NEUROCRANIUM
Andrea Heinzlmann University of Veterinary Medicine Department of Anatomy and Histology 8th October 2019
THE SKULL (CRANIUM)
FUNCTIONS OF THE SKULL:
• forms the bony framework of the head
• houses the barin and meninges
• houses the higher sense organs
• houses the parts of the respiratory system
• houses the parts of the digestive system
• provides attachments for the facial muscles bo
• provides attachments for the mastications muscles http://raab.moovr.fr/cow-skull-diagram.html
ca eq
http://www.nhc.ed.ac.uk/index.php?page=493.172 https://www.horsetalk.co.nz/2017/09/28/b ridle-fit-important-horse-saddle-fitting/ SHAPE OF THE SKULL
- differs from species to species
- the viscerocranium (splanchnocranium) is larger than the neurocranium a. NEUROCRANIUM: forms a protective case around the brain b. VISCEROCRANIUM: form the skeleton of the face as well as parts of the jaw
BONES OF THE SKULL
• flat
consist of:
1. LAMINA EXTERNA Lamina externa
2. SPONGY MIDDLE LAYER – DIPLOE
3. LAMINA INTERNA diploe
Lamina interna
https://news.psu.edu/photo/483082/2017/09/18/brain-magnets-diploe
https://www2.aofoundation.org/wps/portal/!ut/p/a1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfGjzOKN_A0M3D2D Dbz9_UMMDRyDXQ3dw9wMDAzMjYEKIvEocDQnTr8BDuBoQEh_QW5oKAD4ENaS/dl5/d5/L2dJQSEvUUt3 QS80SmlFL1o2XzJPMDBHSVMwS09PVDEwQVNFMUdWRjAwMDcz/?bone=CMF&segment=Cranium&sho wPage=A&contentUrl=srg/popup/additional_material/93/X40-Harvest-bone-graft.jsp PNEUMATIC BONES OF THE SKULL
• lined by respiratory mucous epithel
• contain air
• connected to the nasal cavity
• known as paranasal sinuses (sinus paranasales)
• the diploe disappear
• the lamina ext. et int. fused
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-9.html
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Disorders-of-the-Paranasal-Sinuses-Tremaine-Freeman/b9dc638997799bb89577bf771f4a3a0a2f96f6a6/figure/11 BONES OF THE NEUROCRANIUM
UNPAIRED BONES:
1. ethmoid bone
4. interparietal bone
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-2.html PAIRED BONES:
1. parietal bones
2. temporal bones
3. frontal bones
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-1.html
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-3.html BONES OF THE SKULL (OSSA CRANII)
https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeleton BONES OF THE SKULL (OSSA CRANII) the skull has:
1. ROOF (calvaria)
2. LATERAL WALLS
3. FLOOR
4. NUCHAL WALL
5. NASAL WALL
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-11.html
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-13.html http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-12.html BONES OF THE SKULL (OSSA CRANII)
THE ROOF formed by:
1. interparietal bones
2. parietal bones
3. frontal bones
https://veteriankey.com/the-skeleton/ BONES OF THE SKULL (OSSA CRANII)
THE LATERAL WALLS on each side formed by:
Lateral view of a dog skull (P: parietal bone; T: temporal bone; F: frontal bone; O: occipital bone). The arrows and dashed circle indicate the regions where the transducer was placed to perform the ultrasound examination of the brain
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Lateral-view-of-a-dog-skull-P-parietal-bone-T-temporal-bone-F-frontal-bone-O_fig1_276416567 BONES OF THE SKULL (OSSA CRANII)
THE FLOOR formed by:
1. sphenoid bone
2. basilar part of the occipital bone
https://veteriankey.com/the-skeleton/
https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeleton BONES OF THE SKULL (OSSA CRANII)
THE NUCHAL WALL formed by:
1. squamous part of the occipital bone
2. lateral part of the occipital bone
https://veteriankey.com/the-skeleton/ BONES OF THE SKULL (OSSA CRANII)
THE NASAL WALL formed by:
1. ethmoid bone
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5184921/ https://veteriankey.com/the-skeleton/ OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
- situated on the nuchal wall
- encloses the foramen magnum
FORAMEN MAGNUM:
- links the cranial cavity with the vertebral canal
https://veteriankey.com/the-skeleton/ OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE) Pars basilaris consists of:
1. SQUAMOUS PART (SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS)
2. LATERAL PART (PARS LATERALIS)
3. BASAL PART (PARS BASILARIS) Pars Pars lateralis squamosa
https://es.slideshare.net/AndresBriceo2/anatoma-veterinaria
5. Pars basilaris 12. Pars lateralis 22. Squama occipitalis OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
SQUAMOUS PART (SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS): bears:
1. CRISTA NUCHAE (nuchal crest) on its outer surface
• in ca, eq
https://www.slideshare.net/AsadAbdulHannan/comparative-study-of-skull-of-camel-ox OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
SQUAMOUS PART (SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS): bears:
2. CRISTA SAGITTALIS EXT. (external sagittal crest):
• runs on a rostral direction
• in ca, eq
The sagittal crest lies along the middorsal line of the interparietal bone. It is continuous with the nuchal crest (lamboidal ridge) of the occipital bone. The occipital condyles are the points at which the skull articulates with the vertebral column Posterolateral View http://biology.kenyon.edu/heithausp/cat-tutorial/skull/lateral.htm OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
SQUAMOUS PART (SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS): bears:
3. LINEA NUCHAE:
• in bo
• nuchal crest corresponds to the linea nuchae
https://www.alamy.com/the-anatomy-of-the-domestic-animals-veterinary-anatomy-142-skeleton-of-the-ox- Linea nuchae upper-and-lower-parts-than-in-the-horse-the-mastoid-foramen-is-at-the-junction-of-the-occipital-and- temporal-bones-it-is-frequently-very-small-fig-138cranium-of-jersey-cow-nuchal-view-the-fig-139cranium-op- polled-angus-cow-nuchal-greater-part-of-the-processus-cornus-has-been-view-sawn-off-1-foramen-magnum-2- occipital-condyle-3-paramastoid-proceas-4-bulla-ossea-5-meatus-acustieus-externus-6-mastoid-foramen-7- external-occipital-protuberance-8-median-occipital-crest-9-linea-nucha-image236813624.html
Linea nuchae
Crista occipitalis externa
Protuberantia occipitalis externa
Protuberantia occipitalis externa OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
SQUAMOUS PART (SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS): bears:
4. PROTUBERANTIA OCCIPITALIS EXT. (external occipital protuberance):
- lies between the nuchal crest or nuchal line
- in ca, eq, bo OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
SQUAMOUS PART (SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS): bears:
4. PROTUBERANTIA OCCIPITALIS EXT.
- directed towards the foramen magnum as CRISTA OCCIPITALIS EXT.
