts Strongest Start In Years ith the installation of 908 utility-scale turbines in going forward. We’re just adding another locally grown crop to the first quarter of 2017, the U.S. wind industry is our fields, with very little ground taken out of production, and Wboasting its strongest start in eight years, according the improved roads really help with access. So it’s a great fit to the American Wind Energy Association’s (AWEA) U.S. Wind here.” Industry First Quarter 2017 Market Report. AWEA notes that expanding wind farms continue to benefit New wind turbine installations in the first quarter totaled rural America, considering over 99% of wind projects are built 2 GW of capacity and spanned the U.S. – from Rhode Island in rural communities. According to AWEA’s recently released and North Carolina to Oregon and Hawaii. Great Plains states 2016 Annual Market Report, wind now pays over $245 million Texas (724 MW) and Kansas (481 MW) led the pack, says per year in land-lease payments to local landowners – many of AWEA. them being farmers and ranchers. According to AWEA, the early burst of activity reflects how Further, American wind manufacturing facilities remained 500 factories in America’s wind power supply chain and over busy in the first quarter. With 4,466 MW in new construction 100,000 wind workers are putting stable, multiyear federal and advanced development announcements recorded in the policy to work: The industry is now in year three of a five-year first quarter, the near-term pipeline has reached 20,977 MW phase-down of the production tax credit. of wind capacity; that’s about as much as the entire Texas wind The report says Texas continues as the overall national fleet’s existing capacity, AWEA points out. leader for wind power capacity with 21 GW installed – which Additionally, demand remained strong in the first quarter, is enough to power more than 5 million average homes. the report says. There was 1,781 MW of wind power signed in Notably, North Carolina became the 41st state to harness long-term contracts, representing the most in a first quarter wind power when it brought online the first wind farm to be since 2013. Utilities and Fortune 500 companies frequently built in the Southeast in 12 years: Avangrid Renewables’ Ama- sign these power purchase agreements (PPAs), and in the first zon Wind Farm US East. quarter, Home Depot and Intuit – the maker of TurboTax – Horace Pritchard, one of nearly 60 landowners associated joined a host of Fortune 500 companies, such as GM, Walmart with the North Carolina project, explains what it means to and Microsoft, that purchase wind power. him and his neighbors: AWEA says wind is also supplying a growing number of “Farms have been growing corn, soybeans and wheat for cities, universities and other organizations, including the U.S. a long time here, and the wind farm revenue means a lot of Department of Defense. Notably, in the first quarter, a Texas families are protected from pricing swings, floods or droughts wind farm came online to supply a PPA with the U.S. Army. 6 • June 2017 • North American Windpower b_NAW1706_2_15.32_36.indd 6 5/18/17 12:17 PM Got Grid Issues? Is your plant connected to a weak part of the grid? Are you connecting near series capacitors? Are there other renewable connections, HVDC ties, or complex devices nearby? SpecialistsAre you inconcerned Power about System harmonics? Studies Will your project ride through a fault? Electranix is a small independent consultancy We can also help with… • Interfacing with manufacturers and utilities based in Winnipeg, Canada. We have become • Complex studies with power electronics, series capacitors and known around the world for excellence in challenging system conditions • Interconnection, System Impact and Feasibility Studies simulation, studies, and model development • Classical EMT studies (TOV, TRV, Lightning, Switching, Insulation work, as well as for our broad scope of power Coordination, SSR/SSTI/SSCI etc.) • Specification services for HVDC, FACTS, and Series Capacitors, systems knowledge.
Recommended publications
  • P501 Numerical Simulation of Wind Power Potential in Upstate New York

