Material Cultural Correlates of the Athapaskan Expansion: a Cross-Disciplinary Approach
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MATERIAL CULTURAL CORRELATES OF THE ATHAPASKAN EXPANSION: A CROSS-DISCIPLINARY APPROACH By JOSEPH ANDREW PARK WILSON A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Joseph Andrew Park Wilson 2 To my life partner, Michelle Trim, …without whom none of this would be possible 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Peter Collings for his stellar mentorship, and John Moore, Ken Sassaman and Juliana Barr for their moral support and encouragement as the ideal members of my supervisory committee. I thank Victor Golla, Jack Ives, Roland Bohr, Jim Hamm and Don Dumond for helpful communication and permission to reproduce images. I thank many museum curators, collections managers, and staff for accommodating me, and apologize to those whose names I have forgotten. In chronological order of my fieldwork, I thank Kyle E. Bryner, Elise V. LeCompte, Michael H. Logan, Gerald R. Shroedel, Jefferson Chapman, Robert Pennington, anonymous and spouse, Kathryn Barr, Daniel Swan, Eric Singleton, Randy Ramer (to the last two names, special thanks for facilitating a visit on short notice), Patricia L. Nietfeld, Thomas E. Evans, Laila Williamson, Elise Alexander, Roger Colton, Gordon Ambrosino, Judy Thompson, Dawn Scher Thomae, Nancy O. Lurie, Karen Lacy, Natasha Johnson, Bradley Marshall, Brian Seymour, Yuri Berezkin, Kelly Fenn Sparks, Felicia Pickering, Michael Frank, Deni J. Seymour, David V. Hill, Kalinovskaya Ekaterina, Candace Sall, and Janaki Krishna. I thank my spouse, Dr. Michelle Trim for encouraging me to apply to the University of Florida in the first place. I gratefully acknowledge the University of Florida for the provision of a four-year Alumni Fellowship, furnishing me the financial resources necessary to complete my degree on schedule. I thank the libraries (and particularly the interlibrary loan staff) at both the University of Florida and Elon University (NC), for providing me with invaluable assistance tracking down obscure publications. And finally I thank the folks at Google Books and the Internet Archive for their free public service and pioneering efforts of digitally archiving and making searchable many obscure ethnographic resources published during the last 150 years. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 9 LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................ 10 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 13 ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................... 14 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................... 16 The Research Question .......................................................................................... 16 Cultural Evolutionary versus Historical Models ................................................. 19 Athapaskan-Asian Connections ....................................................................... 21 Ethnographic Evidence .................................................................................... 23 The Structure of the Study ...................................................................................... 26 2 THE HISTORY OF ATHAPASKAN STUDIES ........................................................ 27 The Linguistic Foundations ..................................................................................... 27 Na-Dene and Sino-Tibetan ............................................................................... 29 Timing the Athapaskan Expansion using Lexicostatistics or Glottochronology ........................................................................................... 31 The North-South Direction of the Athapaskan Expansion ................................ 32 Chronology of Athapaskan Origins ................................................................... 34 Location of the Proto-Athapaskan Homeland ................................................... 43 The Alternative ‘Long Chronology’ Model for Athapaskan Origins. .................. 44 Archaeological Evidence for Athapaskan Origins ................................................... 46 Evidence for Interior Origins ............................................................................. 46 The Problem of Archaeological Visibility .......................................................... 47 A Yellowknife Chipewyan Exception? .............................................................. 51 The White River Ash Fall .................................................................................. 54 Ethnographic Reconstruction of Proto-Athapaskan Culture .................................... 57 Eschatology: Death and Rebirth ....................................................................... 59 Residence Patterns and Familial Descent ........................................................ 61 Female Fortitude and Spiritual Potency in Mensturation and Childbirth ........... 63 Physical Anthropology and the Athapaskans .......................................................... 66 Background ...................................................................................................... 66 Biometrics and Craniofacial Analysis ............................................................... 71 5 3 THE DENE-YENISEIAN FAMILY IN ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE ........ 77 Pushing the Linguistic Boundaries: the Dene-Yeniseian Phylum ............................ 77 Yeniseian, Tibetan and Na-Dene ..................................................................... 78 Implications Regarding the Athapaskan Expansion ......................................... 81 The Historical Range of Yeniseian Speakers ................................................... 82 Asian-Athapaskan Ethnological Links ..................................................................... 86 Eschatology ...................................................................................................... 86 Matrilineal-Matrilocal Social Organization......................................................... 92 Menstruation and Childbirth .............................................................................. 92 Transpersonal Extrasomatic Power of Objects and Animals ............................ 94 Eursian Parallels for Nbi'bibish, ‘the Lightning’s Knife’ ..................................... 95 A Siberian Origin for Athapaskan Copper Metallurgy? ................................... 100 Molecular Genetics and the Dene-Yeniseian Family ............................................ 102 Human Leukocyte Antigen Markers ............................................................... 104 Autosomal Recessive Diseases ..................................................................... 107 Albumin Naskapi ............................................................................................ 109 Mitochondrial DNA ......................................................................................... 112 An Earlier Study of Dene-Yeniseian Population Genetics .............................. 115 Mitochondrial Haplogroup A2a ....................................................................... 118 Male Mediated Migration ................................................................................ 120 Y-Chromosomes ............................................................................................ 122 Haplogroup Q ................................................................................................. 123 Haplogroup C ................................................................................................. 124 Haplogroup-C among Greenlandic Eskimos .................................................. 125 Haplogroup C3 among the Cheyenne, Arapaho, Sioux and Ojibwa ............... 127 C3 in the Southeast? ...................................................................................... 129 C3*-M217 in South America ........................................................................... 132 Haplogroup R1 and Post-Columbian Admixture ............................................. 133 Summary .............................................................................................................. 141 4 SELECTION OF FIELD-SITES AND METHODS OF ANALYSIS ......................... 149 Premise for Collections Research ......................................................................... 149 Overview ........................................................................................................ 149 Evolutionary Anthropology: Ethnogenetics versus Phylogenetics .................. 150 Basic Method Employed ....................................................................................... 154 Sample Size and Number of Institutions......................................................... 155 Ethnographic and Archaeological Materials in Museum Collections .............. 158 Strong Complex Bow Documentation and Measurement ..................................... 159 Basic Bow Features and Vocabulary .............................................................. 161