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
INNER SURFACE (lamina int.) OF THE SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS: bears:
1. FOSSA CEREBELLARIS (cerebellar fossa):
- for cerebellum
Fossa cerebellaris
cerebellum
Fossa cerebellaris https://pxhere.com/en/photo/1126358 OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
INNER SURFACE (lamina int.) OF THE SQUAMOUS PART (SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS): bears:
2. PROTUBERANTIA OCCIPITALIS INT.
- in bo
Protuberancia occipitalis interna OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
INNER SURFACE (lamina int.) OF THE SQUAMOUS PART (SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS): bears:
3. PROCESSUS TENTORCIUS (tentoric process):
- in ca, eq
- part of the tentorium cerebelli osseum OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
INNER SURFACE (lamina int.) OF THE SQUAMOUS PART
(SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS) bears:
4. IMPRESSIO VERMIALIS (vermiform impression):
- impression by vermis cerebelli
vermis
Dorsocaudal view of normal dog cerebellum. https://veteriankey.com/cerebellum/
inner
surface
of the
parietal bone
Impressio vermialis
https://veteriankey.com/the-skeleton/ OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
INNER SURFACE (lamina int.) OF THE SQUAMOUS PART (SQUAMA OCCIPITALIS): bears:
5. SINUS FRONTALIS CAUDALIS:
- in bo
- Septum sinuum frontalium
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-9.html OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
PARTES LATERALES: form:
- the lateral limits of the foramen magnum
1. CONDYLI OCCIPITALES (occipital condyle)
- forms the atlantooccipital joint OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
PARTES LATERALES:
2. PROCESSUS PARACONDYLARIS:
- lateral from the condylus occipitalis
- known earlier as the jugular process (processus jugularis) OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
PARTES LATERALES:
3. FOSSA CONDYLARIS VENTRALIS:
- between the condyle and paracondylar process
- depression ventral to the condylus occipitalis
4. FOSSA CONDYLARIS DORSALIS
- depression dorsal to the condylus occipitalis
Fossa condylaris dorsalis OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
PARTES LATERALES:
5. CANALIS NERVI HYPOGLOSSI:
- passage of the hypoglossal nerve
https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/5/2/44/htm 1. premaxilla bone; 8. zygomatic process of squamosal bone; 14. jugular process; 15. palatine process of maxilla; 16. palatine bone; 17. vomer bone; 18. presphenoid bone; 19. basisphenoid bone; 20. basioccipital bone; 1. tympanic process of the alisphenoid; 22. zygomatic process of maxilla; 23. pterygoid bone; 41. prearticular process; 42. retroarticular process; c. foramen magnum; d. palatine fissure; e. maxillopalatine fenestra; palatine fenestra; g. caudal palatine foramen; h. choana; o. caudal alar foramen; p. carotic canal; q. transverse canal foramen; r. stylomastoid foramen; s. hypoglossal canal; I1–5. upper incisor teeth; C1. upper canine teeth; P1–3. upper premolar teeth; and, M1–4. upper molar teeth. http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
PARS LATERALIS:
6. CANALIS CONDYLARIS (condyloid canal):
- in ca, bo
- canal for the sinus condylaris
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5184921/ OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
PARS BASILARIS: forms:
- the posterior part of the base of the skull
- in front of the foramen magnum
- articulates with the sphenoid through the synchondrosis sphenoidalis
OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE PARS BASILARIS: bears:
1. TUBERCULUM MUSCULARE:
- paramedian tubercle on the ventral surface
- attachement of the musculus longus capitis
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-4.html http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-12.html OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
THE OUTER SURFACE OF THE PARS BASILARIS: bears:
2. TUBERCULUM PHARINGEUM:
- in Car
- median tubercle
- on the ventral surface http://old.univet.hu/hu/egyetem/szervezeti-egysegek/anatomiai-es-szovettani-tanszek/letoltheto-anyagok
Tuberculum musculare
http://www.boneid.net/product/inferior-view-gray-fox-cranium/ https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
THE INNER SURFACE OF THE PARS BASILARIS: bears:
1. FOSSA CRANII CAUDALIS:
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pferdesch%C3%A4del.jpg
Sagittal section through a equine skull. 1 Concha nasalis dorsalis, 2 Concha nasalis media, 3 Concha nasalis ventralis, 4 Os ethmoidale, 5 Os pterygoideum, 6 Sinus frontalis, 7 Sinus sphenoidalis, 8 Fossa cranii rostralis, Fossa cranii media, 10 Fossa cranii caudalis, 11 Porus acusticus internus, 12 Tentorium cerebelli osseum, 13 Processus paracondylaris OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
1. FOSSA CRANII CAUDALIS: subdivided into: a. rostral IMPRESSIO PONTICA - impression for the pons b. caudally situated IMPRESSIO MEDULLARIS – impression for the medulla oblongata
Impressio medullaris
Impressio pontica http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf eq OCCIPITAL BONE ca (OS OCCIPITALE)
THE SIDE OF THE PARS BASILARIS:
bears:
1. FORAMEN JUGULARE (jugular foramen):
- between occipital and petrosal bones
eq
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-12.html http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf OCCIPITAL BONE (OS OCCIPITALE)
THE SIDE OF THE PARS BASILARIS: bears:
2. FISSURA PETROOCCIPITALIS:
- in Car, Ru
Fissura petroocipitalis ca SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE) foms:
- the rostral part of the base of the skull two parts:
1. OS PRESPHENOIDALE https://deacademic.com/dic.nsf/dewiki/452610 2. OS BASISPHENOIDALE https://slideplayer.com/slide/5184921/ - at birth the two parts united by the synchondrosis intersphenoidalis, which becomes ossified during the 1st years of life eq
ca
https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/ana tomical_images/dog_skull/dog_basicranium/ http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
1. OS PRESPHENOIDALE
2. OS BASISPHENOIDALE
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
ca
ala ala corpus presphenoid
ala coprus ala basisphenoid
https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/anat omical_images/dog_skull/dog_basicranium/ SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
both parts comprise:
a. median body (CORPUS)
b. WINGS (ALAE OSSIS PRAE – et BASISPHENOIDALE)
c. PROCESSUS PTERYGOIDEUS https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari ca
https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/anato mical_images/dog_skull/dog_basicranium/ https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
OS PRESPHENOIDALE:
- the body of presphenoid extends towards the cranium as the ROSTRUM SPHENOIDALE
rostrum presphenoidale
Rostrum sphenoidale
Jugum ala ala sphenoidale presphenoid
ala coprus ala basisphenoid https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
OS PRESPHENOIDALE:
- the rostrum sphenoidale continues into the CRISTA GALLI of the etmoid bone
crista galli
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
CORPUS OSSIS PRESPHENOIDALIS:
1. FOSSA CRANII ROSTRALIS
- forms with the wings
2. SINUS SPHENOIDALES:
- paired
- Septum sinuum sphenoidalium https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
Fossa cranii rostralis
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
CORPUS OSSIS PRESPHENOIDALIS:
3. SULCUS CHIASMATIS (chiasmatic sulcus):
- in the caudal part of the preshenoid
- houses the chiasma opticum
- marked by the crista orbitosphenoidalis
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
Comparison of the olfactory bulbs of the dog (macrosmatic) and human (micromatic) brains, ventral aspects.