    P501 Numerical Simulation of Wind Power Potential in Upstate New York

    P501 NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND POWER POTENTIAL IN UPSTATE NEW YORK Robert Ballentine *, Scott Steiger and Daniel Phoenix State University of New York at Oswego 1. INTRODUCTION 2. METHODOLOGY Consistent with the national goal of moving away 2.1 Grid Arrangement from our dependence on carbon-based fuels, there is considerable interest in New York State in developing We are running the ARW-core of WRF on a wind power especially in areas with highest potential. doubly-nested grid (Fig. 1) to ensure that both large- The purpose of this research is to simulate low-level scale meteorological forcing and local geographical winds over upstate New York by running the Weather effects are well-represented. The grid spacings of the Research and Forecasting (WRF, Skamarock, et al large, intermediate and fine grids are 12 km, 4 km and 2005) model every day on a high-resolution (1.333 1.333 km respectively. We use 33 sigma levels where km) domain. Using the standard wind speed-versus- the lowest levels correspond to 10m, 40m and 80m power generation curve for a GE 1.5 MW wind above ground under typical meteorological conditions. turbine, we can estimate the monthly and seasonal We employ the Noah LSM and Yonsei PBL schemes. average wind power potential at all of our grid points (covering much of upstate New York and adjacent Lake Ontario). To determine the accuracy of WRF wind predictions, we are comparing winds simulated by WRF at 10 m AGL with hourly observations at three regularly reporting sites near Lake Ontario. 1.1 Brief Description of Wind Power Sites As of November 2009, New York State had more than 1200 MW of wind generating capacity from sites such as Horizon Wind Energy's Maple Ridge Wind Farm in Lewis County and farms operated by Noble Environmental Power in Clinton, Franklin and Wyoming Counties.
  • Before the State of New York Board on Electric

    Before the State of New York Board on Electric

    15-F-0122 Sokolow Post Hearing Brief BEFORE THE STATE OF NEW YORK BOARD ON ELECTRIC GENERATION SITING AND THE ENVIRONMENT In the Matter of Baron Wind LLC Case 15-F-0122 INITIAL POST-HEARING BRIEF Alice Sokolow Case #15-F-0122 also for Parties: Thomas Flansburg Mary Ann McManus Bert Candee Virginia Gullam Dated: 4/15/2019 1 15-F-0122 Sokolow Post Hearing Brief TABLE OF CONTENTS I Introduction 2 II Facility 2 III Legal Background 2-3 IV. Issues- Fremont Wind Law 3 V. Nature of Env Impact-Avian & Bat 5 VI. Nature of Env Impact –Safety Exh1001.6 11 Exh 1001.15 29 VII Nature of Env Viewshed & Flicker 54 VIII Not Addressed 70 IX Conclusions 70 I Introduction We are five individual parties with grave concerns over conditions and completeness of Baron Winds Applications for a Certificate of Environmental Compatibility and Public Need Pursuant to Article 10 to Construct a Wind Energy Facility. II. Facility Description Baron Winds LLC (the Applicant) is proposing to construct the Baron Winds Project, a wind energy generation facility and associated infrastructure (the Facility) in the Towns of Cohocton, Dansville, Fremont, and Wayland in Steuben County, New York (See Figure 1).The Facility will consist of up to 69 utility scale wind turbines with a total generating capacity of up to 242 Megawatts (MW). Other proposed components will include: access roads, buried collection lines, up to four permanent meteorological (met) towers, one operations and maintenance (O&M) building, up to two temporary construction staging/laydown areas, and a collection/point of interconnection.
  • 2Nd EPR Romania 2010 V2

