IE $,-<*..I'ri . . .p rvvvl .- - ,,.?,.." -x : .\ , 1,,. .~ , - - ngineer Z. 1 THE MAGAZINE RIR FMY ENG~NEERS FALL ... 'L:~
ENGINEERS AS INFANTRY UNITED STATES ARMY ENGINEEER CENTER AND FORT BELVOIR, VA
- COMMANDER/COIKMANDANT MG James N. Ellis DEPUTY COMMANDANT COL Alvin G. Rowe CHIEF OF STAFFfDEPUTY INSTALLATION COMMANDER COL Paul J. Higgins COMMAND SERGEANT MAJOR CSM Marvin L. Knowles
DIRECTORATES DIRECTORATE OF ENGINEER FORCE MANAGEMENT LTC Arthur S Brown DIRECTORATE OF COMBAT DEVELOPMENTS COL Phillip R Hoge DIRECTORATE OF TRAINING DEVELOPMENTS COL Stanley R Johnson DIRECTORATE OF TRAINING AND DOCTRINE COL Ralph T Rundle On the cover: - -- - Engine= - The rxper~e71cesof t
FEATURES
8 A Materially Different Bridge by Richard W. Helmke 11 Predicting Concrete Quality by Debbie J. Lawrence 12 Washington's Legacies to the Modern Army by David Curtis Skaggs, Ph.D. L, ..-,,,.,. ,',.u,-,r,.li,,. 20 16 U.S. vs. Soviet Engineer Training hy CPT Geor-ge D. Gagaris 20 Engineers as Infantry by LTC James M. Cullem 25 The German Territorial Army b.y LTC Hubertus Dunschen 29 The Engineer Calculator by John M. Deponai 36 Engineer Support to Ranger Operations by ILT Robert B. Underwood III 40 Paint Problems hy Alfred Beitelman
DEPARTMENTS 2 CLEAR THE WAY 6 FORUM "O~lt.standing,jrib" p. 36 3 NEWS & NOTES 28 ENGINEER PROBLEM 41 ENGINEER SOLUTION
ENGINEER is an authorized publication of the U.S. Army Engineer Center and Fort Belvoir, Va. Unlesa epeeifieally stated. material sp- pearing herein does not necessarily relleel official policy, thinking or endorsement by any agency of the U.S. Army. All photographs contained herein are official U.S. Army photographs unless otherwise credited. Use of funds for printing this publication was approved by Headquarters. Department of the Army. July 22, 1981. Material herein may be reminted if credit is ~ivento ENGINEER and the author. ENGINEER OB- .Ik:("I'l\.ES are to prnvnde s forum for the exchange of idea;, r.3 lnhrm and mclrI>nrr.tn.l to promote the profeewonal de~clopmenrof all mrm- b..rs of 11~Army rngtneer family DIRECT CORRESPOSI)ES('E uirh ESt:ISEtR 1.. uurhor~,..I and encouraged. lnqulr~ea.letters to the .,vlt 11 rdatsr.. n>anu*rrmnta.. ..ulmotocrauhs " . and "~-e~era. corres~ona~n~~~11~11I.l11,. k.ci#t~r.F:SCISIKl<. L' S Armr, Enclneer.- ~ Center.~ Fort Uelvolr. Va., 22060. Telephone Autovon 354-3082. If a return of manuscripts or material is desired, a self-addressed envelope is required. .SUB- SCRIPTIONS to ENGINEER are available through the Superintendent of Documents, US. Government Printing Office. Washington, D.C., 20402. A cheek or money order payable to Superintendent of Documents, must accompany all subscription requests. Rates are $8.50 domestic (including APO and FPO addresses.) and $10.65 for foreign addresses. Individual copies are available at $4.50 per copy to domestie addresses and $5.65 for foreign addresses. SECOND CLASS postage paid at Fort Belvoir, Ve., and Riverdale, Md. ISSN 0046- 1989. A new plan for ENGINEER BY MG JAMES N. ELLIS Commandant, U.S. Army Engineer School
As you know, ENGINEER depends upon its readers issue; a welcome complement to "Clear the Way," and to supply the majority of articles and information in one tailored specifically for the NCO. The USAEC each issue. This allows each of us the opportunity to CSM is my principle advisor on all engineer enlisted positively influence the quality and content of our personnel matters but focuses primarily on the NCO hranch journal. It is important to take advantage of corps. that opportunity. Another change begins in this issue. Professor David Skaggs of Bowling Green State University has given New Program us the first in our new military history series. His arti- For our part, we at the Engineer School are working cle, "Washington's Legacies to the Modern Army," is to enhance the content of the magazine. In civilian appropriate to initiate the series. As a young surveyor, Washington began his first surveying expedition from Belvoir on grounds now part of the Engineer School. In the traditional sense, we like to claim General Wash- ington as one of the Corps. Future articles in the histo- ry series will concentrate specifically on engineer his- R THE WAY tory. The study of military history should be high on your professional development agenda. The world's terms, 1 would be considered the ENGINEER publish- great military leaders have invariably been serious er so it is appropriate that I review for you the high- students of military history. I urge you to tap this lights of our new editorial plan. same resource. We will help. First of all, ENGINEER remains a quarterly publi- Bright Ideas cation and will continue focusing upon combat engi- And finally, I'm requesting your support for a new neering. Beginning with the next issue, however, each department called "Bright Ideas." One of the biggest edition of ENGINEER will be "sponsored" by one of favors we can do for ourselves is to review and adopt, if the School's four directorates (Combat Developments, appropriate, the innovations and creative problem- Engineer Force Management, Training Developments solving techniques others have used successfully. The and Training and Doctrine). The sponsoring director- first step, though, is to get those bright ideas out into ate will have space for several feature articles that the open where all engineers can examine them. I'm support a general directorate theme. We hope this will talking about pointers on a better way to organize give you greater insight into the major issues and con- training, combat engineer/construction tips, or im- cerns at the School. This is important because, ulti- proving unit administrative or supply procedures. mately, many of these topics become translated into What we want here are pithy items; a few lines to sev- policies that directly affect your career or how you per- eral paragraphs. Include an address and phone number form your job. In addition to sponsoring one issue per so readers can obtain details directly from the individ- year, each directorate and the Defense Mapping School ual or unit concerned. If your bright idea is article will have a news and information column in every length, then it's in a different category and will be ENGINEER. welcomed as a feature story. I hope you will agree this News From MILPERCEN new department could become one of the most valuable There are other changes you'll see in the next issue. sections of the magazine. I look forward to reading I'm very pleased that LTC(P1 Paul Chinen at the Engi- about your bright ideas in ENGINEER. neer Officer Personnel Management Directorate and As ENGINEER Magazine evolves under this new ed- LTC Liston Edge at the Enlisted Personnel Manage- itorial plan, we hope yon will find the journal even ment Directorate (both at MILPERCEN) will supply more meaningful. We look forward to your continued personnel news for us in every issue. Many of you in support as we . . . the field have asked ENGINEER to expand its cover- age of personnel news. This is one of the ways we are CLEAR THE WAY meeting that need. JNE CSM Column The Engineer Center command sergeant major will also have a regular column beginning with the winter 1981 ITSCHNER & STURGIS WINNERS HONORED
May. Also honored at the din- Germany. ner was the recipient of the The Itschner Awards recog- (Combat) (Heavy), Kingsport, 1981 Sturgis Medal. nize the most outstanding en- Tenn. The Sturgis Medal is pre- gineer company of the active Army National Guard: B sented each year to an active Army, Army Reserve and Company, 262d Engineer duty enlisted engineer in rec- Army National Guard, for en- Battalion (Combat) (Corps), ognition of outstanding con- gineering construction and Belfast, Maine. tributions to military troop community service. The 1981 construction or base mainte- winners were:
I 1 I ENGINEERS BUILD WORLD'S FAIR BRIDGE PI,., I,,.o..a i.t~.ll I I I // I A communitv service proiect I by the Army keserve's-844th Engineer Battalion (Combat) (Heavy) made life a little more oleasant for thousands of visit- , I I brs to the 1982 World's Fair in I Knoxville, Tenn. The 844th constructed a 290 ot triple-single Bailey bridge r nedestrian traffic so visitors s?ZqP-'"'''' eouid reach the Tennessee Val- I y Authority's energy exhibit thout having to cross a heavi- traveled roadway. Thebridge was constructed in ree sections. and a crane was '>&Gj used to place them because of I sufficient room for normal nstruction and launching. The 844th'~D Company was I I h 5 i I amone this vear's Itschner l 61 - -1 . I Award winners (see above). I RNews& Notes
READY RESERVISTS SCHOOL'S TUDOR AWARD AID ARMY FROM HOME TO CPT MICHAEL PELKEY
The Engineer School found a Congratulations to CPT Michael P. Pelkey, recipient unique way to combat manpow- of the Engineer School's Tudor Award for academic er and fund shortages when pre- achievement in military engineering. paring training packets for in- The award, in honor of Ralph A. Tudor, a 1923 gradu- structors and students at USAR ate of the U.S. Military Academy, is presented annually schools. Qualified members of to the Engineer Officer Advanced Course (EOAC) stu- the Individual Ready Reserve dent with the most outstanding achievements in academ- were contacted and asked if ics, physical fitness, class effectiveness and contributions they would prepare, at home, to the school. instructional units related to Among Pelkey's accomplishments while attending their specialty in return for re- EOAC class 1-81 were a grade point average of 97 and a tirement points. score of 298 out of a possible 300 on the Army Physical Because Individual Ready Re- Readiness Test. Additionally, Pelkey competed in the servists are not assigned to Washington, D.C., Marine Corps Marathon; passed the troop units, they form a ready Virgina Professional Engineer examination; was a mem- manpower pool. The Office of ber of the class football team and served as a full-time the Chief, Army Reserve, re- trainer for 40 Engineer Officer Basic Course students. ports that of 100 Reservists con- Pelkey is assigned to HHC, 18th Engineer Brigade, tacted, about 30 expressed an Karlsruhe, Germany. interest. The Reservists were sent an administrative packet specifying the end product de- sired, specific learning objec- tives for each course and sup- porting reference materials. ENGINEERS PREPARE The Reservists also had access GALLANT EAGLE SITE to the Engineer Hotline for guidance, problem-solving or Soldiers of D Company, 864th Engineer Battalion, Pre- administrative support. sidio of San Francisco, Cal., literally paved the way for Army Regulation 140- 185 units participating in Gallant Eagle 82. The soldiers de- outlines the procedures for such ployed early to grade 50 miles of roadway, repair aircraft ventures. Basically, the Individ- landing strips, clear a helipad site and construct 12 ual Ready Reservist earns one miles of antitank ditches. retirement point for each four An estimated 1,300 fixed-wing aircraft, 450 belicop- hours of work performed. ters, 1,100 wheeled vehicles and 800 tracked vehicles According to a spokesman at were used in the training, with D Company providing a the Engineer School, the project 320,000-gallon fuel-storage depot site and a 140-tent was a great success and high cantonment complete with shower points. quality results were obtained. Gallant Eagle 82, a United States Readiness Com- Agencies or individuals inter- mand sponsored exercise held at Fort Irwin, Cal., last ested in starting similar pro- spring, involved nearly 40,000 soldiers and civilians in grams may contact MAJ Jerry the largest Rapid Deployment Force field exercise yet. L. Crowder at the School. Call AV 354-6190 or 800-336-3095. LEGISLATION SEEKS PROMOTION OF RESERVISTS ON ACTIVE DUTY
The Department of the Army has proposed legislation allowing promotion of certain Reserve officers serving in Active GuardIReserve (AGR) assignments. Under existing interpretations of the law, Army Re- serve officers on active duty who are promoted to a Re- serve grade higher than that held when ordered to active duty, may not serve in the higher grade while on active duty. The Reservist must either leave active duty or ac- cept appointment in the Army of the United States in a temporary grade equal to the grade in which he served before the promotion. The legislative proposal would effect non-obligated Re- serve officers serving on active duty whose promotions have been postponed. These delays have made it increas- ingly difficult to attract and retain quality officers for the expanding AGR program, the Office of the Chief, Army Reserve reports. Chaplain (CPT) Nicholas J. If Congress approves the proposal, these officers would Kusevich, 17th Engineer Battalion, still be subject to the grade limitations of Section 524 of 2d Armored Division, conducts a the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act field mass wearing olive drab vest- (DOPMA). ments made from an Army para- Under the proposal, a Reserve officer on active duty se- chute. Kusevich is one of only 10 lected for promotion would be eligible to be reordered to Eastern Orthodox priests in the active duty in the higher grade, provided there was a va- Army. Developed in Eastern Europe, cancy in that grade available under DOPMA grade table the religion includes Greeks, limits for AGR officers. If no vacancy exists, the officer Ukrainians, Romanians and Rus- would continue to serve in the lower grade until a vacan- sians. There are more than six mil- cy occurred, or until he completed his tour and was re- lion of the Eastern Orthodox faith in leased from active duty. At that time, he would be pro- the United States. (Photo by Mark moted to the higher grade, with his date of rank Vitullo) retroactive to the date on which he was eligible to be promoted.