https://veteriankey.com/cranial-nerves-2/ SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
ALA OSSIS PRESPHENOIDALIS:
- the outer surface participate in the formation of the orbit
- the inner surface forms the cranial cavity
1 Processus zygomaticus frontalis , 2 Foramina ethmoidalia, 3 Canalis opticus, 4 Fissura orbitalis, 5 Fossa sacci lacrimalis, 6 Foramen sphenopalatinum, 7 Foramen palatinum caudale, 8 Foramen maxillare, 9 Processus frontalis of zygomatic bone, 10 Processus coronoideus of mandibula, 11 Processus temporalis of zygomatic bone, 12 Processus zygomaticus temporalis, 13 Foramen alare rostrale, UK mandibula, Fpp Fossa pterygopalatina
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orbita_hund.jpg
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Visual-difference-in-wolf-and-dog-skull-morphology-A-recent-Siberian-wolf-skull-No_fig5_303766520 SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
ALA OSSIS PRESPHENOIDALIS:
1. CANALIS OPTICUS:
- at the root of the wings
- leads to the orbit
- houses the optic nerve
Crista orbitosphenoidalis
Canalis opticus SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
ALA OSSIS PRESPHENOIDALIS:
FISSURA ORBITALIS (orbital fissure):
- in ca, eq
- lies below and behind the optic canal
https://www.neuroanatomyofthedog.com/iiiiiivvvi-cranial-nerves?lightbox=image_21fu SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
ALA OSSIS PRESPHENOIDALIS:
FORAMEN ROTUNDUM (round foramen):
- lies below the fissura orbitalis
- within the wing
- in ca, eq opens rostrally into the canalis alaris
Fissura Canalis opticus orbitalis
Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale
https://www.neuroanatomyofthedog.com/iiiiiivvvi-cranial-nerves?lightbox=image_4h8
ca SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
ALA OSSIS PRESPHENOIDALIS:
FORAMEN ORBITOROTUNDUM:
- in bo
- the round foramen and the orbital fissure unite
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
Canalis opticus
Fissura orbitalis
Foramen orbitorotundum
https://veteriankey.com/anaesthesia-of-cattle/
https://maaz.ihmc.us/rid=1PH4X2YGP-P6PJPW-1C5M/lab SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
CORPUS OSSIS BASISPHENOIDALIS:
1. FOSSA CRANII MEDIA
- formed by the body and the wings of the basisphenoid
body wing wing SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
CORPUS OSSIS BASISPHENOIDALIS:
2. SELLA TURCICA: wing wing - on the floor of the cranial cavity
- houses the FOSSA HYPOPHYSIALIS
- projects as the DORSUM SELLAE – exept in eq
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
Sinus frontalis CORPUS OSSIS BASISPHENOIDALIS:
2. SELLA TURCICA
Sella turcica Sella turcica
Dorsum ca sellae
Sella turcica
Sella turcica
Dorsum eq sellae SPHENOID BONE Sulcus caroticus (OS SPHENOIDALE)
Sella CORPUS OSSIS BASISPHENOIDALIS: turcica 3. SULCUS CAROTICUS (carotid sulcus):
- in ca, eq Dorsum sellae
Carotid sulcus SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
ALA OSSIS BASISPHENOIDALIS (ALA TEMPORALIS):
- extend dorsally as far as the squamous temporal part
1. SULCUS NERVI OPHTHALMICI ET MAXILLARIS:
- in bo
- situated on the cerebral surface
- connects the foramen orbitorotundum with the orbit
Canalis caroticus
Foramen orbitorotundum Sella Foramen turcica ovale
Sulcus nervi opthmalmici et maxillaris SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
ALA OSSIS BASISPHENOIDALIS (ALA TEMPORALIS):
2. SULCUS NERVI OPHTHALMICI:
- in eq, Car
- medial one
- communicates with the orbital fissure
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
Sulcus nervi opthalmici SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
ALA OSSIS BASISPHENOIDALIS (ALA TEMPORALIS):
3. SULCUS NERVI MAXILLARIS:
- in eq, Car
- lateral one
- leads to the round foramen
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
Sulcus nervi maxillaris SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
ALA OSSIS BASISPHENOIDALIS (ALA TEMPORALIS):
4. FOSSA PIRIFORMIS:
- houses the piriform lobe of the brain
- lateral from the sulcus nervi maxillaris
https://www.louisdonald.com/theh eadofthegermanshepherd.html
eq https://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tkt/haziallatok/ch02.html
Fossa piriformis SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
ALA OSSIS BASISPHENOIDALIS (ALA TEMPORALIS):
5. FORAMEN LACERUM:
- in eq the caudal border of each wing demarcates the rostral margin
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
Foramen Jugulare caudale Foramen (canalis) n. hypoglossi
Fissura petroocipitalis
Foramen lacerum
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE) ALA OSSIS BASISPHENOIDALIS (ALA TEMPORALIS):
5. FORAMEN LACERUM in eq: there are three notches in the border: a. Incisura carotica (carotid notch)
- medial
- doubled b. Incisura ovalis (oval notch) https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari - lateral c. Incisura spinosa
(spinous notch) Foramen Jugulare caudale Foramen (canalis) n. hypoglossi
Fissura petroocipitale
Incisura Incisura carotica ovalis Incisura Incisura spinosa ovalis SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
ALA OSSIS BASISPHENOIDALIS (ALA TEMPORALIS):
FORAMEN LACERUM:
- absent in Car, Ru
- replaced by three foramina a. FORAMEN OVALE
- in the wing of the basisphenoid
- in Car, bo b. FORAMEN CAROTICUM (CANALIS CAROTICUS)
- formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone
- in Car c. FORAMEN SPINOSUM
- in Car
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari ca SPHENOID BONE
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
PROCESSUS PTERYGOIDEUS (pterygoid process):
- arises laterally from the rostral end of the basisphenoid
- projects downwards, forwards
- unites with the perpendicular plate of the palatine bone
- make up the margin of choanae
The choanae (internal nostrils) of a cat, indicated by the dashed lines and bounded by the vomer (blue gray) and the palatine bone (orange) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choana
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-11.html SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
PROCESSUS PTERYGOIDEUS:
Hamulus pterygoideus:
- hook – like process at the rostroventral end of the pterygoid process
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-11.html
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
PROCESSUS PTERYGOIDEUS:
1. CANALIS ALARIS:
- in ca, eq
- on its root
https://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/cranial-nerve-5/deck/2117364
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5184921/
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-5.html ca SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
PROCESSUS PTERYGOIDEUS:
1. CANALIS ALARIS in ca:
A. exit FORAMEN ALARE ROSTRALE (orale)
B. entrance FORAMEN ALARE CAUDALE (aborale)
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
Foramina ethmoidalia
1. 2.
3. 1. For. opticum 2. Fissura orbitalis 4. 3. For. rotundum + For. alare rostrale 4. For. alare caudale
SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
PROCESSUS PTERYGOIDEUS:
1. CANALIS ALARIS in eq:
A. exit FORAMEN ALARE ROSTRALE (orale)
B. entrance FORAMEN ALARE CAUDALE (aborale)
C. FORAMEN ALARE PARVUM
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf
1. For. alare parvum 2. 3. Crista pterygoidea 1. For. ethmoidale 2. For. opticum eq 4. For. 3. Fissura orbitalis alare 4. For. alare rostrale https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari caudale SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
PROCESSUS PTERYGOIDEUS:
2. CRISTA PTERYGOIDEA
- absent in ca
- crest continuing the proc. pterygoideus dorsally
- border of the fossa pterygopalatina
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18- 5.html SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
PROCESSUS PTERYGOIDEUS:
3. CANALIS PTERYGOIDEUS:
- longitudinal canal
- through the base of the proc. pterygoideus
eq
Opening of the canalis pterygoideus
Sulcus nervi canali pterygoidei SPHENOID BONE (OS SPHENOIDALE)
PROCESSUS PTERYGOIDEUS:
4. SULCUS NERVI CANALI PTERYGOIDEI:
- caudal continuation of the canalis pterygoideus
eq
Opening of the canalis pterygoideus
Sulcus nervi canali pterygoidei Opening of the canalis pterygoideus
Sulcus nervi canali pterygoidei INTERPARIETAL BONE (OS INTERPARIETALE)
- lies in the median plane
- rostral to the occipital bone
Interparietal bone
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5184921/ INTERPARIETAL BONE (OS INTERPARIETALE)
- in ox the frontal bone enlarges postnataly
– the interparietal bone become displaced into the nuchal region
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-8.html
Os interparietale INTERPARIETAL BONE (OS INTERPARIETALE)
INNER SURFACE presents:
1. PROCESSUS TENTORICUS:
- in eq, ca
- forms the tentorium cerebelli osseum
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf INTERPARIETAL BONE (OS INTERPARIETALE)
INNER SURFACE presents:
2. CANALIS SINUS TRANSVERSI:
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf INTERPARIETAL BONE (OS INTERPARIETALE)
INNER SURFACE presents:
3. CRISTA SAGITTALIS INTERNA
4. SINUS FRONTALIS CAUDALIS:
- in bo
- septum sinuum frontalium
Septum sinuum frontalium
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-9.html
Sinus frontalis caudalis
Crista sagittalis interna INTERPARIETAL BONE (OS INTERPARIETALE)
OUTER SURFACE presents:
1. CRISTA SAGITALIS EXTERNA
- in eq, Car
- median crest on the external surface
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5800499/ INTERPARIETAL BONE (OS INTERPARIETALE)
OUTER SURFACE presents:
2. LINEA TEMPORALIS (temporal line):
- in Car, eq
Crista sagittalis extrena
Linea temporalis
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5800499/ PARIETAL BONE (OS PARIETALE)
- paired bone
- lie between the occipital and frontal bones
- form the roof and the sides of the cranium
- in ox form the part of the nuchal surface
- margo interparietalis encloses the parietal bone
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-2.html PARIETAL BONE (OS PARIETALE) presents:
1. Angulus frontalis
2. Angulus occipitalis
3. Angulus sphenoidalis
4. Angulus mastoideus
5. Facies externa
6. Facies interna PARIETAL BONE (OS RPARIETALE)
Planum parietale FACIES EXTERNA divides into:
1. PLANUM PARIETALE:
– on the roof of the cranium
- in ox called as planum nuchale Planum temporale
2. PLANUM TEMPORALE:
– on the sides
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5800499/
https://slideplayer.com/slide/3991354/ PARIETAL BONE (OS RPARIETALE)
FACIES EXTERNA divides into:
3. LINEA TEMPORALIS (temporal line):
- separates the planum parietale and temporale
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-2.html PARIETAL BONE (OS RPARIETALE)
FACIES EXTERNA
4. CRISTA SAGITTALIS EXTERNA:
- in eq, ca.