    2Nd EPR Romania 2010 V2

    ECE/CEP/166 UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE ENVIRONMENTAL PERFORMANCE REVIEWS ROMANIA Second Review UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 2012 Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 37 NOTE Symbols of United Nations documents are composed of capital letters combined with figures. Mention of such a symbol indicates a reference to a United Nations document. The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the United Nations concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. In particular, the boundaries shown on the maps do not imply official endorsement or acceptance by the United Nations. The United Nations issued the first Environmental Performance Review of Romania (Environmental Performance Reviews Series No. 13) in 2001. This volume is issued in English only. ECE/CEP/166 UNITED NATIONS PUBLICATION Sales E.12.II.E.11 ISBN 978-92-1-117065-8 e-ISBN 978-92-1-055895-2 ISSN 1020-4563 iii Foreword In 1993, Environmental Performance Reviews (EPRs) of the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) were initiated at the second Environment for Europe Ministerial Conference in Lucerne, Switzerland. They were intended to cover the ECE States that are not members of the Organisation for Economic Co- operation and Development. At the fifth Environment for Europe Ministerial Conference (Kiev, 2003), the Ministers affirmed their support for the EPR Programme, and decided that the Programme should continue with a second cycle of reviews.
  • 2. Wind Energy in New York State

    2. Wind Energy in New York State

    Wind Energy Toolkit – Overview 2. Wind Energy in New York State 2.1. Market Drivers and Barriers Drivers for Wind Development in New York State Windy rural areas in the Northeast, such as those in Upstate and Western New York, have proved to be attractive to wind energy developers. Market drivers for wind development generally include an area’s proximity to major load centers, available electrical transmission capacity, and a good wind resource; regionally, drivers include the high costs of electrical energy in the Northeast, concerns over regional air quality, federal tax incentives, and legislative mandates in New York and neighboring states. Some specific factors that are driving the market for wind energy in New York include the following: • A good resource: New York State is ranked 15th in annual wind energy generating potential (7080 MW or approximately 62 billion kWh)—more than California or any state east of the Mississippi and the largest potential of any state in the Northeast.1 The location and relative strength of wind resources in New York State are shown in Figure 1. • State mandates: Renewable energy purchase mandates or renewable portfolio standards (RPS) in New York and neighboring states are driving the demand for new renewable resources in the region, particularly wind energy. Originally, the New York State RPS called for an increase in renewable energy used in the state from its then-current level of about 19% to 25% by the year 2013. In 2009, the RPS goal was expanded to 30% renewable energy by 2015. Wind energy is expected to supply a significant portion of the RPS requirement, which effectively creates a stable, long-term market for the retail sale of wind energy in New York.
  • Radar Impact Assessment

    Radar Impact Assessment

    Radar Impact Assessment Enabling Wind Farms Market Context Protecting Radar Across the world countries continue to embrace wind farm technology for both onshore and off shore applications. However, the presence of wind turbines can significantly impact the effectiveness of radar systems used across the meteorology, aviation and marine industries. All too often radar objections block or delay not only new wind farm developments, but also the repowering of existing ones, where the new, often larger, turbines deployed are considered to pose a greater impact risk. Consistent methods for modelling the potential impacts of wind farm developments on radar are critical. Decisions regarding development feasibility, or the proposal of relevant mitigation solutions, can only be made based upon accurate data. Over the past 15 years QinetiQ has accumulated extensive knowledge and experience in delivering independent expert analysis and advice, to both wind farm developers and radar safeguarders, enabling wind farm developments whilst protecting the integrity of radar systems. Your support in getting the two turbines approved at a planning appeal was excellent given that getting the radar element right was a critical part of the development. Was very impressed by the way this was managed by the Radar Impact Assessment team. David Connell, Loganwood Wind Ltd QinetiQ’s RIA team utilises state- of-the-art modelling software and Impact Assessment & Mitigation analytical expertise to take into account all relevant factors and scenarios, accurately demonstrating to developers and radar operators whether or not issues are likely to exist with planned developments. If any conflicts are predicted, QinetiQ’s RIA team can provide independent advice to both parties on the potential solutions to mitigate the impacts.
  • County Comprehensive Plan