DIVERS NEEDED FOR RIBBON Soldiers E2 through E4 BRIDGE COMPANIES can volunteer for deep sea diving training if they are Seven-man diving sec- reconnaissance, building less than 30 years old, pass tions will be added to non- bridge protection systems, the Navy swim test and divisional ribbon bridge repairing bridges and re- will have 21 months serv- companies (TOE 5-79H) in covering sunken equip- ice remaining after the early fiscal year 1983. ment. Some sections will 12-week diving course. Divers, MOS OOB, will conduct SCUBA (self- Contact the CMF 51 as- support bridging and ferry contained underwater signment officer at MIL- operations by performing breathing apparatus) op- PERCEN (AV 221-7710) approach and river bottom erations. for additional information. filling. that force. Their evidence: not one single soldier was seen wearing eyeglasses. These ohserva- tions have been quoted approvingly dozens of times without anyone's mentioning that the Soviet Army does not issue eyeglasses and that, therefore, many of those soldiers can't see well enough to aim their rifles. Those who tout the wonders of the Soviet military tend to be near- sighted, too. Life in the Red Army is tough-not Marine Corps tough, but concentration camp tough. The evidence is available from a variety THE of sources. Some of the most inter- estine comes from American and ~uropeaninterviews with Soviet emiares. The themes that run through their descriptions of Soviet military life paint a far different picture from that usually held by SOVIET Americans: Alcoholism is rampant, dwarfing the drug problem faced by the United States armed forces. Food is poor. Young recruits are often denied all but table SOLDIER scraps. Physical brutality is the norm, with senior soldiers freely allowed to get their "kicks" by assaulting younger soldiers. The composite picture is perhaps most dramatically summed up by the results of a survey by Richard really 10 feet tall? A. Gabriel, author of The New Red Legions, in which 113 Soviet &mi- gres were asked: "Did anyone in your unit ever attempt to commit suicide?' More than 53 percent an- by Les Aspin swered yes. That points to some- thing considerably different from tough training. The Soviet military is far from the classless society that ideology decrees. The men in each unit are in effect divided into two distinct classes. The upper class-those who have been in uniform more The Pentagon normally reduces manpower. The United States than a year-are allowed to un- comparisons of Soviet and Ameri- I Army tends to be dismissed by lib- leash a reign of terror on the lower can military power to "bean I erals and conservatives alike-as a class. counts," to use its own term. In the collect~onof mlsfits and dummies. Kirill Podrabinek, a conscript standard news magazine chart, this The Soviet Army on the other who served in an infantry unit in boils down to a row of Soviet tanks hand, consistently comes off as a Turkmenistan in the mid-1970s, and a shorter row of American cor~sof tough.-. if not brutalorofes-.. graphically described conditions in tanks. This chart usually includes slonals-almost superhuman. a letter smuggled out of the Soviet a row of Soviet soldiers in silhon- I ' Military attaches with the Union in 1976 to emigres in West ette and a shorter row of American United states liaison mission in Germany. He said that younger soldiers in silhouette. West Germany have visited Soviet troops were beaten from the first The bean count approach over- forces in East Germany and come day they arrived in the unit. The looks the more crucial question of away to write with amazement at senior troops "instill terror right quality. This is especially true of the tremendous physical specimens away," he wrote. It's not just physical assault that Potemkin military unit to ensure a This failure is built into the sys- causes demoralization. As many perfect performance for the hier- tem. Soviet militarv reaulations re- emigres have said, the food in the archy, the pseudonymous Viktor quire commanders to report of- barracks is poor-when there is Suvorov, a former tank company fenses by subordinates to the next food. Lieutenant Viktor Belenko, commander, relates in his book, higher headquarters. But the regu- who flew his MIG to Japan in 1976, The Liberators. In 1967, officers lations also hold the commander re- said, "I think if we took a pig from were assembled and dressed as pri- sponsible for the subordinate's con- a good kholkhor (state farm) and vates to make sure that everyone duct. The result is that at every put it in a mess hall, that pig would involved in the exercise performed level breaches are ignored. Even faint." well. In a real war, however, that the Soviet press has acknowledged A little overdrawn, perhaps. But option for mobilizing quality troops that reports to headquarters are of- Podrabinek describes how younger does not present itself. ten little more than "eyewash" as troops are deprived of food. First- officers seek to cover up in- year soldiers sit at the end of the The two keys to the effectiveness discipline. table away from the pot of food. of a fighting unit are cohesion and There is a danger of overstating Senior soldiers are served first. "It leadership. this case. Not every Soviet soldier is understood that if there is some- Cohesion stems from pride and is beneath contempt. We should not thing worth looking at in the pot, mutual respect among the troops, replace the myth of the 10-foot-tall let's say potatoes, and not just bar- who fight because to do otherwise hardened Russian infantryman ley gruel, the person at the foot of would be to forfeit the esteem of with yet another myth of a three- the table may not get any. At the their comrades. But comradeship is foot-tall starving coward holding foot sits the weakest youngster or an element no ionger found in an empty cartridge case. the one who has received the worst quantity in the Soviet forces. The maltreatment." svstem of two classes amone- the What is needed is a better per- troops doesn't generate cohesion; it spective when Soviet and American militates aeainst it. In Professor armed forces are compared to each Another former soldier, Alek- Gabriel's s;rvey of former soldiers, other. sandr Makushechev, a sergeant, a remarkable 30 percent said they Is the American military filled has described how brutality and had not made even one close friend with too many "dummies"? The deprivation of food cause friction in the service. You cannot have co- United States armed forces will not between the two classes of soldiers. hesion without the bonds of friend- accept the least intelligent one- Interviewed on Radio Liberty, he ship. Some think that tough living seventh of the population. Soviet said that first-year soldiers were of- conditions produce a tough soldier. law provides no such exemption. ten denied cartridges on the rifle Podrabinek says that's nonsense: Perhaps the Soviet Army takes in range for fear they might shoot "It makes them cowards. A slave voune men from the countrv's mi- their seniors. norityes who have only the barest In the United States, the mili- acauaintance with the Russian lan- tary worries about alcohol abuse. guage. Furthermore, as the birth In the Red Army, they no longer rate falls amone Russians and rises bother to worry. Alcoholism de- among, say, ~zbeks,Kazakhs and fines Soviet society as apple pie de- other minorities, the pro~ortionof fines American society, so the fact these peoples who do hoispeak that drinking is endemic in the Russian will rise to one-third of all military is not surprising. Soviet recruits, according to a United soldiers, paid the equivalent of States Census Bureau analysis of about $1.50 a week, go to consider- Soviet census data. able trouble to find free alcohol. Are we suffering an absence of Lieutenant Belenko described how experienced sergeants because his mates would steal. sell or drink "only" one-third of those finishing the alcohol intended for the coolant their tours of duty re-enlist? In the svstems of MIG fiehters. Others Soviet military, only one percent tell of sneaking into army tanks to re-enlist, and the military doesn't extract brake fluid in order to Un,noshini: //it, SOL'LC~soldr(.r.: really have any corps of experi- drink it. Houi good is he? enced noncommissioned officers. Soviet leaders frown on drug The Soviet Army does present a abuse. Despite this, Soviet Bmigres serious threat. But we only fool report growing use of plan (made who has accepted his lot is always ourselves and threaten to under- from opium), anasha (a form of cowardly." mine our own morale when we ex- hashish) and chefir (a stimulant Leadership is the second key ele- aggerate the qualities of the Soviet made by boiling tea leaves), not to ment in forming a real fighting military. mention medicines stolen from force. The quality of that leader- medical units. ship is indicated by the failure of When we look at the Soviet Army Soviet officers to address the brn- and see a 10-foot-tall hardened sol- tality, the drug and alcohol abuse, Les Aspin, (D-Wis.), is a member of dier, we may be looking at a "Po- the food deprivation and the many the House Armed Services Commit- temkin village." In fact, the Soviet other unsavory characteristics of tee. Reprinted from the New York Army once literally created a Soviet military life. Times, June 8, 1982. A Materially
Military Bridge by Richard W. Helmke T he material isn't, new, but its material used. the bottom chord panel. appl~catlonto m~l~tarybridge In the test bed bridge, the appli- It was noted that linear compos- structures is. The material is gen- cation of composite materials was ites had a poor hearing strength, erally referred to as "composite ma- demonstrated in the bottom chord that attachment of the pin connect- terial," a high strength continuous sandwich panel, the traversing or to the bottom chord would re- fiber in conjunction with epoxy beam. the bridge tensile reinforce- auire undesirahle bolt holes resin. mentsystem and the wound web 52 METER DRYGAP SUPPORT BRIDGE WITH CABLE REINFORCEMENT Figure 1. 'Test hed hridge showing location of bottom chord sandwich panel and bridge reinforcement system. Figure 2. The bottom chord sandwich panel consists of a ,125 inch 7075-T6 3 aluminum face sheet bonded lo 50 ,nillion psi modulus graphite-epoxy composite. dimple. In theory, this produces a insert it into the mold shape de- ~ricesfor graphite are ex~ectedto stiff, stable, thin skinned web sired. Reinflate. recede as ldemand and p;oduction which is water tight and easily The result of this procedure is a increases. while inflation is driving weld repaired. In reality, the thick- bridge web configuration which du- up the cost of conventional materc ness of the aluminum sheet (.08 plicates the geometric constraints als. If we discard the "dollars per inches) was controlled by the of the dimple system-a totally pound" block for a more realistic thinnest section that could be sealed, hollow-celled, stiff web "dollars per product," we find that welded, and not by structural con- structure which can be either many applications are suprisingly siderations which would have re- bolted or bonded (probably both) to cost effective right now. Composite quired less than half this thick- the top deck and to the bottom com- materials have reached the bridge ness. The installation of the dimple posite chord. site and their impact will he felt in plate webs requires 27 feet of weld the 1980s. per foot of treadway-and that does We are only beginning to test the not count the 3,000 spot welds also ap~licationsof composite technolo- required. gy- in military bridge structures. The component that replaced the Although some of the designs pro- dimple plate in the test bed bridge, posed have been found to be less Mr. Richard W. Helmke is chief, was the web module. The special than optimal, the message seems Concepts and Co~nposites Branch, composite material feature to be clear. Composite materials are Marine and Bridge Laboratory, exploited here, is the fluid plastic ready to enter the Army. U.S. Mobility Equipment Research consistancy of the fabricated part The material must be carefullv and Development Command, Fort prior to final configuration set. placed to efficiently use its desira- Belvoir, Va. Since 1959, he has Simply stated, we can mold and ble characteristics. An increased served in various civil seruice posi- shape it without machining. The number of material property varia- tions, including as the Army's chief method of fabrication for each web bles are managed in design, and designer for mobile b~idgesystems module is: the fabrication techniques must be with assault, floating and tactical mastered in production, however, applications. Mr. Helmke chairs the *Inflate a flexible mandrel (long the opportunity for real innovation Trilateral (US.,U.K. and F.R.G.) hollow tube). makes the additional mechanics Design and Analysis Group zuhich .Wind the tube with composite. worthwhile. gathered data for the recently pub- *Lay on web spacers (built in The common disclaimer, "that lished Design and Test Code for stiffeners.) stuff is just too expensive," does not Military Bridge Structures. He is *Wind it again with composite. really apply to composite materials a registered graduate professional *Deflate the mandrel slightly and anymore. The basic raw material engineer in Virginia. The Corps' CQM has several sig- nificant advantages over other test methods. This system, and its pred- Predicting ecessors the KellyIVail and CERLIKV systems, are the only systems that rapidly (within 10 to 15 minutes) determine both water and cement content in fresh con- Concrete crete. However, the CQM system is easier to use than the KellyiVail and CERLIKV systems (which re- quire precision preparation of a sig- nificant quantity and number of re- Quality agents). CQM testing relies on instrumental analysis and associ- ated small quantites of pre- packaged reagents. CERL's new Concrete Control Monitor The CQM system is also easy to transport and calibrate. The equip- determines quality 15 minutes ment may be disassembled and packed in crates small enough to be after concrete is placed. sent as excess baggage on commer- cial airlines. The system is cali- brated by conducting a standard CQM cement content test which takes less than 10 minutes. In addition to these advantages, the CQM system is versatile and cost effective. It can be used to de- by Debbie J. Lawrence termine the lime and cement con- tent of stabilized soils, mixer effi- he Corps of Engineers' new solved solution is determined using ciencies and the presence and T Concrete Quality Monitor a calcium analyzer. concentration of chlorides in con- (CQM) two-test system evaluates Because cement is mainly com- crete. The cost of operating the sys- water and cement percentages in posed of calcium compounds, the tem (on a per-test basis) is signifi- fresh concrete samples to predict calcium content of the dissolved so- cantly less than conventional the 28-day compressive and flexu- lution is linearly proportional to concrete cylinder testing. ral strength potential of the mix. the cement content of the mix. The CQM is being used by the Currentlv. streneths of concrete Corps of Engineers' Tulsa District --....