- extends from the interparietal bone
- divides into the lineae temporales on the frontal bone in ca
- divides into the lineae temporales on the parietal bone in eq
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-2.html PARIETAL BONE (OS RPARIETALE)
FACIES EXTERNA:
5. SINUS FRONTALIS CAUDALIS
- in bo
- Septum sinuum frontalium
Septum sinuum frontalium
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-9.html
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf PARIETAL BONE (OS PARIETALE)
FACIES INTERNA:
1. SULCI ARTERIOSI:
- vascular grooves
Sulci arteriosi
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf PARIETAL BONE (OS PARIETALE)
FACIES INTERNA:
2. IMPRESSIONES DIGITATAE:
- house the gyruses of brain
3. JUGA CEREBRALIA
Impressiones digitatae
Juga cerebralia PARIETAL BONE (OS PARIETALE)
FACIES INTERNA:
4. CRISTA SAGITTALIS INTERNA:
- in eq
- inconstant
PARIETAL BONE (OS PARIETALE)
FACIES INTERNA:
5. PROCESSUS TENTORICUS:
- in eq, ca
- forms the tentorium cerebelli osseum
inner surface
of the
parietal bone Proc. tentoricus
Tentorium cerebelli osseum TENTORIUM CEREBELLI OSSEUM formed by the processus tentoricus of the:
1. os parietale
2. os interparietale 12. Tentorium cerebelli osseum https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tentorium_cerebelli 3. os occipitale
- in eq, ca
- attachament of tentorium cerebelli
Tentorium cerebelli osseum inner
Tentorium surface cerebelli of the
parietal bone Proc. tentoricus
Tentorium cerebelli osseum
https://www.reddit.com/r/ThingsCutInHalf https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Sagittally- Porn/comments/bejyvo/hemisected_horse bisected-head-and-anterior-neck-of-a-horse-The-first- _head_used_as_teaching_aid_in_a/ four-cervical-vertebrae_fig20_258351326 FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
- two frontal bones
- meet at the sutura interfrontalis parts of the frontal bone:
1. SQUAMA FRONTALIS: a) PARS ORBITALIS – forms the bony orbit b) PARS NASALIS
- the two parts unite to form the squama
- participates in the formation of cranial roof
2. FACIES TEMPORALIS – lateral surface
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
SINUS FRONTALIS:
- each frontal bone contains one sinus in eq.
- each frontal bone contains more sinus in ca, bo
- Septum sinuum frontalium
- Aperturae sinuum frontalium
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-9.html FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
PROTUBERANTIA INTERCORNUALES (intercornual protuberance):
- in ox during the postnatal development of the frontal sinus the frontal bones are displaced backwards – the frontal bone become continous with the nuchal surface
- lies between the cornual process
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-10.html
https://slideplayer.com/slide/4698130/
A. Intercornual protuberance B. Temporal line C. Temporal fossa D. Facial Tuberosity https://www.memorangapp.com/flashcards/137526/Anatomy+2+Exam+1/ FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
SQUAMA FRONTALIS:
1. PROCESSUS ZYGOMATICUS:
- projects laterally
- in Ru unites with the frontal process of the zygomatic bone
- in eq unites with the zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Proc. frontalis ossis zygomatici
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
SQUAMA FRONTALIS:
2. FOSSA GLANDULARES:
- in eq, bo
- on the orbital surface of the processus zygomazticus
- houses the lacriamal gland
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Lateral-view-of-Skull-of-blackbuck- showing-Facial-tuberosity-to-infraorbital-canal-A_fig4_322241290
https://www.merckvetmanual.com/horse-owners/eye- disorders-of-horses/eye-structure-and-function-in-horses FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
SQUAMA FRONTALIS:
PROCESSUS ZYGOMATICUS ossis frontalis:
- participates into the formation of the MARGO SUPRAORBITALIS
MARGO SUPRAORBITALIS:
- forms the upper margin of the orbit
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
SQUAMA FRONTALIS:
FORAMEN SUPRAORBITALE:
- in eq FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
SQUAMA FRONTALIS:
CANALIS SUPRAORBITALIS:
- in bo
- supraorbital foramen = entrance of the canal
- double in ox
- continues by the sulcus supraorbitalis (supraorbital groove)
Canalis supraorbitalis FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
SQUAMA FRONTALIS:
LIGAMENTUM ORBITALE:
- in ca
- forms the upper margin of the orbit
- below the ligament lies the fossa lacrimalis FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
SQUAMA FRONTALIS:
LINEA TEMPORALIS:
- lies at the junction of the squamous part and the temporal surface
- in eq, ca continous as the crista sagittalis ext.
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-2.html FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
SQUAMA FRONTALIS:
PROCESSUS CORNUALIS (cornual process):
- in horned ruminants
- at the caudal end of the squama on either side
- form the bony basis of the horns
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-9.html FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE) PARS ORBITALIS:
- forms the medial wall of the orbit
1 Processus zygomaticus frontalis , 2 Foramina ethmoidalia, 3 Canalis opticus, 4 Fissura orbitalis, 5 Fossa sacci lacrimalis, 6 Foramen sphenopalatinum, 7 Foramen palatinum caudale, 8 Foramen maxillare, 9 Processus frontalis of zygomatic bone, 10 Processus coronoideus of mandibula, 11 Processus temporalis of zygomatic bone, 12 Processus zygomaticus temporalis, 13 Foramen alare rostrale, UK mandibula, Fpp Fossa pterygopalatina
https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Orbita_hund.jpg FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
PARS ORBITALIS:
FOVEA TROCHLEARIS:
- medial to the origin of the zygomatic process
- accomodates the trochlear cartilage of the m. obligquus dorsalis
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE) ca PARS ORBITALIS:
FORAMINA ETHMOIDALIA:
- in ca
FORAMEN ETHMOIDALE:
- in other species
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari
1. For. alare 1. For. opticum parvum 2. 2. Fissura orbitalis 3. Crista pterygoidea 3. For. rotundum + For. alare rostrale 1. For. ethmoidale 2. For. opticum 4. For. 4. For. alare caudale 3. Fissura orbitalis Foramina ethmoidalia alare 4. For. alare rostrale caudale 1. eq 2.
