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Determination of Sustainability of Aloe Harvesting Empowerment Project in the Emnambithi (Former Ladysmith) Municipality, Kwazulu Natal

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Determination of Sustainability of Aloe Harvesting Empowerment Project in the Emnambithi (Former Ladysmith) Municipality, Kwazulu Natal DETERMINATION OF SUSTAINABILITY OF ALOE HARVESTING EMPOWERMENT PROJECT IN THE EMNAMBITHI (FORMER LADYSMITH) MUNICIPALITY, KWAZULU NATAL by DONNETTE ROSS MINI-DISSERTATION Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree MAGISTER SCIENTAE in ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT in the FACULTY OF SCIENCE at the UNIVERSITY OF JOHANNESBURG Supervisor: Dr. J.M. Meeuwis December 2005 Page vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................................................................................................................ i OPSOMMING......................................................................................................................................................... iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .................................................................................................................................... v PART 1: INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ...................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 POVERTY IN AFRICA ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 POVERTY IN SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................................................................... 3 1.1.3 PROPOSED SOLUTION FOR POVERTY RELIEF IN THE EMNAMBITHI - LADYSMITH MUNICIPALITY .......... 4 1.1.4 THE ALOE INDUSTRY IN SOUTH AFRICA ................................................................................................. 5 1.1.4.1 Historical overview of the Aloe industry............................................................................................... 5 1.1.4.2 Developments in the South African Aloe Industry ............................................................................... 7 1.1.4.3 The demand for indigenous medicines .................................................................................................. 8 1.1.4.4 Ecological considerations....................................................................................................................... 9 1.1.4.5 Sustainable plant use.............................................................................................................................. 11 1.1.4.6 Production capacity................................................................................................................................ 13 1.1.5 SOCIAL ASPECTS OF THE COMMISSIONING OF THE PROPOSED ALOE PILOT PLANT IN LADYSMITH............................................................................................................................................. 13 1.1.5.1 Gender involvement ............................................................................................................................... 13 1.1.5.2 Current income levels............................................................................................................................. 14 1.1.5.3 Additional income to be generated from an Aloe pre- processing plant .............................................. 14 1.1.5.4 Members of households who will benefit from the proposed Aloe pre-processing plant.................... 15 1.1.6 TARGET SPECIES - ALOE MARLOTHII........................................................................................................ 15 1.1.6.1 Brief description of the target species.................................................................................................... 15 1.1.6.2 Brief botanical description of Aloe marlothii ........................................................................................ 15 1.1.6.3 Distribution of Aloe marlothii................................................................................................................ 17 1.1.6.4 Preferred habitat of Aloe marlothii ........................................................................................................ 17 1.1.6.5 Traditional use of Aloe marlothii in South Africa................................................................................. 20 1.2 PURPOSE OF THIS STUDY................................................................................................................ 20 1.2.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND INFORMATION................................................................................................... 20 1.2.2 MAIN AIM OF THIS STUDY ....................................................................................................................... 21 1.2.3 IMPORTANCE OF THIS STUDY .................................................................................................................. 21 Page vii PART 2: PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................................................. 23 PART 3: METHODOLOGY................................................................................................................................ 25 3.1 DATA TO BE COLLECTED................................................................................................................ 25 3.1.1 EXISTING INFORMATION ......................................................................................................................... 25 3.1.2 NEW DATA TO BE COLLECTED................................................................................................................. 26 3.2 METHOD OF DATA COLLECTION.................................................................................................. 26 3.2.1 DELINEATION OF THE STUDY AREA......................................................................................................... 27 3.2.2 POTENTIAL HABITAT FOR ALOE MARLOTHII WITHIN THE STUDY AREA ................................................... 29 3.2.3 SAMPLE PLOTS ........................................................................................................................................ 29 3.2.4 DETERMINATION OF SIZE AND DENSITY OF ALOE MARLOTHII POPULATIONS .......................................... 35 3.2.5 DETERMINING THE NUMBER OF PEOPLE WHO COULD BENEFIT FROM HARVESTING ALOE MARLOTHII FROM THESE AREAS................................................................................................................................. 35 3.2.6 POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS TO POTENTIAL PROBLEMS OF OVER-HARVESTING ............................................... 35 PART 4: GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION...................................................................................................... 36 4.1 LOCATION............................................................................................................................................ 36 4.2 ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCING FACTORS.............................................................................. 39 4.2.1 CLIMATE ................................................................................................................................................. 39 4.2.3 TOPOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.4 SOIL......................................................................................................................................................... 41 4.2.5 LAND USE................................................................................................................................................ 44 4.2.6 VEGETATION ........................................................................................................................................... 45 4.2.7 HISTORY OF LADYSMITH ........................................................................................................................ 46 4.2.8 REGIONAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE ..................................................................................... 47 4.2.8.1 Population structure........................................................................................................ 47 4.2.8.2 Culture ............................................................................................................................. 47 4.2.8.3 Economic Activities........................................................................................................ 48 PART 5: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION........................................................................................................... 50 5.1 RESULTS............................................................................................................................................... 50 5.1.1 NUMBER OF ALOE MARLOTHII SPECIMENS PER SAMPLE PLOT ................................................................. 50 5.1.2 AREA OF IDENTIFIED POTENTIAL HABITAT UNITS................................................................................... 51 5.1.3 DENSITY ZONES AND ALOE MARLOTHII POPULATION SIZE ...................................................................... 54 5.2 DISCUSSION ........................................................................................................................................ 62 Page viii 5.2.1 WARD 10................................................................................................................................................. 62 5.2.2
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