- - -- "-- on soil cement stabilization, by the ..~~.. days after placement, with final Walla Walla District on roller com- strength predictions made 28 days pacted concrete at the Willow after placement. The CQM test of Creek Dam project, and the Ameri- fresh concrete can be completed in a can Society of Testing and Materi- 15 minutes. als is developing a tentative The water test consists of mixing . . 1 standard test procedure based on a known weight of concrete with a the CQM and CERLIKV systems. known volume and concentration of .. salt solution, then determining the L .i salt concentration of the inte'r- Debbie J. Lawrence, a chemical mixed salt solution using a chloride engineer at the Army Construction meter. The free water in the con- Engineering Research Laboratory, crete dilutes the salt solution, thus Champaign, Ill., is the principal in- chaneine the salt concentration. vestigator for the quality con- trollquality assurance program. She The strength of the intermixed salt Author uses the rnon~tor. solution is directly related to the worked in construction for the Illi- water in the concrete sample. nois Department of Transportation The concrete test separates the Recent laboratory and field test and as a quality engineerfor Gener- aggregate from the cement portion results show the system can deter- al Electric before coming to the of a concrete sample, then uniform- mine the water and cement content Corps. A graduate of the University ly suspends the cement in a fixed of concrete to *5- to 7-percent, and of Illinois with a B.S. degree in volume of water. A fixed volume estimate both compressive and flex- chemical engineering, she is work- sample of the suspended cement is ural strength potentials to within ing on a Master's degree in chemi- dissolved in diluted nitric acid, and 10- to 15-percent. The approximate cal engineering. the calcium strength of the dis- equipment cost is $6,800. Washington's Legacies To The Modem Armvo by David Curtis Skaggs, Ph.D. purpose, I shall group his legacies nineteenth-century biographer into two categories-tactical and personal. Aonce described George Washington The best known of his tactical legacies is his use of surprise. "Sur- as "bolder than Alexander, more crafty prise," wrote Douglas MacArthnr, "is the most vital element for suc- than Hannibal, wiser than Caesar. cess in war." Few have exploited more prudent than Gustavas ~dolbhus, this "vital element" more success- fully than George Washington. The more resourceful than Frederick, Gates or (Charles) Lee been placed victories at Trenton, Princeton, more sagacious than Napoleon and in command of the Army, the war Stony Point and Yorktown provide more successful than Scipio." would have ended three years examples all commanders should Surely no commander has exhih- sooner." remember. ited all these virtures. However, Thus we are faced with a dual Surprise cannot be achieved neither do I subscribe to Gore image of the commander of the without developing to a fine art the Vidal's theory, stated in his novel, Continental Army, and from this skills of military intelligence and Burr, that "had (either Horatio) there is much to learn. For this deception. Washington's talents in these associated areas were excel- surveying the combination of de- Clinton's effort to destroy the re- lent. His intelligence agents were fense in depth and mutual support bellion by attacking its soft under- legion but none exceeded the fact that Thaddeus Kosciuszko designed belly in the South. Defeats at that the leading Loyalist journalist to create the Hudson citadel from Charleston and Camden left Geor- in British-held New York City was which Washington operated from gia and most of South Carolina in in his spy.- network. No enemy dis- 1778-83. British hands. Lord Cornwallis position or movement occurred We need to learn more about the stood poised to invade North Caro- without the American commander importance of tactical strong points lina and Clinton sent a raiding knowing of it. Deception of his own and their significance to modern party into Virginia. To stop this movements was critical in holding battle. We need not adopt a Magi- threatened loss of the whole South, the main British army in Trenton not Line mentalitv to comprehend Washineton could onlv send a few while he undertook a forced march that the defense 02 EuropLrequires continentals under ~athanael to Princeton. Both there and at use of everv civilian bulldozer, Greene to the Carolinas and even Yorktown, His Majesty's generals backhoe a the combat engineer, who is located well forward with the maneuver forces. The combat engineer pro- vides these committed forces with essential mobility, countermobility and survivability support. Another factor that may deter- mine the victor of the next war is the state of individual military training within the two opposing forces. This training poses enor- mous challenges for U.S. and War- saw Pact armies, especially with the introduction of so~histicated equipment, weapons and tactics. Without meeting this individual training challenge, other military training goals are difficult to accomplish. Field Manual 100-5, Operations, and military strategists, agree that these factors may be critical ele- ments in determining the victor of the next war. By developing an in- depth understanding of these fac- tors in peacetime, U.S. soldiers at all levels will be better prepared to win the first battle. This may be done by comparing U.S. and Soviet- Warsaw Pact initial entry training for combat engineers. For U.S. combat engineers, ini- tial entry training is conducted at the U.S. Army Training Center En- gineer. Fort Leonard Wood, Mo. The 2d Training Brigade conducts One Station Unit Training (OSUT) for most soldiers entering Career Management Field (CMF) 12. This includes combat engineers, Mili- tary Occupational Specialty (MOS) 12B; and bridge specialists, MOS 12C The atomic demolitions muni- tions (ADM) specialist, MOS 12E, also trains at Fort Leonard Wood, but after graduation attends the cornerstone. ADM course at Fort Belvoir, Va., to An integral part of this team is qualify for his MOS.' The purpose of the combat engi- ty to survive on the battlefield. In- week to measure mastery of com- neer (CE) OSUT program, is to pro- struction during this phase mon soldier skills; the Army Physi- vide a smooth transition from civil- concentrates on physical training, cal Readiness Test, during the 10th ian to military life, and to qualify basic rifle marksmanship, obsta- week; and the Combat Engineer the new soldier in an engineer cles, communications, rigging and Test, given in the 11th week to as- MOS. The 13-week program in- first aid. sure overall proficiency before as- cludes all program of instruction In the next four weeks, instruc- signment to an engineer unit. A (POI) eleinents for basic combat tion centers on conntermobility. soldier must pass each of these training, as well as MOS 12B and This includes studying demolitions, tests to graduate from CE-OSUT 12C advanced individual training.2 land mine warfare, the M60 ma- and to qualify for either MOS 12B The integration of these two POIs chine gun, the M203 grenade or 12C. ADM specialists study an permits early introduction of MOS launcher and the light antitank additional 17 days before receiving related skills, followed by rein- weapon. During this phase, soldiers MOS 12E. forcement training that ensures also receive instruction in map soldier proficiency. CE-OSUT uses reading, communications, mgineer BYcnn~p;,rlsun. Sov~ct :,,!libat one unit and one cadre at one sta- tools and physical training. enc1nrc.r 1n111almilitnrv train- tion to complete the training neces- The last four weeks compose the ing is quite different. The leasons sary to produce a soldier qualified mobility phase, with soldiers learn- for this disparity are beyond the for assignment in an engineer com- ing offensive skills, such as fixed scope of this article, however, cer- pany. This arrangement also allows and float bridging, river assault op- tain general considerations provide more accurate assessment of indi- erations and infantry squad tactics a better understanding of the over- vidual ability and potential, and with assault demolitions. Also dur- all Soviet military training for swift elimination of unproduc- ing the final phase, soldiers partici- program. tive soldiers. pate in a week-long field exercise One of these considerations is known as "Engineer Week." The that the Soviet Union regards mili- he U.S. soldier's normal train- week is devoted to Army Training tary training, and military service, T.lng day is at least a full 16 and Evaluation Program 5-35, as vital to the nation's existence. hours and is designed to challenge Squad and Platoon Missions, which This concern is apparent in the him physically and mentally. Phys- allows the soldier to apply new 1967 Law on Universal Military ical readiness training (PRT) is skills in a tactical scenario. Service, which provides for "the conducted daily and makes up ap- The foundation of the entire CE- mandatory conscription of eigh- proximately 10 percent of the sol- OSUT program is its performance teen-year-old males in semi-annual dier's total training. oriented, or, "hands-on" training. increments, and also governs the Although PRT is based on a The soldier learns by doing a task system of drafting of young men baseline physical training pro- under minimum supervision, and is into the armed forces."' The U.S. gram, the overall program differs later evaluated using diagnostic Army, of course, relies on an all- slightly from unit to unit because tests that check his progress volunteer force during peacetime company commanders establish through military, physical and and drafts only during unit goals. The commander also de- combat engineer training. These di- mobilization. termines the PRT schedule of activ- agnostic tests are: the End of Besides conscription, the 1967 ities for his unit.3 A unit's daily Course Test, given in the seventh Law on Universal Military Service PRT will include some sort of exer- cise, such as the 'daily dozen,' or a grass or rifle drill and a run. Addi- tional physical training comes from road marches of up to 15 miles, ne- gotiating obstacle or confidence courses and playing team sports, all of which toughen soldiers physi- cally and mentally. Engineer OSUT is basically di- vided into three phases: survivabil- ity, countermobility and mobility. In addition to these phases, the first few weeks of training are spent under a program of "total control," to aid in establishing obe- dience and discipline. During "total control," a new soldier is constantly supervised by unit drill sergeants who indoctrinate the military way of life. The sergeants also introduce soldiers to general information about the Corps of Engineers and Army combat engineering. Combat enginerr OSUT emphasizes teamwork but differs from Soviet The first five weeks of the train- training by also stressing personal achievement. (OSUT photos by Vicky ing cycle develop the soldier's abili- who have reached their 18th birth- U.S. soldiers learn by doing a task un- day are notified to report for active - . . -. dutv. At this ~ointthe commissar- der minimum supervision. ists; or draft board, "assign the in- ductees to the various branches, arms and services of the component force^."'^ These assignments are establishes mandatory military fense training. They receive 140 based on the individual's abilities, training for all Soviet citizens, be- hours of training during the stand- job specialties or specialties ginning at age 16. In contrast, ard preinduction program. Train- learned during preliminary train- there is no mandatory military ing also includes various field exer- ing. On a specific day, inductees training for the United States gen- cises lasting from five to 15 days. are taken to their assigned units to eral population. In addition, the program provides begin their active duty, or in- Finally, consider the upbringing for selected youths to receive spe- service, training. of the Soviet children. These chil- cial training in their second year. The new soldier immediately be- dren are taught at an early age to This technical training ranges from gins an intensive four week train- relinquish their individuality to driving a truck to operating a radar ing period known as the "Course of the group and to subordinate them- scope. the Young Soldier."" This course selves to authority. Strict disci- The benefits of preinduction is used to politically indoctrinate pline and obedience is developed training are open to argument, and the new soldier and to complete the throughout the school system, and some Soviet leaders have expressed basic training started during prein- even earlier, in state-owned nurs- displeasure with the pr~gram.~One duction. The soldier must success- eries and kindergarten^.