    County Comprehensive Plan

    Lewis County COUNTY COMPREHENSIVE PLAN NEW YORK October 6, 2009 Chapter 2: Existing Conditions Existing 2: Chapter INFRASTRUCTURE Figure 16: Electricity Generation Capacity by Source, 2006 Water and Sanitary Sewer Power & Utilities (see Map 10) According to New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH) records, ten of the twelve public water supply systems in Lewis County have Unlike its more urbanized counterparts, Lewis County lacks contiguous available capacity. Notable exceptions include the Village of Port Leyden 4.1% 9.6% networks of water, sanitary sewer, and natural gas services primarily due 13.7% and the Village of Croghan which exceed available capacity during 20.8% periods of peak flow (see Tables 18 and 19). The Village of Lowville has to a small, sporadic population coupled with environmental limitations. 18.2% 13.0% the greatest excess capacity in terms of actual supply, with approximately Lewis County’s low population densities require extensive infrastructure 13.1% investments to service customers throughout the county. This equates to 62.1% Table 18: Lewis County Community Water Systems higher overall service costs to consumers. 43.7% It should be noted that the information on Map 10 represents locations for known infrastructure based on available information such as maps, Lewis County (519 MW) New York State (43,143 MW) GIS data, and personal accounts from municipal representatives. Due to the scale and breadth of this County Comprehensive Plan, it was Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration impractical to research and depict the full extent of utility and infrastructure penetration within each municipality. generated along the St.
  • Global Utilities in Transition

    Global Utilities in Transition

    Table of Contents Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................2 Introduction ..............................................................................................................................................4 Engie SA (France) ................................................................................................................................7 Enel SpA.............................................................................................................................................. 10 RWE ..................................................................................................................................................... 13 E.ON SE ............................................................................................................................................... 15 NextEra Energy Inc. ........................................................................................................................... 18 NRG Energy ........................................................................................................................................ 20 Tokyo Electric Power Company Holdings Inc. (TEPCO) ............................................................... 24 AGL Energy (Australia) ..................................................................................................................... 27 China Energy Investment Corp. (China) ......................................................................................
  • (NYS) Pre-Filed Hearing Exhibit NYS000089, NYSERDA, New York

    (NYS) Pre-Filed Hearing Exhibit NYS000089, NYSERDA, New York

    New York State Renewable Portfolio Standard Performance Report Program Period ending March 2007 Released in August 2007 The N ew York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA) OAGI0000277_000001 Executive Summary From January 1,2006 through the first quarter of2007 ("the reporting period"), NY SERDA and the Department of Public Service have taken several actions to implement the New York State Renewable Portfolio Standard program (RPS). Some of the major actions include the acceptance of two facilities into the RPS program as Maintenance Resources 1 and the completion of a second Main Tier competitive solicitation. In addition to the major actions taken by NYSERDA and the Department of Public Service to implement the RPS, several contracts from the first RPS Main Tier solicitation commenced during the reporting period. The 19 Megawatt ("MW") Lyonsdale Biomass plant located in Lewis County, NY and the 20 MW Boralex Biomass plant located in Franklin County, NY were both accepted into the RPS program as Maintenance Resources during the reporting period. As a result of the financial support that will be provided to these two plants under the RPS, New York will enjoy the retention of39 MW of valuable base load energy capacity along with several dozen full and part time jobs. During calendar year 2006, NY SERDA paid production incentives on approximately 582,000 Megawatt hours ("MWh") of production from five renewable energy facilities awarded contracts from the first Main Tier solicitation. While contractors from this solicitation were required to build 254 MW of new renewable capacity, more than 344 MW was actually built and is currently operating.
  • Società Per Azioni ENEL FINANCE INTERNATIONAL NV

