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Aspects of the Population Biology, Life History and Threats to Aloe Ortholopha Christian and Milne-Redh

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Aspects of the Population Biology, Life History and Threats to Aloe Ortholopha Christian and Milne-Redh Bothalia - African Biodiversity & Conservation ISSN: (Online) 2311-9284, (Print) 0006-8241 Page 1 of 8 Original Research Aspects of the population biology, life history and threats to Aloe ortholopha Christian and Milne-Redh.: A serpentine endemic from the northern Great Dyke of Zimbabwe Authors: Background: Aloe ortholopha is a rare endemic confined to serpentine soils of the Great Dyke 1 Ngoni I. Kunonga of Zimbabwe. Its International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status is listed as Tamuka Nhiwatiwa1 Mduduzi Tembani2 Vulnerable; however, its population biology and life history are poorly documented. Shakkie Kativu1 Objectives: The aim of this article is to provide information on the population biology and life Affiliations: history of A. ortholopha through assessment of its size-class distribution, population size and 1Department of Biological density, reproductive output and fitness, and threats related to fire and mining. Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Method: Circumference of A. ortholopha leaf rosette was used to ascertain size-class distribution. Population size and density were determined by enumerating flowering individuals. Per- 2 Forest Research Centre, capita reproductive output was determined as mean number of flowers per plant, fruit set and Harare, Zimbabwe mean number of seeds per fruit. Fitness was determined from seed germination capacity. Corresponding author: Impact of fire and mining were recorded photographically. Ngoni Kunonga, [email protected] Results: Determination of size-class distribution of A. ortholopha from three study sites (southern region [SR], central region [CR] and northern region [NR]) revealed a bell-shaped Dates: curve dominated by intermediate size classes. Population size (number of flowering Received: 17 July 2018 Accepted: 11 Dec. 2018 individuals) ranged from 36 to 66 per site. This translated to a density of 4.0–7.3 flowering Published: 26 Feb. 2019 plants per hectare. Per-capita reproductive output, measured as mean number of flowers per plant, was significantly different in SR and CR compared to that in the NR region. Mean How to cite this article: number of fruits per plant did not significantly differ across the three regions. Mean seed set Kunonga, N.I., Nhiwatiwa, T., Tembani, M. & Kativu, S., per plant in CR and NR was significantly different to that in the SR region. Species fitness, as 2019, ‘Aspects of the determined from in vitro germination assays, showed that seeds harvested from fire-damaged population biology, life capsules have the lowest cumulative germination percentage. It was also observed that leaf history and threats to Aloe ortholopha Christian and rosettes curled up to form a ball that protects the apical centre of plants from fire damage. Milne-Redh.: A serpentine Conclusion: A. ortholopha occurs in small population clusters of low density. The species has a endemic from the northern Great Dyke of Zimbabwe’, low per-capita reproductive output characterised by production of many flowers, but with Bothalia 49(1), a2396. very low percentage fruit and seed set. The species has low fitness as evidenced by nominal https://doi.org/10.4102/abc. recruitment of saplings and juveniles. Conspecific mates are frequently lost owing to fire and v49i1.2396 mining activities. Copyright: © 2019. The Authors. Licensee: AOSIS. This work Introduction and site description is licensed under the Creative Commons The Great Dyke of Zimbabwe spans some 530 kilometres (km) in length, with a width ranging Attribution License. between 2 km and 12 km. It runs in a linear south-southwest (SSW) to north-northwest (NNW) direction (Figure 1). The flora of the Dyke includes 30 serpentine endemics, 16 of which are restricted to serpentine-bearing soils of the northern Dyke, while eight occur in both the northern and southern Dyke (Mapaura 2002). According to Lande (1998) and Siebert, Van Wyk and Bredenkamp (2001), sites of high endemism and rare species need special protection in view of threats from anthropogenic activities. To date, habitats of the Dyke endemics have not received any protected status. Studies on the Dyke flora have largely been limited to checklists. Barclay- Smith (1963) provided the first comprehensive checklist for a small section of the northern Dyke Read online: known as the Horseshoe Intensive Conservation Area. A follow-up study by Wild (1965) provided Scan this QR the first comprehensive compilation of a flora checklist covering the entire Dyke. That study code with your smart phone or identified 322 species, of which 20 were endemic to serpentine soils. Kunonga, Nhiwatiwa and mobile device Kativu (2017) provided the first report on population size structure of a serpentine endemic to read online. (Ozoroa longipetiolata) from the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. http://www.abcjournal.org Open Access Page 2 of 8 Original Research Zimbabwe Kariba Northern Region (NR) Chinhoyi Harare Kadoma Hwange Gweru Masvingo Bulawayo Beitbridge Central Region (CR) Chinhoyi Glendale Mazowe Southern Region (SR) N Harare Key Sampling point City/Town Planum Deposits 1:750,000 Lake Manyame 0 12.5 25 50 Kilometers Great Dyke Source: Map created by Rutendo Chekeche FIGURE 1: Map showing the Great Dyke of Zimbabwe. The northern portion of the Dyke is where the southern region (SR), central region (CR) and northern regions (NR) are situated. http://www.abcjournal.org Open Access Page 3 of 8 Original Research Studies by Werger, Wild and Drummond (1978) noted lower to colonise steep slopes and form clusters that aggregate on floristic diversity on the Dyke serpentine soils compared to serpentine soils with varying magnitudes of current and adjacent non-serpentine soils. Proctor and Craig (1978) historical mining-related disturbances. observed that non-serpentine Brachystegia spiciformis thrived on serpentine soils near riverine areas. According to Robertson Sampling focused on selected accessible subpopulations and Meakin (1980), the high nickel (Ni) levels in Dyke that constituted the southern (SR), central (CR) and NR serpentine soils prevent establishment of B. spiciformis by regions of the northern Great Dyke (Figure 1). Within each arresting mitosis and disrupting the cell membrane. Other region, three subpopulations at least 1 km apart were studies by Wild (1974) and Brooks and Yang (1984) on mineral randomly selected. A line transect spanning the length of levels of Pearsonia metallifera, Blepharis acuminata, Merremia each subpopulation was established. Three 1 ha plots were xanthophylla and Searsia wildii (=Rhus wildii) concluded that laid along each transect. Thus, for each region, nine plots these Dyke endemics were hyperaccumulators of Ni. These were established, totalling 9 hectare (ha) of sampling area findings were supported by studies of Hunter (1954) and per region. The established plots accounted for at least 90% Robertson (1985) that demonstrated how high Ni levels, of all aloe plants that constituted the subpopulation. Each associated with the Dyke serpentine soils, had deleterious study site was visited several times from June through to effects on tobacco and Zea mays plants. Furthermore, November 2016, as part of an assessment of population size- transplant experiments revealed that non-serpentine species class distribution, reproductive output and disturbance failed to establish or had retarded growth on serpentine soils factors (fire and mining activities). of the Dyke (Wiltshire 1974). Aloe ortholopha is an endemic succulent of the northern Size-class distribution Great Dyke that is listed on the Southern African Plant Red Size-class distribution was estimated by measuring the Data List as Vulnerable (VU A1d A2b). The species is circumference of the leaf rosette of both reproductive and threatened by farming and mining activities (Mapaura & sterile individuals, including saplings and juveniles. Timberlake 2002). According to Barclay-Smith (1963), mining- and farming-related disturbances along the Dyke date back to 1918. Maponga and Ruzive (2002) provided evidence for Population size and density impact of tribute mining on the northern Dyke landscape. Population size was determined by enumerating all flowering individuals across the sampled subpopulations The primary objective of the present study was to report on in each of the three regions of the northern Great Dyke. aspects of the population biology of A. ortholopha, which Density of flowering individuals per region was calculated includes its population size structure, reproductive output by dividing the number of reproductive individuals by and fitness, and fire and mining disturbance factors. nine (number of hectares). Materials and methods Per-capita reproductive output Study area and sampling sites In October 2016, there was a brief phenophase captured prior Observations were made on the biogeographical range of to floral abscission where the inflorescence of a reproductive A. ortholopha, a species restricted to serpentine soils of individual displayed both fruits and wilting flowers. An the northern Great Dyke of Zimbabwe that spans some enumeration of both developing fruits and wilting flowers 130 km from Lake Manyame (formerly Darwendale Dam, per plant was made over several days at each site, to estimate at 17°43’10”S, 30°32’14”E) to Mavuradonha (16°29’00”S, the number of flowers and proportion of flowers that 30°55’11”E). The width of the northern Dyke ranges from developed into fruit (Wilson et al. 2009). Number of flowers 2 km to 12 km. The entire Great Dyke land cover is estimated
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