^ These noticeable problem is that the qual- fully complete this period of train- values set apart the Soviet soldier ity of training varies greatly from ing before he may take the military from his American counterpart, unit to unit. Many new soldiers oath of allegiance and begin the re- whose indiuidual achievements are must be retrained in the basic mainder of his military training. repeatedly stressed. skills upon induction. This The unit officers, warrant officers retraining process significantly re- and noncommissioned officers su- he Soviet Union's unique mili- duces the time available for con- pervise most of this specialty train- T tary training cycle can be bro- ducting essential in-service level ing, which begins with elementary ken into three phases: civilian military training. skill instruction. premilitary training, in-service Twice each year, a quota of men In the case of the engineer sol- training and reserve training." Only the Soviet civilian premili- tary training and a part of the in- service training can be considered PROGRAM OF INSTRUCTION comparable to U.S. initial entry training. The remainder of Soviet Combat Engineer One Station Unit Training in-servi'ce training might he com- pared to the training performed by Engineer training (mines, tools, rigging, bridging, dernoli- 243.5 our TO&E units. Soviet reserve tions and Engineer Week) vehicle operations and training is conducted much like maintenance and camouflage trainine in the U.S. Armv Reserve or ~atikalGuard. In the soviet ~ iof~efense~ oversees i ~Combat ~skills (first~ aid, tactics,~ chemical/biological and 226 the entire training process, estab- radiological warfare, foot marching) map reading, squad tactics and bivouac lishine the goals.. uoliticalA subiects and trainingprograms for the Eom- 1 ing year.' Basic soldiering (inspections, drill, military subjects) and 132 Soviet premilitary training is a unit taught subjects result of the 1967 Law on Univer- sal Military Service, which estab- lished "a compulsory system of pre- Weapons (M16A1 rifle, grenades, M60 machine gun, light 90 military training for all young men antitank weapon) and women between the ages of 16 and 18, incl~sive."~The program, begun in 1968, attempts to make Physical Readiness Training (Army Physical Readiness 85 the transition from civilian to sol- Test, confidence courses, team sports) dier quicker and easier for new draftees. Premilitary training is Administrative time (miscellaneous processing) 70 general in nature, showing no re- gard for individual military speci- Testing alities. The program provides young people with the basic mili- tary skills, including awareness of TOTAL 866.5 hours military organization and regula- tions, use of small arms (including antitank weapons) and civil de- breaks in the training to differenti- good as the leaders responsible for ate the progression from elementa- it. ry skills to more advanced skills. However, sometime during that initial six month period, the Soviet 1. Information concerning CE- soldier will "graduate," much like OSUT is based on the author's per- his American counterpart does at sonal experience. the end of CE-OSUT. 2. Second Training Brigade (OSUT) A typical Soviet training day is Information Folder, 2d Training similar to one in CE-OSUT.'3 At Brigade, Fort Leonard Wood, Mo., least six hours of each training day p. 8. is set aside for military instruction. 3. Initial Entry Training, "On the The training is very repetitious, Trail to Better Leadership," 1979, and learning is by rote. Except for Fort Leonard Wood, Mo., p. 18. political indoctrination, classroom 4. Defense Intelligence Agency, instruction is minimal, with field Handbook on the Soviet Armed training under realistic combat Forces, February 1978, p. 5-1. conditions the norm. Soviet in- 5. Office of the Assistant Chief of structioll relies heavily on simula- Staff for Intelligence, Understand- tors instead of actual pieces of ing Soviet Military Development, equipment. This practice extends April 1977, p. 35. the life of actual equipment and 6. DIA, op cit., p. 6-1. keeps repair and replacement costs 7. David J. Foley and Frank Stone, low. "The Soviet Ground Forces Train- Physical fitness for the Soviet ing Program," Defense Intelligence soldier, as well as for the Soviet cit- Report, April 1978, p. 8. izen, is a part of everyday life. Par- 8. DIA, op cit., p. 6-1. Training for Souiet engineers ticipation in a formal physical con- 9. DIA, op cit., p. 6-2. iabouel is packaged differently from ditioning program starts at age 10, 10. DIA, op cit., p. 5-2. a U.S. engineer's (below), but the progressing through five stages up 11. DIA, op cit., p. 6-8. biggest difference may b~ training to age 60 for men and age 55 for 12. C.N. Donnely, 'Combat Engi- leadership. women. Active duty military PRT neers of the Soviet Army," Interna- is geared to prepare soldiers for tional Defense Review, Vol. 11, No. combat and for the heavy work as- 2, April 1978, p. 194. sociated with military service. 13. DIA, op cit., p. 1-8. Training includes unarmed combat, 14. David J. Foley and Frank negotiating obstacle courses, var- Stone, "Physical Training of the ious long and short distance runs, Soviet Soldier," Defense Intelli- gymnastics, swimming, ski racing, gence Report, April 1978, p. 10. forced marches and team sports 15.Office of the Assistant Chief of play. As in the U.S. Army, "each Staff for Intelligence, op cit., p. 36. unit commander is responsible for the physical conditioning of his men" and for the functioning of the CPT George Gagaris is a graduate PRT program.'" of fhr U.S. Military Academy and Although Soviet initial entry tire Engineer 0,fTirer Basic and Ad- training is somewhat different in uanced Courses. He server1 as a structure, it is basically on the training officer and conipany con- same level as training conducted !?lander with the 2d Training Bde., for U.S. soldiers in CE-OSUT. The U.S. Army Training Center Bngi- primary impression is that any mil- neer, Ft. Leonard Wood, Mo. He is itary training program is only as rzow stationed in Gern~af~y. ENGINEER HOTLINE Engineer related problems, questions and comments can be ad- dier, he will be required to "master dressed telephonically to the U.S. Army Engineer School's "Engi- one specialty and be adequately neer Hotline." The Hotline's auto-answer recorder operates 24 prepared to perform one or two hours a day, seven days a week. Callers should state their name, other related engineering tasks so address and telephone number, followed by a concise question or as to make the engineer special comment. You'll receive a reply within three to 15 days. The Hotline sub-units less vulnerable to losses is not intended as a receiving agency for formal requests. of trained men."'2 On the average, Call commercial (703) 664-3646; WATS 800-336-3095, exten- it will take the soldier six months of training to become proficient in sion 3646; or AV 354-3646. his speciality. There are no distinct Engi,~ei,r.sfiiini 7'F Szmonetiri.~nioce to neri. ri<,/t,,isii.eposiliri,i.s du,-iizg fhc, (.'I. Hunter Ligpclf F'TX ENGINEERS INFANTRY "Fight as infantry when requiredw-that is an important secondary mission of combat engineers. It is a wartime mission often assumed at a critical time and at a critical place. But, how often does the combat engineer command a combined arms team in peacetime? by LTC James M. Cullem he troops of two engineer bat- key role in holding positions to the mand post and to improve camou- T tal~onsduck down deeper into northwest of Bastome and won a flage techniques. Several TEWTs their foxholes as artillery rounds Presidential Unit eitation for its (tactical exercises without troops), whistle overhead, winging their ~erformance.These battalions and and a ground and air reconnais- way toward attacking enemy for- other engineer units, fighting as sance of the battle area were con- mations in the open field ahead. infantry, won the praise of Maj. ducted at Fort Hunter Liggett. The friendly artillery support is Gen. Troy H. Middleton, the VII comforting to the defenders dug-in Corps commander.' on the high ground. But in quick The 14th Engineer Battalion, Task Organization response, enemy guns initiate among others, fought as infantry in Not equipped with organic counterfires causing friendly casu- Korea, especially during the de- TOWS, armor, scouts or mortars, alties, decimating troops and fense of the Pusan perimeter in the engineers had to be provided equipment still in the open. Amidst 1950.= Since the end of the Korean these weapons and personnel to ac- smoke and confusion, battle is War, however, there has been little complish their mission. The initial joined between attacking infantry opportunity for combat engineers to task organization is shown in Fig- and defending engineers. train as infantry forces. The Hunt- ure 1.The combat support company So went the opening event of a er Liggett FTX, then, was an un- (CSCI of the 2132 Infantry Battal- 7th Infantry Division field training usual engineer training op- ion and a company (-) of tanks exercise (FTXI at Fort Hunter Lig- portunity. from the Combat Development Ex- gett, Cal., a unique FTX in that turn mmhot nnninno* hnttalinn. vn. 11.1 -"-."-"...--.I-"""..V..", organized as infantry under a bri- gade headquarters, were engaged in a "defend" mission. Concept The scenario for the FTX reflect- ed a classical battle plan. A friend- ly nation with which the U.S. had treaty commitments, "Dagon," pos- sessed rich uranium mines coveted by its northern neighbor, "Ur." Ur invaded Dagon, scored significant early successes, and the United States sent the 7th Infantry Divi- sion to assist Royal Dagonian forces. The 1st Brigade, 7th Infantry Di- vision, played the Urian forces, and the 2d Brigade, 7th Infantry Divi- sion, played the lead elements of the 7th Division.~ Since~ ~~~ the~ 7th Di- vision is a "roundout" unit with I only two active brigades, no other infantry troops were available to .-@:. play the Dagonian forces. LTC Ciair P. Gill's 14th Engineer Battalion (Corps) (Combat) of three line companies a headquarters Task organization fur the engineers-as-infantr.~FTX. company was available, as was the divisional 13th Engineer Battalion (Combat) commanded by LTC Jo- Preparations perimentation Command (CDEC) seph A. Simoneaux. The latter unit were attached to the 14th Engi- consisted of two active duty line In February and March 1980, the neers. The CSC of the 3132 Infantry companies and a headquarters com- 13th and 14th Engineer Battalions and the engineer company of CDEC pany. The division artillery conducted training in infantry tac- were attached to the 13th Engi- (DIVARTY), with a doctrinal role tics and employing artillery and neers. A Company, 13th Engineers, as alternate division command mortar fire, close air support and remained in its traditional role post, served as the Royal Dagonian TOW missiles. Officers from the with the 1st Brigade, the Urian Brigade headquarters. 7th Division's 3132 and 2/32 Infan- forces. Both engineer battalions Combat engineers fighting as in- try Battalions, the division Air were supported by artillery fire fantry is not unique. In December Force liaison office and DIVARTY support teams (FIST), tactical air 1944, during the Battle of the provided instruction. control parties (TACPI, and for- Bulge, the 1278th, 299th, 35th, and Field exercises in March and ward maintenance suDDort teams. 158th Engineer Battalions fought April gave both engineer battalions Helicopters from thL-l1l0th Air side by side as infantry defending good opportunities to debug their Cavalry, Redeve and Vulcan gun the approaches to Bastogne. The communications procedures, prac- sections from ihe division airde- 51st Engineer Battalion played a tice rapid deployment of the com- fense artillery (ADA) battalion, and ground surveillance radar fighting positions, aerial drops of vor of the defenders. (GSRs) teams were also in support. barrier materials to the initial DO- However, a battalion-sized night As per battalion SOPS, heavy sitions of both engineer battalions assault against the Dagon left equipment, trucks and most engi- were made by C130 aircraft on flank company was successful after neer tools and kits were sent to the May 4. The airdrop provided excel- a long and confusing battle. Team field trains area as soon as the bat- lent training in Air Force resupply A, TF Gill, withdrew under pres- tle began. operations in the forward combat sure and the flanking maneuver by Each engineer task force was zone. These materials were used to the enemy penetrated several kilo- named after its commander. The construct obstacles forward of ini- meters into friendly territory. At units were deployed to Fort Hunter tial task force positions. Organic the same time, on the Dagon right, Liggett on April 30 and the task engineer dozers and backhoes dug the TF Simoneaux's CDEC was at- forces were organized in place by in the tank and TOW positions. tacked by dismounted infantry and May 3. Close coordination between engi- an airmobile assault force, but the company was able to hold its posi- tion. In addition, an artillery at- tack on the TF Gill tactical opera- tions center (TOC) resulted in personnel losses to the battalion staff. At this critical time, the Dagonian Brigade commander (DIVARTY commander) ordered a counterattack. TF Tidwell, led by the commander, CSC, 2132 Infan- try, was formed. From all the scouts of both the 2132 and 3132 CSCs and the CDEC tank company (eight tanks) which had been origi- nally attached to B Company, TF Gill. A platoon of engineer troops on 5-ton trucks was detached from C Company, TF Gill. This mobile force was assembled and in position by 0400 hours. TF Tidwell was to thrust across the TF Gill sector be- hind the strongly held B and C Company positions and strike the enemy column. The counterattack was launched at 0445 hours sup- The Battle Area neer and attached infantry and ar- ported by artillery, attack helicop- ters and tactical aircraft. It was a The terrain at Fort Hunter mor troops yielded optimum weap- total success. Liggett consists largely of treeless on, obstacle and fighting position plains and open valleys which pro- interaction. vide maneuver room for small tank Early Lessons Learned forces. There are also areas of rocky Attack, Counterattack The first major engagements of mountains, grassy hills, lakes, The DIVARTY's live-fire prepa- the "war" provided some very use- streams and wooded areas condu- ration on May 5 was made as real- ful lessons. Probably the most sig- cive to dismounted infantry opera- istic as possible so the troops could nificant was the need to anticipate tions. Though the total size of the experience friendly artillery fire the unexpected, and look for it to maneuver area was limited, it was passing overhead and impacting to happen at night. Although the low nonetheless ideal for the FTX. Both the front. The positioned engineers valley approaches in the center task forces (TF) were to defend well had full view of the artillery prepa- were obviously the major avenues forward in their sectors. TF Gill, ration and gained a heightened ap- of approach, the enemy forces the larger, was on the left flank de- preciation for the effectiveness of massed against the flanks in a fending a sector five kilometers artillery and the need for well built night attack and bypassed the wide which included the major foxholes with overhead cover. Fol- strongly defended center. Only a mechanized avenues of approach. lowing the artillery preparation, dogged defense and a preplanned Smaller TF Simoneaux defended a Urian forces began daylight probes counterattack saved the day. narrower sector, two and one-half along the entire Royal Dagon Bri- The active defense envisioned in kilometers wide, on the right flank gade front. Friendly ambush mechanized warfare requires quick with higher and more mountainous patrols, outposts, and CSC scouts lateral and reinforcing movement terrain. The terrain in both task screening in front of Dagon posi- of troops on the FEBA (forward force sectors provided a series of tions proved invaluable in "seeing edge of the battle area). Dis- natural delay positions. the battlefield" during the early mounted infantry, however, have a Although restricted access to the engagements. Also, the initial difficult time diseneaeine.