3.
4. FRONTAL BONE (OS FRONTALE)
PARS TEMPORALIS:
CRISTA ORBITOTEMPORALIS
https://www.tankonyvtar.hu/hu/tartalom/tkt/haziallatok/ch02.html ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE)
- lies deep within the skull
- lies between the two orbits and the caudal part of the nasal cavity
- resembles a horizontally placed tube
- the wall of the tube is the lamina externa
LAMINA EXTERNA comprises:
1. LAMINA TECTORIA – faces the forehead
2. LAMINA ORBITALIS
3. LAMINA BASALIS – forms the floor
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5184921/
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE)
LAMINA CRIBROSA:
- lies transversely
- separates the nasal cavity from the cranial cavity
- perforated lamina
- perforations allow passage of the olfactory fibers (fila olfactoria) into the bulbus olfactorius
http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE)
LAMINA PERPENDICULARIS:
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5184921/
Lamina perpen- dicularis
bo ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE)
LAMINA PERPENDICULARIS:
- a median septum
- divides the nasal cavity into two
- part of the septum nasi osseum
- forms the crista galli
https://slideplayer.com/slide/5184921/
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Pteropus-livingstonii-AMNH-274466- caudal-view-of-the-frontoethmoidal-complex-showing-the_fig1_213771160 ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE) LABIRINTHUS ETHMOIDALIS:
- projects into interior of the bone from both the tectorial plate and the orbital lamina
- surrounds the coiled ethmoturbinates
Labirinthus ethmoidalis
Rest of the lamina cribrosa https://veteriankey.com/surgery-of- the-upper-respiratory-system/ ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE)
LABIRINTHUS ETHMOIDALIS:
ETHMOTURBINATES:
- project from the tectorial and orbital plates into the interior
- each ethmoturbinate united to the outer walls and behind to the cribriform plate by its basal plate
- the basal lamellae project into the interior of the ethmoid – they form spiral lamellae
- if the spiral lamellae double the upper lamella coils in a dorsal direction
- in ca the spiral lamellae have longitudinal folds – give rise secondary lamellae ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE)
LABIRINTHUS ETHMOIDALIS:
ETHMOTURBINATES:
- arranged in two rows (three in eq)
1. ENDOTURBINATES:
- the larger ones
- extend far into the interior
ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE)
LABIRINTHUS ETHMOIDALIS:
2. ECTOTURBINATES:
- smaller ones
- remain externally
- in eq form a double row
- in other animals they arranged in a single row
Fig. 2. Medial views of the turbinate complex (A) and the nasal septum DNC, dorsal nasal concha; EnT, endoturbinates; MNC, middle nasal concha; and VNC, ventral nasal concha. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-nasal-cavity-of-the-sheep-and-its-olfactory- Barrios-Quinteiro/1584b23ad90368057e9e99018fbe40a98b0fc359/figure/2
Fig. 3. Lateral (A, B) and medial (C, D) views of the endoturbinates (I–IV) (A, C) Transverse frozen section of the nasal cavity. D, dorsal nasal concha. Ectoturbinates are and ectoturbinates (B, D) of the adult sheep, after extraction from the nasal identified by Arabic numerals (1–5) and endoturbinates by roman numerals (I–IV). Scale bar: 2 cavity. VNC, ventral nasal concha. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.] cm (see Figure S3). https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Transverse-frozen-section-of-the-nasal- https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-nasal-cavity-of-the-sheep-and-its- cavity-D-dorsal-nasal-concha-Ectoturbinates-are_fig3_266950471 olfactory-Barrios-Quinteiro/1584b23ad90368057e9e99018fbe40a98b0fc359/figure/3 ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE) LABIRINTHUS ETHMOIDALIS:
THE NUMBER OF ENDO – and ECTOTURBINATES on each side:
1. in dog 4+6
2. in Ru 4+18 https://slideplayer.com/slide/3468364/ 3. in eq 6+25
https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/20618110779708550/
Fig. 4. Transverse sections of the decalcified nasal cavity of an adult sheep, from posterior (A) to anterior (D) levels, showing the topography and arrangement of the endoturbinates (in red, I–IV) and ectoturbinates. [Color figure can be viewed in the online issue, which is available at wileyonlinelibrary.com.]
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-nasal-cavity-of-the- sheep-and-its-olfactory-Barrios- Quinteiro/1584b23ad90368057e9e99018fbe40a98b0fc359/figure/ 4 ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE)
LABIRINTHUS ETHMOIDALIS:
ENDOTURBINATE I.:
- the most dorsal
- the largest
- protrudes forwards into the nasal cavity beyond the wall of the ethmoid
- attaches to the ethmoid crest of the nasal bone
- forms the bony base of the concha nasalis dorsalis
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab20/Img20-2.html ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE)
LABIRINTHUS ETHMOIDALIS:
ENDOTURBINATE II.:
- second in position and size
- forms the basis of the concha nasalis media
https://www.wikiwand.com/en/Nasal_concha 1 : Concha nasalis dorsalis 2 : Concha nasalis media 3 : Concha nasalis ventralis
https://slideplayer.com/slide/6096396/
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab20/Img20-15.html ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE)
LABIRINTHUS ETHMOIDALIS:
ECTOTURBINATES:
- more lateral in position https://slideplayer.com/slide/3468364/ - can be seen from the interior once the endoturbinates removed
ETHMOID BONE (OS ETHMOIDALE)
LABIRINTHUS ETHMOIDALIS:
MEATUS ETHMOIDALES:
- lie between the ethmoturbinates
https://www.thieme-connect.de/products/ebooks/pdf/10.1055/b-0034-36154.pdf TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
- forms the lower part of the lateral wall of the skull formed by the fusion of:
1. PARS SQUAMOSA
2. PARS PETROSA, PORCESSUS MASTOIDEUS
3. PARS TYMPANICA
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari https://slideplayer.com/slide/5184921/ TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS PETROSA (petrous part) and PARS TYMPANICA (tympanic part):
- enclose the inner and the middle ear
