The Theoretical and Practical Virtues in Francisco De Castilla's Teórica De Virtudes
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
THE THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL VIRTUES IN FRANCISCO DE CASTILLA’S TEÓRICA DE VIRTUDES (1518) AND PRÁCTICA DE LAS VIRTUDES (1518) Ricardo Javier Huamán A dissertation submitted to the faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Romance Studies (Spanish). Chapel Hill 2015 Approved by: Frank A. Domínguez Lucia Binotti Carmen Y. Hsu Josefa Lindquist Rosa Perelmuter ©2015 Ricardo Javier Huamán ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ii ABSTRACT Ricardo Javier Huamán: The Theoretical and Practical Virtues in Francisco de Castilla’s Teórica de virtudes (1518) and Práctica de las virtudes (1518) (Under the direction of Frank A. Domínguez) This dissertation is on the life of Francisco de Castilla (c. 1480-c. 1558) and the two works he wrote around the time of Charles I and V of the Holy Roman Empire’s (1500-1558) arrival to Spain in 1517. Castilla’s life has been of interest because of his family’s support of the existence of an unknown Crónica verdadera (c. 1400) on the life of Pedro I (1334-1369) and their connection to the Relación de la vida del Rey D. Pedro y su descendencia que es el linaje de los Castilla, probably written in the sixteenth century. The association between Castilla’s life and probable authorship is further explored here with an added focus on separating facts about him from those of his similarly-named nephew. Teórica de virtudes (1518) and Práctica de las virtudes (1518), the two books written by Castilla, were published several times throughout the sixteenth century and again at the time of the Council of Trent (1545-1563), the beginning of the Counter-Reformation. The majority of the existing scholarship on Castilla’s works has focused on his use of the Latinized motto of Charles V, “Plus Ultra,” examining the relationship of Práctica de las virtudes to Pedro I and deciding whether or not Práctica belongs to the genre of historiography in verse. This study concentrates on Castilla’s understanding of the theological and cardinal virtues, their provenance, their effect on his poetic narratives and their practical applications on Charles V’s reign. It ends with an annotated edition of Castilla’s works from 1518. iii For Mary, Dante and Aria. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to acknowledge the assistance and support I received while completing my dissertation. Frank Domínguez, my advisor, played an important role in my admission to UNC- Chapel Hill, and I wish to thank him for bringing me here. He offered generously of his time, even when I was not officially enrolled, and provided me with careful and detailed revisions of my dissertation. I enjoyed my classes with Lucia Binotti, Carmen Hsu and Rosa Perelmuter, members of my committee, and wish they could know how much I learned from them then and throughout the different phases of my dissertation. Josefa Lindquist was my enthusiastic section leader for High Beginner Spanish. As a committee member, she commented on my dissertation sagely and extensively, providing me with many leads that I am sure will bear fruit when I write my monograph. Various libraries, archives and their employees provided me with access to important materials. Our own Davis Library was my home base for many years. The Lilly Library of Indiana University very graciously sent me a copy of Teórica and Práctica after I noticed theirs was slightly different from all the others. Cambridge University Library sent me copies of some of their pages of Teórica within hours of my asking for them. The Newberry Library sponsored a workshop on Spanish paleography that I attended. There I learned to read the manuscripts I would see at the Archivo General de Simancas and at the Biblioteca Nacional de España. The BNE librarians helped me think through some of my questions and provided me with excellent references. At UNC, the Department of Romance Studies, the Graduate School, the Graduate and Professional Student Federation, the Iniative for Minority Excellence and the Buchan Excellence Fund all supported my scholarship in various ways. v TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ………………………………………………………………………………...ix LIST OF FIGURES ………………………………………………………………………………...x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………………………………………....xi INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………………………..1 CHAPTER 1: FRANCISCO DE CASTILLA Y ZÚÑIGA ……………………………..…...…...8 Biography …………………………………………………………………………………8 Two Chronicles and a Genealogy …………………………...…………………………..17 CHAPTER 2: CASTILLA’S CONCEPTION OF THE VIRTUES IN TEÓRICA DE VIRTUDES ……………………………………………………………………..41 Virtue, Vice and Structure in Teórica de virtudes ………….