- - -. and can- battle area prior to the exercise placement of obstacles and battle not move laterally across the bat- precluded the installation of a max- positions paid large dividends in tlefield quickly enough to react to a imum number of obstacles and tilting initial combat ratios in fa- penetration. As opposed to the cur- rent philosophy of mechanized war- laterally and vertically-within TF took place between 2030 and 2200 fare where most available forces Gill for a period of about six hours. hours. Despite extensive are committed to likely avenues of The direct consequence was loss of coordination during the day, sever- approach, an engineer battalion, control and the opening of serious al friendly units exchanged gun- reorganized as dismounted infan- gaps in the defensive positions fire, a testimony to the difficulty of try, ought to keep a reserve of at along the secondary line of defense. accomplishing such a maneuver at least one platoon. Trucks or other night in the face of the enemy. vehicles must be available for More Lessons After the Dassaae of lines, TF transportation, and supporting Units must establish contact Simoneaux was reorganized. lt re- arms such as scout jeeps, armor, with adjacent units on the ground, leased the CDEC engineers and and artillerv need to he earmarked and must insure radio or wire com- other attachments and placed B once the reserve is committed. munications to higher headquar- Company, 13th Engineers, in direct The inherent vulnerabilitv of the ters are maintained at all times. support of 2d Brigade, 7th Infantry TOC to artillery fire becade evi- Alternate means of communica- Division. TF Gill also released its dent the first day. The best tions, pre-established rally or con- attachments and reverted to its alternate TOC is the combat sup- tact points, use of pyrotechnic sig- corps engineer role. The 13th En- port company headquarters be- nals, etc., must also be agreed to gineer Battalion, with AI13th di- cause the CSC has adequate radio beforehand. Since cryptographic rect support to the 1st Brigade communications and usually has key changes can also cause serious (Urian) and Bl13th direct support the TOC backup mission in an in- radio ~roblems.thev must be antic- to the 2d Brigade (7th Infantry Di- fantry battalion, Care must be ipated and drobiems corrected vision), remained in the exercise taken to conceal the TOC's location auickly. Every unit must habitual- until May 9 accomplishing mis- from the enemy. TOCs should be iy encode it~-~ridcoordinate posi- sions as combat engineers. moved at least once every 12 hours. tion and send it to higher head- It must be well dug in and be lo- quarters. No unit should leave a Conclusions cated away from hilltops, cross- position, especially a critical road roads or other locations likelv to be block or fortification, until physi- Historically, engineer battalions targeted by enemy artiller;. The cally replaced by the relieving unit. have been reorganized as infantry terrain should be used to mask sic-- Fatigue, both physical and mental, only when the tactical situation nal emissions. took its toll and was reflected in reached a crisis stage. Little in the leader's decisions and in the troop's way of armor, artillery, antiarmor Action The Second Day performance. Leaders must find or air support assets are likely to On the second day of the war, the time to sleep and to obtain rest for be available. Nevertheless, engi- engineer troops engaged in a de- neers must know how to employ laying action all along the front. these assets as a combined arms Despite Dagonian successes the team. They must continue to apply previous night, Urian forces again their special expertise in maximiz- penetrated the left flank and con- ing the defensive capabilities of the tinued to advance. The rate of terrain and utilizing available ob- movement of these forces set the stacles to optimize the effectiveness pace of the delay as TF Gill sought of weapons systems. Engineer to avoid envelopment on the left. troops must he capable of fighting a Contact between TF Gill and TF delaying action, whether sup- Simoneaux was maintained during porting arms are available or not. the delay and precluded Urain Engineers fighting as infantry forces from slipping between the are likelv to be thinlv stretched two units. Because TF Simoneaux's and oppdsed by supe;ior forces. movement was slowed by the rug- Nevertheless, they must somehow ged terrain, an airmobile operation retain the ability to counterattack. was used to move the engineers Contrary to traditional engineer from their second to their third SOPs, enough vehicles must be position. kept close to the FEBA so troops It was during this phase of the Ser~oiisproblem* i~ ith [LLre and FM can move laterallv. reinforce or operation that Murphy's Law came com~nunicutionsled to control prob- counterattack quickly. Several into full play and a most significant lems and defens~uegaps 5-ton dump trucks at the right time communications problem devel- and place'can mean the d17fference oped. The loss of the TOC (and between winning and losing. switchboard) on the first day, cou- their men during lulls in the battle Friendly forces can expect plenty pled with a defensive battle that or the troops will be close to inef- of incoming artillery so they should turned into a delaying action, fective after 72 hours of combat. he well dug in with covered and caused a complete breakdown of concealed positions with protected communications. During move- The Last Day routes of egress and ingress. This ment, engineer company teams May 7 was devoted to improving fact warrants a second look at typi- were unable to tie into pre-laid the final defensive line and coordi- cal engineer reorganization SOPs wire and FM communications were nating for the passage of lines by which program the heavy construc- severely hindered by the terrain, by the 2d Brigade, 7th Infantry Divi- tion equipment to move to the rear. unskilled operators, and by a lack sion. More live artillery was fired A better tactic might he to retain of radios at the company level. Ra- at 1600 hours to prepare the battle- the equipment up front until the dio communications were lost- field. The actual passage of lines very last minute to dig positions and create obstacles. Equipment basis. The set-piece nature of the trained technicians often paid would then withdraw only as far as FTX allowed it to work well, but a greater dividends than their uses the next positions and go to work more free-flowing tactical situation as infantry, and that a squad again. Engineer equipment used in could easily result in serious con- equipped with sufficient TNT this manner can have a great mul- trol problems. could, in the right spot, do more to tiplier effect upon the combat pow- The FTX was a rewarding and slow the enemy advance than a er of the fiebtine- - forces. challeneine ex~eriencefor the en- company armed with rifles and ma- Since infantry operations lend gineersr Tiey had the opportunity chine guns."3 themselves to nieht- fiehtine- u in rue- to ~lanand coordinate for the exer- However, in future wars there ged terrain, engineer troops must cise, and to fight as infantry under still will be occasions when engi- train in that type of an envi- the direction of a brigade head- neers will reorganize and fight as ronment. quarters. Most of the significant infantry. Whether the action is squad or brigade-sized, combat en- gineers must remain as capable and as motivated as their predeees- A price is paid in over all combat effectiveness sors to live up to the motto "Essayons" (Let Us Try) . . . to when engineers are diverted from their fight, and to win. FOOTNOTES primary combat engineer role to perform 1. U.S. Army in World War IZ, Eu- ropean Theater of Operations, The their secondary infantry role. Ardennes: Battle of the Bulge, Hugh M. Cole, Office of the Chief of Military History, Dept. of the If the engineer battalion receives lessons learned have already been Army, Chap XIV. an attachment of armor, it must discussed above. However, two 2. U.S. Arm,y in the Korean War, also receive adeouate maintenance unresolved ~roblemsare worthy of South to the Naktong, North to the and support packages. During the a final note: Yalu, Roy E. Appleman, Office of FTX, failure to provide such a the Chief of Military History, Dept. package led to fuel or maintenance- of the Army, Chap XXIIV, XXIV. related losses of 50 ~ercentof at- 1. Communications remain an 3. Ihid, Cole, page 329. tached armor assets within 72 unsolved problem. By TO&E (table hours. oreanization and eaui~ment),there From a logistical standpoint, the are insufficient men and materials organization of field trains and to establish telephone communica- LTC James M. Cullem is a grndu- combat trains was successful. The tions from battalion to company. ate of the U.S. Mi1itar.y Acaderny, field trains contained the bulk of The use of wire from company to and has a master's degree in. civil 51/54 and maintenance assets platoon and from platoon to squad engineering from the Massachus- while the combat trains contained is, however, feasible under current setts Instilute of Technology and a only those S1 and S4 elements TO&E. Secondly, the currently M.B.A. from Long Island Uniuersi- needed forward to control the flow available radio teletype systems ty. He has completed Airborne and of supplies, respond to equipment are extremely difficult to put into Ranger truining, the Engineer Offi- recovery requests, and to coordi- operation and to maintain. It is rec- cer Advanced Course, Command nate the flow of replacements and ommended that engineer units be and General Staff College and the evacuate casualties and refu- augmented with additional radios Naval Postgraduate School. Cullem gees. However, the exercise ran too and communication assets for the has served in cornbat engineer units short to determine whether the infantry mission. in Germany, Vietnam and CONUS, train's organization, provided from 2. A price is paid in overall com- arid was the 14th Engineer's execu- organic assets, could sustain the bat effectiveness when engineers tive officer during the FTX de- battalions over an extended period are diverted from their primary scribed here. Cullem, a registered of time. For the most part, the engi- combat engineer role to perform professional engineer in California neers supplied themselves from their secondary infantry role. Such and Virginia, is now director of their initial three-day basic load of a reorganization in combat should engineering and housing, US Mili- ammo and fuel, and required little take place only after the command- tary Community Actiuib-Mann- actual resupply. In addition, as is er has fully considered the conse- heim, Germany. often the case in training, transpor- quences of losing engineer combat tation and logistical capabilities in multipliers. As noted in Hugh M. support of an actual defensive oh- Cole's History of the U.S. Army in stacle plan were not tested. Provid- World War II, the Ardennes: Battle ed that the trucks of the engineer of the Bulge: battalion remain available in the "The magnificent job which Maj. battle area, engineers should be Gen. Middleton later ascribed to able to handle the resupply re- the engineers credits them in their quirements of an infantry role as infantry . . . Nonetheless, operation. the story of the Ardennes barrier Operating as part of a brigade re- lines does make clear that use of quires coordination on a continuous engineers in their capacity as THE GERMAN TERRITORIAL An important link between West ARMY Germany's military and civilian spheres, and a vital wartime asset to allied forces. by LTC Hubertus Dunschen n the face of it, many a soldier new organization, known as Army 0.~nthe U.S. Army is tempted to Structure No. 4. the scope of operations conducted regard the German Territorial The basic organizational struc- by the maior formations soonsored Army as a kind of German Army ture of the engineers in the Army b; them. " National Guard. Mission and or- Field Forces was retained; i.e., one ganizational structure, however, (organic) armored engineer compa- The Territorial Army are not comparable. Since the Ger- ny in each brigade, one engineer When setting the objective for man Territorial Army has-among battalion per division and one engi- the new Army Structure No. 4, the other things-a mediating function neer command per corps. The com- chief of staff of the Army consid- with regard to allied NATO forces manders of these regular units at ered it imperative to strengthen in Germany, each American officer the same time serve as engineer the Territorial Army and to make who is either stationed in Germany commanders within their respec- it better suited to fulfill its many or a member of a reinforcement tive major formation and as advis- missions. Those main tasks of the unit would be well advised to famil- ors in engineer-related matters to Territorial Army are: iarize himself to some extent with their next higher commander. 