- at the base of the skull these part releated to the basal part of the occipital bone
- in ca sutura occipitotympanica – the two bones unite at this suture
- in others fissura petrooccipitalis – seprates the two bones
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Cross- section-through-the-head-of-a-domestic-dog- Canis-familiaris-showing-structures- of_fig4_275466956 TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS):
- formation of the wall of the cranial cavity
Parts of the pars squamosa: a. FACEIS CEREBRALIS – inner surface b. FACIES TEMPORALIS – outer surface
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/orbits TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): a. FACEIS CEREBRALIS presents:
1. SULCI ARTERIOSI ET VENOSI
2. IMPRESSIONES DIGITATAE
3. JUGA CEREBRALIS
4. CRISTA TENTORICA – in small Ru TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): b. FACIES TEMPORALIS presents:
1. PROCESSUS ZYGOMATICUS
- laterally and rostrally
- forms the ARCUS ZYGOMATICUS with the temporal process of the zygomatic bone Proc. temporalis ossis zygomatici
https://animaldiversity.org/collections/contributors/anatomical_images/dog_skull/dog_lateral/ http://sporthorses.vet/blog/2018/05/09/enfermedad- TEMPORAL BONE articulacion-temporomandibular-tmj-2/ (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): b. FACIES TEMPORALIS presents:
1. PROCESSUS ZYGOMATICUS
- FACIES ARTICULARIS for the mandibular joint on the ventral surface
http://sreesanjeevini.com/temporomandibular-joint/
Ventromedial view of the left temporomandibular joint: bones references and articular disc position. 1 = Occipital condyle; 2 = paracondilar process; 3 = basilar portion of the occipital bone; 4 = foramen lacerum; 5 = temporal bone (tympanic and petrous portion); 6 = articular https://www.doctorramey.com/tmj-disease-is-rare-in-horses/ disc; 7 = dorsal synovial pouch; 8 = caudal compartment of the dorsal synovial pouch; 9 = mandibular condyle; 10 = mandibular branch. https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Ventromedial-view-of-the-left-temporomandibular-joint-bones-references-and-articular_fig3_7242952 TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): b. FACIES TEMPORALIS presents:
2. TUBERCULUM ARTICULARE (articular tuberosity):
- forms the mandibular joint in front
- rostral to the fossa articularis
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): b. FACIES TEMPORALIS presents:
3. FOSSA MANDIBULARIS:
- forms the mandibular joint
- for the condyle of mandible
- Facies articularis TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): b. FACIES TEMPORALIS presents:
4. PROCESSUS RETROARTICULARIS:
- behind the fossa mandibularis
Proc. retroarticularis TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): b. FACIES TEMPORALIS presents:
5. FORAMEN RETROARTICULARE:
- in eq, bo, ca
- external opening of the meatus temporalis (for sinus temporalis)
https://vetfolio- vetstreet.s3.amazonaws.com/mmah/17/76662fb9924525b8367672fb2fd15a/filePV_27_05_377.pdf
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): b. FACIES TEMPORALIS presents:
5. PROCESSUS OCCIPITALIS:
- behind the origin of the zygomatic process
- forms a suture with the occipital bone
https://www.slideshare.net/VetAbdulrhmanSubhi/short-notes-in-dog-skeleton
Processus occipitalis
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): b. FACIES TEMPORALIS presents:
5. PROCESSUS OCCIPITALIS:
- on its outer surface runs the CRISTA TEMPORALIS
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): b. FACIES TEMPORALIS presents:
6. PROCESSUS RETROTYMPANICUS:
- surrounds the external auditory meatus caudally
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): b. FACIES TEMPORALIS presents:
7. MEATUS TEMPORALIS:
- formed by the parietal bone and the porc. occipitalis
- contains veins from the dorsal sinus of the dura mater TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS SQUAMOSA (SQUAMA TEMPORALIS): b. FACIES TEMPORALIS presents:
FOSSA TEMPORALIS (temporal fossa):
- area surrounded by linea temporalis
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS PETROSA (PETROSUM):
- caudoventral part of the temporal bone a. INNER SURFACE (FACIES MEDIALIS):
- faces the cranial cavity
1. PORUS ACCUSTICUS INTERNUS:
- leads into the meatus accusticus internus via the fundus meatus acisticus internus
- Crista transversa arises from the fundus
https://wiley-vch.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/650285... TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS PETROSA (PETROSUM): a. INNER SURFACE (FACIES MEDIALIS):
1. PORUS ACUSTICUS INTERNUS: a. AREA N. FACIALIS – entrance of the facial canal https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari b. AREA COCHLEA – for the passage of the cochlear branches of the n. vestibulocochlearis c. AREA VESTIBULARIS SUPERIOR (dorsalis) d. AREA VESTIBULARIS INFERIOR (ventralis) - for the passage of the vestibular branches of the vestibulocochlear nerve
https://slideplayer.hu/slide/13758882/ TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE) FIG. 20-1 Major regions of the ear.A, Cross-section, head through the right ear, rostral surface, dog. External (E), middle (M), and inner (I) ear are illustrated. The tympanic membrane has been removed in this section. The external ear consists of the auricle and external acoustic meatus; the middle ear consists of the ossicles, tympanic cavity, and bulla; and the inner ear consists of the cochlea and semicircular canals. B, Schematic diagram depicting a cross-section through the external, middle, and inner ear of a dog. (A courtesy Dr. B.L. Njaa, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University.)
PARS PETROSA (PETROSUM):
b. FACIES VENTRALIS: https://veteriankey.com/the-ear-and-eye/
- forms the lower part of the medial wall of the tympanic cavity of the middle ear
presents:
a) PROMONTORIUM
b) FENESTRA VESTIBULI (OVALIS)
c) FENESTRA COCHLEAE (ROTUNDUM)
https://eref.thieme.de/cockpits/clAna0001/0/coAna00079/4-9962 TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS PETROSA (PETROSUM):
PROCESSUS MASTOIDEUS (mastoid process):
- ventral process
- caudal to the external auditory meatus
https://wiley-vch.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/650285...