    Società Per Azioni ENEL FINANCE INTERNATIONAL NV

    Base Prospectus dated 5 October 2016 ENEL – Società per Azioni (incorporated with limited liability in Italy) as an Issuer and Guarantor and ENEL FINANCE INTERNATIONAL N.V. (a limited liability company incorporated in The Netherlands, having its registered office at Herengracht 471,1017 BS Amsterdam, The Netherlands) as an Issuer €35,000,000,000 Euro Medium Term Note Programme On 7 December 2000 ENEL — Società per Azioni (“ENEL” or the “Company”) entered into a Global Medium Term Note Programme (the “Programme”) and issued an offering circular on that date describing the Programme. The Programme was subsequently updated, most recently on 20 October 2015. This base prospectus (the “Base Prospectus”), which provides for the Programme to be a Euro Medium Term Note Programme, supersedes all previous offering circulars. Any Notes (as defined below) issued under the Programme on or after the date of this Base Prospectus are issued subject to the provisions herein. This does not affect any Notes already issued. Under the Programme, each of ENEL and ENEL Finance International N.V. (“ENEL N.V.”) may from time to time issue notes (the “Notes”) denominated in any currency agreed between the relevant Issuer and the relevant Dealer (as defined below). References in this Base Prospectus to the “relevant Issuer” shall, in relation to any Tranche of Notes, be construed as references to the Issuer which is, or is intended to be, the Issuer of such Notes as indicated in the applicable Final Terms. The payment of all amounts owing in respect of Notes issued by ENEL N.V. will be unconditionally and irrevocably guaranteed by ENEL in its capacity as guarantor (the “Guarantor”).
  • Vaihdemarkkinoiden Uudet Kasvunlähteet

    Vaihdemarkkinoiden Uudet Kasvunlähteet

    Vaihdemarkkinoiden uudet kasvunlähteet Kari Romppanen Pro gradu -tutkielma Liiketoimintalähtöisen osaamisen maisterikoulutus Jyväskylän yliopisto, Fysiikan laitos 1.4.2014 Ohjaajat: Jussi Maunuksela (JYU) Jari Toikkanen (Moventas) Toni Krankkala (Moventas) 1 ESIPUHE Tein muutama vuosi sitten seminaariesitykseksi vaihteiden käyttöä vuorovesivoimaloissa tutkivan seminaarityön. Näin muutaman vuoden jälkeen kyseisiä vuorovesivoimalan vaihteita saattaa tulla nyt Moventaksen tuotantoon lähiaikoina. Tutkielmassa olen pystynyt soveltuvin osin hyödyntämään seminaarityön aikana kertynyttä aineistoa. Seminaarityötä tehdessä ja yliopistolla kurssien muodossa sain myös tietoa muista energiatekniikan aloista ja sovellutuksista. Lueskelin kirjoja, lehtiä ja muita julkaisuja kokoajan, myös muiden alojen mahdollisista vaihteistojen soveltuvuudesta Moventaksen tuotantoon eli taustatietoa aiheeseen oli jo kartoitettu aika paljon ennen työn tekemistä. Kun yliopiston puolesta kursseja oli tarpeeksi tehty ja pro gradu -työn tekeminen alkoi olla ajankohtaista Moventaksella alettiin tehdä uutta strategiaa. Kyselin yhtiön johdolta voisinko tehdä vuorovesivoimala vaihteiden tapaista esitystä ja tutkia mahdollisia, muita aloja mihin vaihteita voitaisiin toimittaa. Ajatukset olivat aikalailla samanlaisia alojen tutkimisen suhteen. Toivon, että työllä olisi merkitystä mahdolliseen Moventaksen tulevaan vaihde tuotantoon ja siitä saataisiin mahdollisesti uusia ideoita tai ajatuksia vaihteistojen tuottamiseen. Erityiskiitokseni annan Toikkasen Jarille, joka toimi valvoja
  • Etapy Rozwoju Energetyki Wiatrowej W Województwie Kujawsko-Pomorskim