1. To act as mediator between the the characteristics of the German Nevertheless, the internal struc- military and civilian spheres. Territorial Army. ture, organization and equipment 2. To maintain the freedom of op- of both engineer battalions and en- eration for NATO forces in the ter- Army Structure No. 4 gineer companies were changed ritory of the Federal Republic of and adapted to the overall concept Germany by means of: The German Army is composed of of Army Structure No. 4. All engi- rear area protection three major elements: the Army neer units are fullv mobile with the military movement control Field Forces (assigned to NATO), brigade engineers being armored. measures the Territorial Army (under na- The engineers of the Armv Field supporting river crossing tional command) and the General Forces are employed on the'battle- operations Army Office (national command in field in a direct combat support NBC defense measures charge of central Army agencies role. In keeping with the defense damage repair and schools). In the late 1970s, fol- concept of the German Armed explosive ordnance disposal lowing intensive structural studies, Forces, their main mission is to psychological defense meas- the German Army began to adopt a impede enemy movements within ures establishing- and ooeratinn communications Furthermore, the Territorial German Territorial Army Army is: Levels of Command & Cooperation to assume special command and controi, and support COMMAND tasks HEADQUARTERS \ ------to ensure readiness of person- COMMANDS nel, logistics as well as medi- ,AIR FORCSINIIVI, cal care and support COMMANDS, to assist in civil defense operations Thus, the German territorial com- mander renders direct support to the NATO commander to carry out IDISTRICT, GOVERNMENT his mission. I MILITARY DISTRICT To accomplish its comprehensive mission, the Territorial Army makes use of its territorial head------quarters organization, which cov- ers the entire territory of the Fed- eral Republic of Germany, and, its territorial forces which are used for mobile employment. The Territorial HQ The territorial headquarters or- Figure I. ganization is adapted to both the political structure of the Federal Republic of Germany and to the (WBV) as higher agency of the Fed- the Federal Armed Forces Admin- NATO command structure in Cen- era1 Armed Forces Administration. istration and the various levels of tral Europe. The organization Subordinate to these Military Dis- state and local government in the consists of Territorial Command trict Administrative Offices are a Federal Republic of Germany. Schleswig-Holstein, the Territorial number of Garrison Administrative To ensure smooth cooperation in Northern Command and the Terri- Offices (STOV) as local agencies of wartime as well there is a liaison torial Southern Command. the Federal Armed Forces Admin- organization of the Territorial Subordinate to these Territorial istration. This organization of the Army. Figure 2 illustrates the com- Commands are the Military Dis- Federal Armed Forces Administra- plexity of both tasks and coopera- trict Commands (WBK), which in tion, however, is not part of the tion even at the lowest command turn have Military Region Com- Territorial Army. It is independent level of the Territorial Army, the mands (VBK) as subordinate of the armed forces and is to coop- Military Subregion Command agencies, which in turn command erate with them to fulfill adminis- (VKK), which is shown as the hub Military Subregion Commands trative tasks related to the of the liaison network. The same (VKK). Bundeswehr. Figure 1 shows the applies to VBK and WBK with re- Each Military District has a Mil- levels of cooperation between the spect to their allocated levels of itary District Administrative Office NATO forces, the Territorial Army, cooperation. Territorial Forces To accomplish the second essen- tial part of its mission, to maintain the freedom of operation of NATO OTHERCIVIL NClGHBOlllNG forces on the territory of the Feder- al Republic of Germany, the Home Defense Force and several territo- rial service support commands are placed under the command of the ClTlES BRIOADLS OR LOUIVIIIENT Territorial Army. Both combat MILITI\RI UNITS power and the number of home de- MILIT~RI SUBREOION fense units have considerably in- creased within the framework of COMMaNOER Army Structure No. 4. While al- $70" OARRISON most exclusively consisting of un- 6DMIN OFFICE CONTROL AGENCY armored units in the past, mecha- nized armored units of the Home SECURITY PLTI Defense Force have now been acti- Fieurr 2. vated for rear area securitylrear Pusrihir opc~mlio,ralli~lkso/'fhe Gerrrrnrr Terrirorioi Ar,,iy, srihrep,onoi lt,i:ci. area protection. In addition, the Territorial Army commands a number of command cadre-strength units which can he deterrence posture of the alliance. and control, combat support and lo- brought up to strength with reserv- To share the burden and to deter- gistic elements as well as special ists within a relatively short period mine specific commitments, an agencies and organizations to ful- of time. Their equipment has al- agreement on WHNS was signed by fill the following tasks: ready been pre-positioned at mobi- the United States and the Federal militarv movement control lization bases. Republic of Germany on April 15, engineer support, including 1982. In accordance with the agree- Host Nation Support area damage control ment, Germany assumes considera- NBC defense measures The tasks listed above to some ble capital expenditures and oper- communications support extent coincide with individual ating costs and has committed osvcholoeical defense host nation support (HNS) func- itself to ~rovideoersonnel (militarv . d~ ~ ~-~~ operations tions. The G'F-man Territorial and civiiian) on'a permanent bas& enforcement~ ~~~ ~~. of militarv law Army is therefore an essential car- for WHNS tasks alreadv in Deace- and order rier,~aswell as coordinator and me- time. In addition, more than 90,000 POW diator, for HNS in peacetime and men will be made available to sup- * military geographic and gee- wartime. The allied forces will sub- port U.S. forces in wartime. physical support mit their requirements within the An umbrella organization, to be logistic and medical support scope of HNS to the appropriate set up in peacetime, is to assume for GE and assistance to al- agencies of the Territorial Army. In command and control, logistics and lied forces this connection, military support is training of the German support personnel mobilization and not the main objective of wartime forces. replacement host nation support (WHNS), hut public relations rather the provision of both Territorial Army Engineers procurementiuse of civilian el support and services through ac- Engineer forces form an organic services/support cess to commercial resources. part of the Territorial Forces. It support of civil defense The subject of wartime host na- must be emphasized that the engi- organizations tion support is many-faceted and neers of the Territorial Army have information compilation complex and shall not be detailed also been assigned combat support liaison here. The roots of WHNS are to be tasks rather than construction While the Territorial headquar- found in the NATO Long-Term De- tasks as some elements of the U.S. ters organization is already fully fense Program, and it is designed to Army Corps of Engineers. These operational in peacetime, the ma- make possible the fast redeploy- engineer tasks are primarily relat- jority of Territorial Forces consist ment of reserve forces to Europe as ed to operations in the rear area, of cadre-strength or partially well as to increase the conventional behind the corps. But is it also con- Territorial Army Engineers DEFENSE BRIGADE MILITARY MILITARY DISTRICT REGION Fl COMMAND COMMAND X X WALLMEISTER Eh- ORGANIZATION -TerrKdo TERRITORIAL COMMAND I X X I I I 1 X Figure 3 NOTE: There are no topographic units in the German Arntyk Corps of Engineers. Topo is a ,special seruice with the artillery. ceivable that Territorial Army en- ent, it shall not be detailed here. Since they often hold the same gineers will be employed in direct The Military District Commands position for many years, and since support of engineer forces in the have one engineer group each they frequently are native to their Corps area of operations. whose primary mission comprises: specific area of responsibility, they The Territorial Northern (GTNC) repairing damage along com- are very much familiar with both and Southern Command (GTSC) munications lines and aspects of the terrain and the local now have one engineer command defense-essential infrastruc- population. each. The commanders of these en- ture, Their assistance in preparing en- gineer commands at the same time emplacing barriers, and gineer intelligence data (surveys of act as GTNC and GTSC engineer supporting other forces by rivers, waterways and adjacent ter- respectively. They are responsible means of field fortifications. rain) and their involvement in bar- for the employment of all engineer The Home Defense Brigades as rier infrastructure activities al- forces of the respective Territorial well as the brigades of the Army ready in peacetime (barrier Command, including necessary pre- Field Forces have one organic engi- installation/~rechamberedtareetsi-. paratory measures. They work neer company each to render direct makes them. local experts who are closely with the engineer com- combat support to the brigade. often important advisors to the en- manders andior engineer special gineers regarding the fulfillment of staff sections of NATO headquar- The Denial Engineers their mission. ters and the high commands of al- The denial engineers (Wall- An engineer staff officer in the lied forces as well as with civilian meister) represent a special engi- MilitarY.Region Command exer- authorities. neer organization within the Terri- cises command and control over the The engineer command has the torial Army. denial engineer teams. capabilities to ensure the crossing The Military Region Commands The Territorial Army, then, is an of wide waterways by employing its have varying numbers of denial en- extensive organization with a wide float bridge battalions and river gineer teams. They conduct recon- range of missions. In wartime, it engineer companies once fixed naissance with respect to barriers will provide vital assistance to al- crossing sites can no longer he and assist in the installation, con- lied forces. used. To ensure crossing of the trol and maintenance of barriers Rhine River, these battalions and and prechambered targets (target companies are equipped with spe- folders). They compile and update cial river crossinu means and engineer intelligence data and ad- LTC Hubc?rtos Dunsrherr is a grad- bridging equipment which meet the vise the units in all matters re- uate of the Uni~!nrsit,vof Cologne s~ecificrequirements of the Rhine. garding the planning of barriers otzd the Gertnoti Arniy's 0ffirt.r ' Relying bn its pipeline engineer and movements. School and Enginrer Schor,l. He has group as a unit with a logistic mis- These denial engineers are expe- coni,,ianded NRC rlrf The factored design load for the upper level floor of a recre- EEL ation center was calculated to be 1.5 kips per foot. The floor design requires the placement of a continuous beam for 90 feet. The spacing of the s,up- porting columns will enable third-point support of the beam. Adequate lateral 131a- cing will be provided. Select the most economical wide flange memt)er and cal- culate the maximu...m ,,..,,Aefler tin" rge 41 - - 7 Mini-computer capabilities & designed specifically for combat engineers. ------. ----.-.-. I 1 I .--- a -I- I- I L-- rA '- - 1 - r - --- U r-- =I. -----m I A I II. I-u-7 by John M. Deponai ombat englneers perform a tremendous varlety of by the US Army Construct~onEnglneerlng Research C engrneer misslons To complete them successfully, Laboratory (CERL) for the Eng~neerSchool, w~llmake englneers often must make complex calculations or fol- ~tsdebut as a supplement to FM 5-34, Bng~neerFzeld low lengthy algorithms to determine loglstlcal re- Data The benefit of such a devlce is not in its use as a qulrements Thls fall, the Englneer Programmable calculator, but in its use as a powerful, hand-held Calculator, an experimental tra~ningdevlce developed computer ENGINEER Background On ever before. New and better hard- keyboard; when the calculator is in Development ware and software are forever on the user mode (accessed by pressing the horizon. the USER key), the program as- Based on feedback from active signed to that key will be executed Army engineer units and detailed The Hardware immediately. This is especially con- analysis by the Engineer School, The Eneineer Pronrammable venient when running the same CERL identified military engineer- ~a1culato;is a ~ewle-ttPackard program a number of times. ing applications that were suited to (HP)-4lcv calculator accomoanied On the whole, this calculator is automation, and those that if auto- by a specially programmed, plug- very user-friendly. Those who pre- mated, would be highly valued by in, read-only-memory (ROM) mod- fer algebraic notation over Reverse- field troops. ule, labeled MILENGlIUTIL. This Polish Notation (RPN) may be a lit- The utility of the particular pro- module is smaller than a match- tle dismayed, but are advised that grams CERL selected was based book, yet can store 8,000 bytes of the programs stored on MIL- not only in their specific benefit, program information. ENGliUTIL require only that the but also in their example as to The HP-41 has room for four such user be able to answer "Y" or "N" what is possible using an electronic ROMs-32,000 bytes of informa- and to input values as requested by medium like the ~roerammable. cal- tion-plus the 2,200 bytes of built- the program. It is not necessary to culator. in, read-write memory standard on know RPN to use the It is hoped that exposure to the the HP-4lcv model. The HP-41 also MILENGliUTIL programs. programmable calculator will elim- has a growing family of peripher- inate some of the bias aeainst als, including a card reader, an op- Synergy "thinking automation." ~Gtoma- tical wand and a thermal printer. A major purpose of the demon- tion is coming! The choice is to be The HP-41 can display alpha- stration Engineer Programmable in the vanguard of the inevitable, numerics. Twelve characters can fit Calculator is to show field troops or to sit back complacently await- onto the display window and up to how they can become intelligent ing the day when someone asks, 24 characters can be "scrolled" partners with the research commu- "How come we didn't think of this across the window. The alpha char- nity in managing change, and not before?" acters are printed in blue on the be victims of "the ivory tower." Preparing for the future takes a front part of the keys and the alpha How the programming conven- lot of imaeination. enerev. frustra- mode is accessed simply by press- tions used in the Engineer Pro- tion and initiative: It is impractical ing the ALPHA key. grammable Calculator evolved, to wait for technoloes to stabilize; Users can assign programs or demonstrates how synergism can the world is changing faster than functions to almost any key on the result from sharing ideas with the XEQ CPM TOTAL dACTIVITIES=~ THE CPM PROGRAM 5 RUN ACTIVITY#=' Simple Network I RUN DURATION=' 15 RUN PRED ACT=' 0 RUN ACTIVITYL!