Proc. retro- tympanicus
Proc. retro.- Proc. articularis mastoideus
Proc. muscularis
eq TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS PETROSA (PETROSUM):
PROCESSUS STYLOIDEUS:
- in eq, bo
- provides attachament for the hyoid bone
http://vanat.ahc.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab20/Img20-8.html
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-12.html http://www.downloads.imune.net/medicalbooks/IMUNE/INVIO/Anatomy%201.%20Lesson%2006.pdf Proc. retro- TEMPORAL BONE tympanicus Proc. (OS TEMPORALE) retro.- Proc. articularis mastoideus
PARS PETROSA (PETROSUM): Proc. PROCESSUS STYLOIDEUS: styloideus Proc. muscularis
eq
Proc. styloideus Foramen stylomastoideum
Foramen ovale Proc. styloideus bo TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS PETROSA (PETROSUM):
FORAMEN STYLOMASTOIDEUM:
- exit of the canalis facialis (facial canal)
- in ca between the pars tympanica and the mastoid process
- in eq, bo, between the sytloid and mastoid process
https://wiley-vch.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/650285... TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
- lies at the base of the temporal bone
https://www.slideshare.net/aydan92/kafatasi-ders-notlari https://wiley-vch.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/650285... TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
1. BULLA TYMPANICA (tympanic bulla):
- encloses the lower region of the CAVUM TYMPANI
- part of the midde ear
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-12.html
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-4.html TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
1. BULLA TYMPANICA (tympanic bulla):
- Septum bullae – in ca
https://wiley-vch.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/650285... TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA: (TYMPANICUM):
2. BONY MEATUS ACUSTICUS EXTERNA:
- extends laterally from the upper part of the tympanic bulla
- ends at the PORUS MEATUS ACCUSTICUS EXTERNUS TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA: (TYMPANICUM):
3. VAGINA PROCESSUS STYLOIDEI:
- in eq, bo
- surrounds the proc. styloideus
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-13.html
Vagina proc. styloideus
bo TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA: (TYMPANICUM):
4. PROCESSUS MUSCULARIS:
- projects from the mediorostral wall of the bulla tympanica
- in ca insignificant, taking the form of a very short thorn
- in small Ru, eq – long rod
- in ox – the base is broad
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-5.html TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
5. FISSURA PETROTYMPANICA:
- opens from the tympanic cavity
- between pars tympanica et petrosa
- passage of the chorda tympani of the facial nerve
Meatus accusticus ext.
Proc. retroarticularis
Bulla tympanica Fissura petrotympanica
https://wiley-vch.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/650285... TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
6. PARS OSSEA TUBAE AUDITIVAE:
- lies medial to the muscular process
- connection between the tympanic cavity and nasopharynx
entral view of the caudal half of the canine skull (mandible removed). The auditory tube originates from the dorsolateral wall of the bulla (inset), just rostral to the tensor tympani muscle attachment, as the musculotubal canal. The distal end opens rostrally on the dorsolateral wall of the nasopharynx, just medial to the ipsilateral pterygoid process, or hamulus.
(Photos by Phil Snow, UTCVM) © 2012 The University of Tennessee.
https://wiley-vch.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/650285... TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
CANALIS MUSCULOTUBARIUS: a. Semicanalis tubae auditivae – for tuba auditiva into the tympanic canal b. Semicanalis m. tensor tympani – for m. tensor tympani c. Septum canalis musculotubarii TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
CANALIS CAROTICUS:
- in ca
- on the medial wall of the tympanic bulla
- for the A. carotis int.
https://wiley-vch.e-bookshelf.de/products/reading-epub/product-id/650285... TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANIC (TYMPANICUM):
FOSSA CEREBELLARIS:
- depression dorsal to the meatus accusticus internus
- for cerebellum
FOSSA SUBARCUATA:
- in Car
- deep depression to the porus accusticus internus
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:Temporal_bone1.jpg TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
CAVUM TYMPANI (tympanic cavity):
- in the middle ear comprises:
1. A CENTRAL CAVITY (MESOTYMPANICUM)
2. RECESSUS EPITYMPANICUS (EPITYMPANICUM)
3. BULLA TYMPANICA (HYPOTYMPANICUM)
http://www.jaypeedigital.com/Chapter/IndexXML?Chapid=99779&sn o=9999&ChapNo=99779&isbn=9789351524526&N=-1&B=-1 TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
CAVUM TYMPANI (tympanic cavity):
1. A CENTRAL CAVITY (MESOTYMPANICUM):
- its lateral wall bears the anulus tympanicus (tympanic ring)
- anulus tympanicus accomodates the membrana tympanica
http://www.jaypeedigital.com/Chapter/IndexXML?Chapid=9 9779&sno=9999&ChapNo=99779&isbn=9789351524526&N=- 1&B=-1 TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
CAVUM TYMPANI (tympanic cavity):
2. RECESSUS EPITYMPANICUS (EPITYMPANICUM): lodges the: a. Malleus b. Incus c. Stapes d. Lenticula bone
https://slideplayer.org/slide/5395350/ TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
CAVUM TYMPANI (tympanic cavity):
BULLA TYMPANICA (HYPOTYMPANICUM):
- in ca divides into Cellulae tympanicae
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-4.html
http://www.deepseanews.com/2016/02/do-baby-dolphins-hear-their-parents
http://vanat.cvm.umn.edu/ungDissect/Lab18/Img18-12.html TEMPORAL BONE (OS TEMPORALE)
PARS TYMPANICA (TYMPANICUM):
AQUEDUCTUS VESTIBULI:
- canal for the ductus endolymphaticus
- Apertura externa aqueductus vestibuli
CANALICULUS COCHLEAE:
- canal for the ductus perilymphaticus
- Apertura externa canalis cochleae
https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A5:Temporal_bone1.jpg THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION! BIBLIOGRAPHIE
1. R. Nickel, A. Shummer, E. Steiferle: Lehrbuch der Anatomie der Haustiere Band III., 2. Auflage
2. Klaus-Dieter Budras, Patrick H. McCarthy , Wolfgang Fricke : Renate Richter Anatomy of the Dog, 5th revised Edition
3. Klaus-Dieter Budras , W.O.Sack, Sabine Röck : Anatomy of the Horse 5th revised Edition
4. Klaus – Dieter Budras, Rober E. Habel: Bovine Anatomy, 1st Edition
5. Miller’s Anatomy of the dog, 4th Edition
6. König – Liebich: Anatomie der Haussäugetiere, 4. Auflage
7. König – Liebich: Veterinary Anatomy of Domestic Mammals, 4th Edition
8. Saunders W.B: Veterinary Anatomy Flash Cards, 2nd Revised edition