TacTacklingkling ClimateClimate ChangeChange inin thethe U.S.U.S. PPotentialotential CarbonCarbon EmissionsEmissions ReductionsReductions fromfrom EnergyEnergy EfficiencyEfficiency andand RRenewableenewable EnergyEnergy byby 20302030 American Solar Energy Society Charles F. Kutscher, Editor January 2007 Front cover: A stream of melt water cascades off the vast Arctic ice sheet that covers Greenland. Scientists attribute acceleration in the melting of ice sheets to global warming. Photo © Roger Braithwaite/Peter Arnold, Inc. Back Cover: © Dean Jenkins/morguefile.com. The publishers of this report gratefully acknowledge Roger Braithwaite and Peter Arnold, Inc., for their generosity and commitment to sustaining our world. Editorial and Design Services, McIntyre Communications Inc. www.McComm.com •
[email protected] Ê Printed with soy-based ink on recycled paper. Tackling Climate Change in the U.S. Potential Carbon Emissions Reductions from Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy by 2030 Charles F. Kutscher, Editor American Solar Energy Society Tackling Climate Change • Searchable PDF at www.ases.org/climatechange Table of Contents FOREWORD . .i by James Hansen, Ph.D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . .iii by Brad Collins LIST OF FIGURES . .v LIST OF TABLES . .xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . .1 by Charles F. Kutscher, Ph.D., P.E. OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY OF THE STUDIES . .7 by Charles F. Kutscher, Ph.D., P.E. Introduction 9 Putting the Challenge in Context 10 Project Description 12 Summary of the Analyses 14 Energy Efficiency 14 Overall Energy Efficiency 14 Buildings 15 Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles 16 Renewable Energy 17 Concentrating Solar Power 17 Photovoltaics (PV) 20 Wind Power 22 Biomass 25 Biofuels 28 Geothermal Power 30 Summary of Contributions 32 Conclusions 37 ENERGY EFFICIENCY OVERALL ENERGY EFFICIENCY .