=' 2 RUN DURATION=7 20 RUN PRED ACT=? I RUN PRED ACT=' 0 RUN ACTIVITY#=I 3 RUN DURATION=' 18 RUN PRED ACT=' Cut & Paste Solution I RUN PRED ACT:' 0 RUN ACTIVITY#=' 4 RUN DURATION-' 18 RUN PRED ACT-' 3 RUN PRED ACT=? O RUN ACTIVITYP=' 5 RUN DURATION=' 20 RUN PRED ACT:' 2 RUN PRED ACT=' 4 RUN PRED ACT=' 0 RUN ACTIVITY#=' 0 RUN ANY CHANGES JYINI' N RUN ENTER ENDING ACTIVITIES END ACT #-' 5 RUN END ACT #=' 0 RUN START ACT 8=7 I RUN iES ACT# EF/ SEE KEY (Y/N)' i DURATION ! Figure I. Thr calcul~rtorcar1 be used fur CPM Y RUN ILS Lf ! project control. Data from the printout (left)is pasted into posrlion labuu?). Figure 2. The following information allows you to 110.LBL 05 135 ARCL IN0 24 159.LBL 11 program the HP-4lcu calculator to prouide data 111 "t7" 136 ISG 24 160 ST0 IN0 Y regarding preparation of road craters (types). 112 CF 23 137 ST0 X 161 ISG Y First, execute the built-in routine called "size," 113 AON 138 ARCL IN0 24 162 GTO 11 then enter "40" to configure the calculator's 114 TONE 5 139 ISG 24 163 RTN memory for the program. The program im- 115 AVlEW mediately below is an input/output subroutine 140 ST0 X (*F) which must be entered first. Then enter the 116 STOP 141 RTN 164.LBL '9" road cratering main program (Crater). 117 AOFF 165.99 118 FS? 10 142eLBL 13 166 + Inout/out~utSubroutine 119 RTN 143 ASTO 20 167 INT 120 FS? 23 144 ASHF 168 RTN PRP "*F" 38 FS? 22 73 TONE 9 121 GTO 07 145 ASTO 21 39 GTO 01 74 AVlEW 122 FS? 09 146 ASHF 169.LBL "*P" O1.LBL "'F" 40 FC? 09 75 FS? 55 123 GTO 06 147 ASTO 22 170 SF 12 02 7 41 GTO 00 76 PSE 124 XEQ 14 148 ASHF 171 "END PROGRAM" 42 ISG 24 77 FC? 55 125 GTO 09 149 ASTO 23 172 TONE 8 03.LBL 04 43 ST0 X 78 STOP 173 TONE 9 04 CF IN0 X 44 RTN 79 RTN 126.LBL 07 150.LBL 14 174 AVlEW 05 OSE X 127 ASTO IND 24 151 CLA 175 CF 12 06 GTO 04 45.LBL 00 80.LBL "*Y" 128 ASHF 152 ARCL 20 .176. . .AnV ... 07 CF 00 46 XEQ 14 81 XEQ 13 129 ISG 24 153 ARCL 21 177 AOV 08 RTN 47 GTO 08 130 ST0 X 154 ARCL 22 178 AOV 131 ASTO IND 24 155 ARCL 23 179 AOV 09.LBL "*S" 48oLBL 01 83 "t(Y/N)" 132 DSE 24 156 RTN 180 RTN 10 "RESIZE>" 49 "MUST BE 84 SF 10 11 1 50 RCL 25 85 XEQ 05 133.LBL 06 12 - 51 X<=Y? 86 ASTO X 134 CLA 13 SF 25 52 GTO 02 87 "Y" 14 RCL IN0 X 53 "t>" 88 ASTO Y Main Road Cratering Program 15 FS?C 25 89 X=Y? 16 RTN 54.LBL 03 90 RTN PRP "CRATER" 22.LBL 03 17 FIX 0 55 XEQ "*0 91 CF 10 23 "CRATER TYPE:" 18 1 56 GTO 00 92 "N" 01-LBL "CRATER 24 XEQ "*D" 19 + 93 ASTO Y 25 "HASTY" 20 XEQ "'0 57.LBL 02 94 X=Y? 02 40 26 XEQ "*Y" 21 STOP 58 "t<" 95 RTN 03 XEQ ""S" 27 FS? 10 59 RDN 96 XEQ 14 04 CF 00 28 GTO 11 22.LBL "*I" 60 RCL 26 97 GTO 10 29 "DELIBERATE 23 XEQ 13 61 X field. Programs resident on the ROM data and how the output looks after Early in its study, CERL re- also use these utility routines. it is cut, pasted and connected. searchers worked at developing a Each program first checks to insure Critical activities have asterisks set of subroutines to be used by one that enough data registers are pro- printed in the box. This is a handy or more programs. CPT Scott vided. If not, the program tells the tool for those who do not have ac- Loomer, an engineer officer at the user to RESIZE. A single tone cess to a minicomputer. Defense Mapping School, became sounds whenever the program re- The "without printer" output aware of the CERL effort and of- quires input. (Differently pitched must be copied as it is output. Then fered to contribute to the work. tones can be used for different pro- diagrams can be drawn and anno- Working part-time, he developed gram applications.) tated with the correct information. standard routines that were sound A double tone sounds whenever Note that in the printed version, and comprehensive enough to be the program outputs information. the preceding activities for each ac- adopted across the board. He also When a program asks a yes or no tivity are noted to the left of each solved for planners another question, it will accept only a "Y diagram, so the user will know how problem. or "N" response. Any other re- to connect the activities together. sponse will result in the question Originally, CERL's goal was to Bridge Classification make all the calculator's programs being repeated. fully self-contained so field users When a program asks for a nu- The bridge classification program would not have to consult reference meric in~ut.the user Dresses the is used with certain tables in FM books to run them. Hampered by approprjate number keys, then 5-34 to help the user determine this constraint, CERL was unable Dresses the RUNISTOP (WS) kev to bridge superstructure classifica- to find an efficient wav to a~~roach.. input the data. The program auto- tion. This program may be used for the bridge classification problem. matically checks that the input is both timber and steel stringer Loomer invented the idea of within acceptable range. If not, it bridges. letting the program tell the user tells the user what upper or lower The computer asks the user for when to use FM 5-34 to extract limit must be met and asks for the the bridge's basic dimensions, etc. data from the manual's complex ta- input again. It then refers the user to appropri- bles or figures. That is, the pro- The RIS key also is used to input ate tables and figures in FM 5-34, gram would tell the user what table the "Y" or "N" responses and to telling the user what entry values or figure to go to and what entry restart the program after the pro- he needs. It asks the user for the conditions to use. gram outputs information. Howev- value of the variables correspond- The user now extracts and enters er, if a printer is attached, the pro- ing to those entry conditions. The the data when prompted by the pro- gram automatically continues after user extracts the appropriate value gram. As a result of this innova- each output. The format between from the manual's table or figure tion, an enormous amount of pro- the "with printer" and "without and enters it in the calculator. gram memory was saved and the printer" output differs only in the Road Cratering impossible became possible. One case of the Critical Path Method (CPM) program. The road crater program com- soldier's standard subroutines and putes the amount of explosives, referencing technique increased The Critical Path Method number of cratering charges, and the effective capacity of the Engi- number and depth of holes needed neer Programmable Calculator by The CPM program is an efficient to produce hasty, deliberate or re- about 20 percent. It also let CERL way to do the tedious calculations lieved face road craters. Figure 3 fit two more programs onto the associated with using CPM project shows a sample computation where MILENGlIUTIL module. control, a management method be- the program even determines that Here was an example dem- coming common in today's Army. two pounds of TNT must be used to onstrating the synergistic effect The CPM program uses "activity- double prime charges for each five- that interaction with the field can on-the-node" logic. foot hole. create. Up to 98 activities can be ana- Demolitions Program Conventions lyzed if the full HP-4lcv resident capacity for data storage is used; up The demolitions program ad- Utility Routines to 20 activities can be done on the dresses three common engineer ac- Six application programs and a HP-4lc model without memory tivities: cutting timber, cutting set of utility routines are stored on modules. The "with printer" ver- steel and breaching walls. The pro- MILENGlIUTIL. Utility routines sion prints the output in boxes. The gram lists three timber cutting op- could be used very effectively by user can cut these out, paste them tions: internal charge placement, field troops to handle a host of up and graph logical relationships. external placement and abatis. housekeeping chores when writing Figure 1 is an example of a sim- The steel cutting option lists four programs to meet particular needs. ple network. It shows how to input application areas: railroad rails, round steel sections, structural steel sections and carbon steel rods. The breaching applications are used in conjunction with applicable tables in FM 5-34. Road Cratering Minefields Minefield Logistics The minefield program computes XEO "CRATER" XEQ "MINES" the logistical requirements for in- LHAl tK LENGTH, (FT)=7 ENTER MINE DENSITY: stalling a standard pattern 41.0 RUN #AT/M=? minefield given the field density, 3.00 RUN the irregular outer edge cluster USE CRATER CHARGE (Y/N)? composition, the field length and Y RUN #APF/M=? depth, and the conditions under CRATER TYPE 4.00 RUN which the work is to be done. A HASTY (Y/NI7 #APB/M=? sample printout is shown in Figure Q nn DII~I 3. N RUN ".L DELIBERATE (Y/N)7 IOE CLUSTER C Wire Obstacles =? N RUN #AT. The wire obstacle program com- RELIEVED FACE (Y/N)7 1. RUN putes the logistical requirements RUN r 3 for installing any of seven common wire obstacles. The program can FRIEND SIDE: also be used to compute the effec- . ." .-A . tive length of the obstacle accord- RUN ing to its function and location on DO /N)7 the battlefield. N RUN If the user already knows the ef- F1FI.D LENGTH,,..(MI=? ., fective length, he would answer ENEMY SIDE: 100. RUN "Y" to the first question ("KNOW. =? EFF.LEN.(YIN)?") and enter the ef- #4FTHDLES=5 .D DEPTHl,(M): fective length when asked. TNT,LBS=150. 100. RUN Looking Ahead EXPLO;'' LB=396. TOT AL MINES: By October 1982, 250 copies of ALSO: N!EEO SHAPE CHARGES #AT=1,370. MILENGlIUTIL will he vroduced Tn "8 "P rc, "a" r-7 OK,, for testing and evaluation by Engi- IU DLH2;T BOREHOLca! nnrr:I.OJJ. neer Officer Basic Course and END PIROGRAM #APB=3.619. NCOES students. IOE MINES: About 150 of these ROMs already #AT=45. are committed to the U.S. Army #APF=90. Engineer School, and to certain en- XEQ "I gineer battalions that will field test #APB=90. them. The other 100 ROMs will be ;IVE TYPE: MMF MINES: made available to individual com- 'NJ! #AT=1,200. bat engineers who own or have ac- #APF=l.600. cess to an HP-41 calculator. :4(1.25LB)( #APB=3,200. Written requests for these can be addressed to: CERL-FS, ATTN: #IOE CLUSTER:d-T<. John Deponai, P.O. Box 4005, APPLIC,RTION: #STRIPS=9. Champaign, Ill., 61820. Include CUT TI1inBER (Y/N'I? 2-STRAND,4.SIDE FENCE: your full name, rank, social securi- Y RUN #WIRE(RL)=13. ty number, current job description TIMBER DIA.(IN)=? #SIGNS,PICKEl and whether or not you have access 24.0 RUN to an HP-41. #SANDBAGS=3 For information, contact Mrs. CHARGE PLACEMENT MANHOURS=91 Gale Smith, the Engineer School's ABATIS (Y/N)? END PROGRHIVI Collective Trainine and Analvsis N RUN Division, at (703)- 664-406313467, EXTREN (YIN)? AVN 354. RUN Mr. Johr7, M. D1,ponai leads the REQD XPLO Military Er7gineerir7g Team at the LBS.= U.S. Arrny',~Construction Engi- #EXPLU. UNI I: neering Research Laboratory, Champaign., 111. He is a I966 grad- IN OPEN, SAFE uate of the U.S. Military Academy M=3C^10 Figure 3. and serued fbr eight ar~done-half END F'ROGRAM years on active dut),. Kuiti-.srii,/:i,ii 92(!F;ng,nwrs o~ii1i:75lh Rangers practice knot tying in P by 1LT Robert B. Underwood I11 he 1st Battalion. . (Ranger), 75th Infantry, is an The 92d Engineers T.ellte unlt designed to perform special infantry missions on short notice, anywhere in the world. This excel at a unique, missionmany diverserequires climatesthe Rangersand types to work of terrain. and to trainDespite in their prodigious capabilities as infantrymen, the Ran- demanding mission. gers need engineer construction support to prepare for their missions. To meet this need. the 92d Eneineer Battalion (Combat) (Heavy) keeps' a Ranger ~Gpport Element (RSE) ready to be attached to the 1175th for training exercises or for actual deployment. The 92d. commanded bv LTC to be dispatched and driven to the Sometimes, schedules permit the Francis R. Skidmore,* is stationed airfield. RSE to participate in environmen- at Fort Stewart, Ga., and is heavilv Readiness is always a primary tal training with the Rangers. This committed to supporting the instai- requirement for the company provides adventure-training oppor- lation with construction projects. tasked for RSE. When the 1175th is tunities for engineer troops not fa- The RSE obligation provides diver- in a "ready" posture, the RSE pla- miliar with advanced infantry sity for the unit, and has enabled toon members remain at all times skills and working in difficult ter- members of the 92d to train in where they can be contacted by tel- rain and climates. Such training Panama; at Fort Bliss, Texas; and ephone, and company duty person- naturally supports the engineer in Puerto Rico. nel are issued an RSE alert roster secondary mission of fighting as The mutual respect that has de- with special notification instruc- infantry. veloped between the 92d and the tions. All RSE personnel are ad- 1175th has given engineer soldiers ministratively and medically RSE Deployments and appreciation for the Rangers' cleared for overseas deployment. The 92d Engineers' RSE training impressive capabilities, and has deployments have provided a given the Rangers a keen aware- RSE Missions wealth of challenges and exciting ness of the skill and motivation of If alerted, the RSE deploys with training. The major environmental Army Engineers. The hardest part the Ranger advanced party to con- training deployments have been to of any support arrangement is pre- struct and to maintain a Ranger el- Panama in December 1981, Fort cisely communicating what serv- ement mobilization base (REMAB), BlissIWhite Sands Missile Range in ices the customer needs versus build rehearsal sites, and as time February 1982 and to Puerto Rico what services the supporter can permits, to train. in June 1982. provide. The RSE program has en- REMAB construction varies but During the deployment to the lightened both the 92d and the usually includes organizing and Jungle Operations Training Center 1175th concerning the special needs laying out the base, supervising (JOTC) at Fort Sherman, Republic