    Etapy Rozwoju Energetyki Wiatrowej W Województwie Kujawsko-Pomorskim

    Moduł E1 Etapy rozwoju energetyki wiatrowej w województwie kujawsko-pomorskim Koordynator modułu - dr Dariusz Brykała Autorzy: Prof. dr hab. Zbigniew Podgórski Mgr Łukasz Sarnowski 1 5.1.1. Etapy rozwoju energetyki wiatrowej na świecie i w Europie Początki wykorzystania przez człowieka energii wiatru są trudne do jednoznacznego określe- nia. Egipcjanie już 2000 lat przed naszą erą wykorzystywali energię wiatru do napędu swoich łodzi. Z Kodeksu Hammurabiego (ok. 1750 r. p.n.e.) wynika, że energia wiatru była wykorzystywana również w Persji. W Indiach w IV w. p.n.e. powstał pierwszy opis zastosowania wiatraka do pompowania wody, a już w II wieku p.n.e w Chinach stosowano wiatraki w kształcie kołowrotów do nawadniania pól uprawnych. Na początku naszej ery wiatraki pojawiły się w krajach basenu Morza Śródziemnego. Rok 644 n.e. uznany został za datę pierwszej udokumentowanej wzmianki o wiatrakach. Pierwsze wiatraki europejskie pojawiły się w Anglii w IX wieku, we Francji w XI wieku, a od wieku XIII upowszechniły się w Europie Zachodniej. Najstarszy obraz wiatraka w Europie znajduje się na inicjale pierwszej strony rękopisu angielskiego z 1270 r. Pierwotnie wiatrak był drewnianą "bud- ką", którą obracano wokół centralnie usytuowanego słupa, tak aby ustawić skrzydła na wiatr. Rewo- lucji w konstrukcji wiatraków dokonali Holendrzy, którzy wprowadzili konstrukcje czteroskrzydłowe. Miało to miejsce w 1390 r. Rozwój wiatraków typu „holendrów” przypadł w Europie na XVII wiek. W roku 1745 angielski konstruktor Edmund Lee wprowadził w budowie wiatraka pomocnicze koło kie- rujące automatycznie wiatrak w stronę wiatru. Największy rozkwit wiatraków miał miejsce w poło- wie XIX wieku. W Europie pracowało wówczas około 200 tysięcy tego typu obiektów (Lerch, 2010).
  • GLOBAL TRENDS in RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT 2017 Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF

    GLOBAL TRENDS in RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT 2017 Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF

    GLOBAL TRENDS IN RENEWABLE ENERGY INVESTMENT 2017 Frankfurt School-UNEP Centre/BNEF. 2017. Global Trends in Renewable Energy Investment 2017, http://www.fs-unep-centre.org (Frankfurt am Main) Copyright © Frankfurt School of Finance & Management gGmbH 2017. This publication may be reproduced in whole or in part in any form for educational or non-profit purposes without special permission from the copyright holder, as long as provided acknowledgement of the source is made. Frankfurt School – UNEP Collaborating Centre for Climate & Sustainable Energy Finance would appreciate receiving a copy of any publication that uses this publication as source. No use of this publication may be made for resale or for any other commercial purpose whatsoever without prior permission in writing from Frankfurt School of Finance & Management gGmbH. Disclaimer Frankfurt School of Finance & Management: The designations employed and the presentation of the material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Frankfurt School of Finance & Management concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Moreover, the views expressed do not necessarily represent the decision or the stated policy of the Frankfurt School of Finance & Management, nor does citing of trade names or commercial processes constitute endorsement. Cover photo courtesy of Enel. It shows Fontes dos Ventos hybrid project, Brazil. Photos on pages 13, 18, 19, 25, 27, 31, 35, 35, 36, 59, 61, 63, 69, 73, 75, 81, 84, 85, 87 from Bloomberg Mediasource. Photos on other pages reproduced with the permission of: Sgurr Energy (pages 24, 51, 65); Mainstream Renewable Power (page 39); Hofor (page 40); Kyocera (page 41); Sunengy (page 47); Enel (page 48); Allianz (page 55); Mott MacDonald (page 56); Grupo Clavijo (page 67); AW-Energy (page 71); Hywind Scotland (page 77); Spinetic (page 79).