…………………………..41 Philosophical Concepts in Teórica ……………………………………………………...49 CHAPTER 3: CASTILLA, BOETHIUS AND THE SEARCH FOR TRUE HAPPINESS ……………………………………………………………………………58 “Tratado de amiçiçia” …………………………………………………………………...60 “Diálogo entre la Miseria humana y el Consuelo” ………………………….………..…61 “Inquisición de la felicidad por metáfora” ………………………………………………69 CHAPTER 4: EXEMPLARITY AND EXHORTATION IN PRÁCTICA DE LAS VIRTUDES ………………………………………………………………..79 Reading History, Learning Spanish …………………………………………………….80 Divine Providence and the Conquest of Granada ……………………………………………88 APPENDIX A: AN EDITION OF TEÓRICA DE VIRTUDES EN COPLAS DE ARTE HUMILDE CON COMENTO (1518) AND PRÁCTICA DE LAS VIRTUDES DE LOS BUENOS REYES DE ESPAÑA EN COPLAS DE ARTE MAYOR DIRIGIDAS AL ESCLARECIDO REY DON CARLOS vi NUESTRO SEÑOR (1518) ………………………………………………………………………95 The 1518 Imprints ………………………………………………………………………95 Later Editions of Castilla’s Works ……………………………………………………..108 Meter …………………………………………………………………………………...112 Editorial Criteria ……………………………………………………………………….116 Teórica de virtudes …………………………………………………………………….118 “Tratado de amiçiçia” ………………………………………………………………….209 “Diálogo entre la Miseria humana y el Consuelo” …………………………………….218 “Inquisición de la felicidad por metáfora” ……………………………………………..232 Práctica de las virtudes ………………………………………………………………..248 APPENDIX B: PROLOGUE TO TEÓRICA DE VIRTUDES EN COPLAS DE ARTE HUMILDE CON COMENTO (1518 INDIANA UNIVERSITY) ………………………………………….311 WORKS CITED ……………………………………………………………………….............314 vii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 - Select Genealogy for Francisco de Castilla ………………………………...................30 Table 2 - Works Contained in Teórica (1518) and Práctica (1518) ………..........………….…108 Table 3 - Works Contained in Later Printings …………………………………………………111 viii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 - Fol. 1v of the prologue to Teórica from BNE R/8050(1) ……………………………98 Figure 2 - Fol. 1v of the prologue to Teórica from IU PQ6321.C493 P9.1518 ………………...99 Figure 3 - Fol. 2r of the prologue to Teórica from IU PQ6321.C493 P9 151893 ……………..100 Figure 4 - Fol. 1v-2r from the BNE (black and white) and IU (color) variants of Teórica ……102 Figure 5 - Title page of Teórica (1518) from IU PQ6321.C493 P9 1518 ……………………..104 Figure 6 - Title page of Teórica (1518) from BNE R/8050(1) ………………………………...105 Figure 7 - Title page of Práctica (1518) from IU PQ6321.C493 P9 1518 …………………….107 ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS BNE: Biblioteca Nacional de España. CORDE: El Corpus Diacrónico del Español. Cov.: Sebastián de Covarrubias Horozco, author of Tesoro de la lengua castellana o española. DRAE: Diccionario de la Real Academia Española. IU: Indiana University. Pal.: Alfonso Fernández de Palencia, author of Universal vocabulario en latín y en romance. x Introduction The Theoretical and Practical Virtues in Francisco de Castilla’s Teórica de virtudes (1518) and Práctica de las virtudes (1518) examines the life of Francisco de Castilla (c. 1480-c. 1558) and two separate works he wrote when or just before Charles V (1500-1558) entered Spain as its king.1 His works were first published separately seven months apart. To complicate matters, Teórica is both the name of the book from August 1518 and the title of the longest poem in said book. It is accompanied by Castilla’s commentaries and citations. None of the other works originally published with Teórica (“Tratado de amiçiçia,” “Diálogo entre la Miseria humana y el Consuelo,” and “Inquisición de la felicidad por metáfora”) include commentaries or citations and neither does Práctica. After writing these works, Castilla seems to have focused on his political career and not published again for nearly thirty years. The printing of Castilla’s works coincided with major religious events. He completed Práctica in 1517 and printed it in January 1518, around the same time that Martin Luther’s Ninety-Five Theses would have reached Spain. The next printing of Castilla’s work was in 1546,2 probably after his retirement. This collection was entitled De los tratados de filosofía moral en coplas and featured selections from Teórica along with previously unpublished poems on the Virgin, the saints and God, solidifying Castilla’s Catholic credentials. Its popularity proved greater and a second edition of uncertain year was printed.3 This success might have then 1 Charles V (1500-1558) was still only Charles I when he received Castilla’s gift. For the sake of consistency, he will be called Charles V in this dissertation. 2 The printing history is more fully discussed in appendix A. 3 Marino indicates that the prologue has a dedication to prince Philip, Charles V’s son and the future Philip II, and concludes that the work was published before 1556 (“On Francisco” 31). 1 compelled Castilla to re-edit and combine Teórica and Práctica in 1552 during his retirement. This version also saw various subsequent printings that attested to its renewed popularity. The