of the Rangers and engineer sup- tent erection, constructing latrine of Panama, the Rangers received port capabilities. facilities, setting up power distri- fefresher training in individual bution and lighting, erecting pro- skills peculiar to a jungle environ- RSE Organization tective fences and establishing a ment. They also trained in platoon Task organization for the RSE shower point using M12A1 decon- and company-sized operations, and depends on the scope of the Ran- tamination apparatus. held a battalion field training exer- gers' deployment and mission. For Rehearsal sites are as unique as cise (FTX). The 10-man RSE was a typical Ranger company-sized fly- the Ranger mission. Camps, build- integrated as a squad into a Ranger away deployment, the RSE would ings, hunkers and their attendant platoon for individual, squad and consist of a lieutenant officer-in- obstacles are often built. These fa- platoon-level training. All RSE charge (OIC), an EWE7 noncom- cilities are constructed to resemble members were awarded the JOTC missioned officer-in-charge as closely as possible actual objec- Jungle Expert Certificate. In many (NCOIC) and eight enlisted men. A tive sites and are based on informa- activities, such as the land naviga- battalion-sized Ranger deployment tion provided by the Ranger intel- tion and nine-event obstacle would require an RSE OIC, NCOIC. ligence section. The accuracy of course, the engineer squad scored and 19 enlisted personnel. RSE is rehearsal sites is critically impor- comparably to the highly-competi- rotated between line companies on tant to the success of the Ranger tive Ranger squads. The winter be- a quarterly basis. Within the operation. ing the wet season in Panama, it tasked company, responsibility for the RSE is split between the two general construction platoons. Equipment taken by any size RSE includes a 514-ton M880 cargo truck loaded with a generator, pow- er and hand tools, pioneer tools, chain saws, a demolition kit and re- pair parts. This gives the unit the ability to handle a wide variety of construction and combat engineer missions. Heavy equipment opera- tors, communication specialists and medics may augment the RSE de- pending on mission requirements. The M880 is stored ready for air movement, having been technically inspected by the battalion's materi- al readiness office and all faults corrected. The vehicle is marked for weight and center of gravity; haz- ardous cargo forms and vehicle loading plan are also completed. The truck is stored loaded and with special instructions for the RSE. In 92d Engrneers lash i,qiiip,ii<,nl ijr a RBI n,so~il//locit ii,liile preparing the event of an alert, it needs only for training on Parzurnu's Chagres RILPT. engineer construction projects. The attacks were live-fire exercises complete with air strikes and roll- "When they saw what we could do, the ing mortar barrages. Rangers went wild." Engineers Praised According to John G. Martin of the Fort Stewart Public Affairs Of- fice, the 92d Engineers were also rained every day during the 50 knots and a prohibition on very impressive. An Army veteran deployment. digging because of the danger of who served in Vietnam with the At their request, the RSE during disturbing Indian artifacts. Some 5th Special Forces Group, Martin off-duty time received additional structures were secured with was with the 1115th during all JOTC training in helicopter wooden footings, but each case of three RSE deployments. "The engi- ~appellingand in lowering pioneer digging required specific, prior ap- neers did an outstanding job in boxes from a helicopter. The extra proval from the host installation. Panama and Puerto Rico, and they training culminated with the RSE Several buildings without footings really performed well at Fort rappelling into the jungle and blew down under the severe winds, Bliss," Martin said. "I never heard clearing a landing zone using and the RSE had to rush to repair any complaining; they just kept explosives. them before the Ranger assaults putting out at a hundred percent These activities were certainly a began. and then some. It amazed me how change of pace for the dozer opera- RSE members later reported that much spirit they had. They showed tors, carpenters, plumbers and watching the Rangers in action was themselves to be true soldiers." draftsmen from the 92d. Besides one of the exercise's highlights. The Fort Bliss exercise was par- the JOTC training, the RSE served The -.erour, saw several im~ressive ticularly intense. The RSE worked as the planning and control party Ranger assaults targeted -against aroundithe-clock in 18-hour shifts; to establish a REMAB for the Ran- ger FTX; objectives and rehearsal sites were built beforehand by the 518th Engineer Company from Fort Kobe, Panama. Construction Challenge During the Fort Bliss deploy- ment, the Rangers found out how hard engineers could work and how much could be built in a very limit- ed amount of time. Although the RSE leader knew some construction tasks were planned, according to RSE OIC 1LT William R. Weeks, the size of the construction mission mushroomed once the RSE deployed. "When they saw what we could do, the Rangers went wild," Weeks said. "They kept asking for more, so we kept giving them more." During the three-week exercise, the 20-man RSE constructed six mock enemy camps complete with buildings, towers, sandbag posi- tions and protective wire. The RSE used 1,100 Zx4xlOs, 600 sheets of plywood and 600 pounds of nails. They also built numerous targets and vehicle silhouettes for live-fire ranges, as well as a protective bunker from which a brave young Ranger (who had been late for for- mation) could safely operate down- range targets. A MOUT (military operations in urban terrain) site was erected and another rehabili- tated. Barracks and offices used by the 1175th were also rehabilitated. The construction tasks were Incesinnt rain ariii IILC rigoroiis JUTC i~bslacI~course made difficult by winds gusting to didn't slow the engi,~ecrRSE in Panama. sometimes shifts lasted 24 hours. structed or rehabilitated, wire on demonstrated daily duty per- Exemplifying the 92d Engineers erected and obstacles built. Engi- formance. The finer points of living spirit was SSG Johnny Edwards. neers participated in adventure and staying healthy in the field Serving as the B Company motor and infantry training similar to learned from the Rangers have sergeant, Edwards was named RSE what was encountered during the been passed along to buddies and NCOIC when it appeared that the previous deployments. are reflected in better unit per- exercise would duplicate the formance during field problems. Panama experience: mostly adven- Most importantly, the 92d Engi- ture training and only a few con- Valuable Training neers have learned how important struction tasks. Once the RSE got The experience and lessons and rewarding it is to aggressively to Fort Bliss and the construction learned by members of the 92d En- support an outstanding infantry mission dramatically increased, gineer Battalion during these envi- unit like the 1175th Rangers. Edwards found himself on unfamil- ronmental deployments have been iar ground as a construction super- valuable and numerous. The rapid 'LTC James Keys commanded the 92d visor. His dedication, however, deployment requirement for the during these RSE deployments. overcame the handicap and he RSE keeps the battalion staff and played a key role in successfully companies sharp on deployment managing the construction mission. criteria and procedures. The de- ILT Robert Underwood is an Engi- During the Fort Bliss deploy- ployments have provided challeng- neer Officer Advanced Course stu- ment, the RSE also trained in ing leadership experiences for offi- dent a1 Ft. Beluoir, Va. Hc served mountaineering and patrolling, cers, NCOs and troops. Trips to roilh the 92d Engineer Rn., Ft. participated in an airmobile opera- faraway places have been a definite Steruart, Ga., as a platoon leader, tion, and served as aggressors. morale booster for the soldiers for- pipeline engineer and constrtrction The RSE that accompanied the tunate enough to participate. oflicer. ILT Underrr:oo Engineer EquiprntlrLLDispVlj 'l'he Engineer Centc. .. torate of Combat Developments participated this summer in a "Week of the Eagles" open house and display at Fort Campbell, Ky. The event was s~onsoredhv the lOlst Ailrborne i)i-fision (A:* Assault). . . During the five-day event, thousands of soldiers ana. clv~l-. .. ians saw how division;31 engi- neers might support ttie com- bined arms team in the Airland Battle. An Engineer Cencer~~,~~ survivability display featured several developmental fighting position covers; equipment shown included the M9 Armored Combat Earthmover (ACE), a MI80 cratering charge and the Ground Emplaced Mine Scatter- ing System (GEMSS). Also displayed in thse engineel corner was a Marine C:orps Min6 Clearing Line Charge (MICLIC, *~gi,irar,r.dispia? nt Ft. Carn~hcll'.~'.Week ies" M58A1) and a UNIMG-,Br. +LI...., tcd these prototype fighting position co~ West German small emplace- (Phofoby CPT James E. Burror~,sl ment excavator currently being tested at Fort Lewis, Wash. Some contractors tend to believe that a quick coat of paint will cover most defects. Problems resulting from this attitude can be prevented by close inspection and clearly Paint written specifications which in- clude tasks such as weld spatter re- moval, solvent cleaning, glass re- moval, removal of corrosion products or poorly adherent coat- ings, and the treatment of mildew. Quality is often compromised in the interest of speed, not only dur- ing surface preparation, but also in paint application. Sometimes a complete coat is omitted from an item; on many painting jobs, given by Alfred Beitelman areas receive fewer coats than specified. To reduce costs for mate- rials, some applicators thin the paint too much. Again, detailed in- he Paint Laboratory at the physical damage. A surface such as spection could control most of these T U.S. Army Construction Engi- the smooth exterior of an automo- mistakes. neering Research Laboratory bile is ideal for painting. Effective paint inspection pro- (CERL), Champaign, Ill., is respon- The designer must also be aware grams are usually not considered sible for evaluating diff~culties in of the need to protect concealed sur- (much less implemented) when the field application of paints. Over faces. Inaccessible compartments painting operations are underway. the past several years, lab person- and complex structural members If an inspector is present, he often nel have visited many field paint- are major obstacles when coatings is not given the appropriate thick- ing operations and have observed are applied. ness gauges, pinhole detectors or specific, recurring problems which other inspection equipment. He is reduce coating life and eventually Proper paint performance de- sometimes responsible for all in- shorten the life expectancy of the pends heavily On adequate surface spection duties on several jobs be- painted item. preparation. It should be obvious ing done simultaneously. TObe tru. Many problems that at first that paint will not adhere a wet ly effective, he would have to be glance appear to involve poor paint Or surface. Most paints are intimately familiar with all con- performance actually reflect a dis- designed to adhere to heavy depOs- struction items used in the proj- regard of good painting princi- its dirt Or Repainting ects-from the concrete in the ples-a disregard evident from ba- hard, surfaces Or aged, footings to the asphalt on the sic design to inspection of the paints 'Iso presents Po- roof-and he would have to be at painted item. Coatings are the first each project site all the time. Obvi- line of defense against corrosion, ously this is impossible. but they can only provide their de- If a coating is to be truly effec- signed protection if they are prop- tive, it must be more than an after- erly specified, applied and thought in the design process. maintained. Painters must think in terms of When an item needs a paint sys- "high-performance protective coat- tem for protection or beautification, ings" rather than "cover it up with the coating should be considered in a coat of paint," and inspection the initial design stages and not must be given high priority to in- left as an afterthought. The size of sure a quality product. the item is of little consequence. It may be small enough to hold in the I.O<,.S<~,1<8,!~/ LS !~,,t~~,lt~,:,//>,I,>, a palm of your hand or large enough urood structure during a to span a major river. The basic CEKL test. Alfred Beitelman, a che~nislin. principles are the same in both the Paint Laboratory, U.S. Arm? cases. The surfaces should he sim- Construction Engineering Research ply configured and must be accessi- tential adhesion problems. Laboratory, Chan~pnign,Ill.. is a ble to allow appropriate surface Unfortunately, surface prepara- principal investigator for cioil preparation and coating. In addi- tion is often overlooked in painting works and military construction tion, there should he no deep crev- specifications. And if indeed the re- paint research programs. He holds ices, unnecessary protrusions or quired surface preparation is men- a B.A. in chemistr,~from Wartburg sharp corners. Such irregularities tioned in a specification, the paint- College, Wauerly, Iowa., arid has are difficult to coat uniformly and ing contractor will often minimize been u:ith the Paint Lnborotor,~for are particularly susceptible to the time spent on this operation. 11 years. The ENGINEER Solution 1. Assumptions Simply supported continuous beam Compact section Adequate lateral bracing 2. Member Selection Using page 2-126 of the 8th Edition, AISC Manual of Steel Construction, calculate the maximum moment and shear due to loading: Mmax = 0.10 w12 Vmax = 0.600~1 = O.lO(l.5kfp)(30 ftI2 = 0.60(1.5kfp)(30 ft) M~~Ix= 135.0 ft-kips Vma~ = 27 kips From page 2-8 of the AISC Manual, select W 18 x 40 with moment capacity of 137.0 ft-kips. Additionally, from page 1-8, find the following properties: Check shear from page 5-65 of the AISC Manual: Vu < 0.55 fy td where, Vu = Vmax S (0.55) (36 ksi) (0.315 in) (17.90 in) 27 k S 111.64 k Shear okay. Use W 18 x 40. 3. Maximum Deflection Using the expression from page 2-126 of the AISC Manual, find: Amax = 0.0069w14/EI Thus, Amax = 0.0069(1.5-kip x lft )(30ft x 1&)4/(29,000ksix612in4) ft 12 in ft = 0.0069 (0.125 kiP)(360 ir1)~/(1.7788x lo7 kip-in2) in.