3435. Asian Citrus Psyllid
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Observations on Impietratura Disease Symptoms in Four Citrus Species
Observations on Impietratura Disease Symptoms in Four Citrus Species A. Caruso, M. Davino and G. Terranova ABSTRACT. Citrus impietratura disease affects citrus cultivars in the Mediterranean Basin. The indexing of impietratura disease is based on symptoms on indicator plants such as Volkamer lemon or grapefruit or on the inspection of the trees in the field. This requires many years. In this paper the effects of a severe isolate of impietratura on sweet orange, Volkamer lemon, rough lemon and Marsh Seedless grapefruit is reported. Our observations indicate that rough lemon is a better indicator of fruit symptoms than Volkamer lemon, grapefruit and sweet orange. Index words. biological assay, albedo gumming, rough lemon. In Italy cristacortis, concave gum servation for at least three years. Dif- and impietratura are widespread in ficulties in timely indexing of old line commercial orchards. The causal Navelina trees planted in Italy be- agents of these diseases have not been tween 1970 and 1985 resulted in the characterized and their detection is high percentage of infection (>30%) by still by means of biological assays. impietratura, concave gum and Due of its excellent bioagronomic psorosis A (4,6,13). and marketing character, in Italy the Rough lemon was initially consid- cultivation of the Navelina sweet ered to be tolerant to impietratura dis- orange spread rapidly in many citrus- ease (9), but later studies showed it to growing areas by growers, despite the be susceptible (7,8,12) and Catara and fact that the first trees imported pre- Scaramuzzi (5) suggested its use as an sented very mild flecking symptoms on alternative indicator. -
Soluble Solids Accumulation in ʻvalenciaʼ Sweet Orange As Related to Rootstock Selection and Fruit Size
J. AMER. SOC. HORT. SCI. 129(4):594–598. 2004. Soluble Solids Accumulation in ʻValenciaʼ Sweet Orange as Related to Rootstock Selection and Fruit Size Graham H. Barry1 and William S. Castle Citrus Research and Education Center, University of Florida, 700 Experiment Station Road, Lake Alfred, FL 33850-2299 Frederick S. Davies Department of Horticultural Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 110690, Gainesville, FL 32611-0690 ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. Citrus sinensis, juice quality, soluble solids concentration (SSC) ABSTRACT. Juice quality of ʻValenciaʼ sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] trees on Carrizo citrange [C. sinensis x Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf.] or rough lemon (C. jambhiri Lush.) rootstocks was determined for fruit harvested by canopy quadrant and separated into size categories to ascertain the direct role of rootstock selection on juice soluble solids concentration (SSC) and soluble solids (SS) production per tree of citrus fruit. SS production per fruit and per tree for each size category was calculated. Juice quality was dependent on rootstock selection and fruit size, but independent of canopy quadrant. Fruit from trees on Carrizo citrange had >20% higher SSCs than fruit from trees on rough lemon, even for fruit of the same size. Large fruit accumulated more SS per fruit than smaller fruit, despite lower juice content and SSC. Within rootstocks, SS content per fruit decreased with decreasing fruit size, even though SSC increased. Rootstock effect on juice quality was a direct rather than an indirect one mediated through differences in fruit size. The conventional interpretation of juice quality data that differences in SSC among treatments, e.g., rootstocks or irrigation levels, or fruit size, are due to “dilution” of SS as a result of differences in fruit size and, hence, juice volume, is only partly supported by these data. -
Reaction of Tangerines Genotypes to Elsinoe Fawcettiiunder
Reaction of tangerines genotypes to Elsinoe fawcettii under natural infection conditions Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 11: 77-81, 2011 Brazilian Society of Plant Breeding. Printed in Brazil Reaction of tangerines genotypes to Elsinoe fawcettii under natural infection conditions Marcelo Claro de Souza1*, Eduardo Sanches Stuchi2 and Antonio de Goes3 Received 11 February 2010 Accepted 30 September 2010 ABSTRACT - A citrus scab disease, caused by Elsinoe fawcettii, is currently found in all citrus areas throughout Brazil. That being, given the importance of this casual agent, the behavior of tangerines and hybrids influenced by this pathogen was evaluated under natural infection conditions. This study was performed with plants around 15 years old without irrigation; 100 fruits of three plants were collected during harvest season, using a grade scale varying from 0 (absence of symptoms) to 6 (severe symptoms) the level of disease severity was determined. Among the cultivars, citrus scab resistance was observed in Citrus deliciosa, C. tangerina, C. nobilis; a mandarin hybrid (C. nobilis x C. deliciosa) and a satsuma hybrid (C. unshiu x C. sinensis). Among the other genotypes, symptoms were observed with levels of severity ranging from 1 to 3, indicating moderate resistance. Key words: Citrus scab, citrus crop, resistant varieties. INTRODUCTION In Brazil, E. fawcettii is responsible for citrus scab. The disease is widespread in many humid, citrus-cultivating In many citrus production areas around the world, areas around the world and decreases fruit values on the Elsinoe fawcettii is one of the main fungi diseases found. fresh-fruit market (Feichtenberger et al. 1986). In young It attacks a wide variety of citrus species and cultivars, plants or under severe infection, it may cause significant resulting in scab disease on leaves, twigs, and fruits (Timmer fruit drop. -
Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid
Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang -
Meyer Lemon Concentrate.Indd
Meyer Lemon Concentrate Fresh Meyer Lemon is less acidic than the more common Eureka lemon. Its distinctive and complex citrus fl avor has hints of sweet lime, lemon and mandarin orange. Our Meyer Lemon Concentrate captures the fruit’s unique fl avor characteristics and perfumy aroma, with no added sugar or artifi cial Product Specifi cs ingredients. Ingredient List: Filtered water, Meyer lemon juice concentrate and natural lemon fl avor Meyer Lemon Pack Size: 6/30 oz. wide mouthed HDPE jars per case. Each jar attaches to a standard bar pour spout. Serving Size: 1 oz.. (28g) Servings per Container: 30 Brix: 18 - 20 Kosher: Amount Per Serving %Daily Value* Conversion: 1- 30 oz. = 0.85 kg Net Wt. Calories 20 1- 6/30 oz. case = 5.1 kg Net Wt. Total Fat 0g 0% Approx. fl . oz. per jar = 26 fl . oz. Sodium 0mg 0% Handling: Keep frozen. Product good for 7-10 days Total Carbohydrate 5g 2% thawed and refrigerated at 40° F and up to 24 months Sugars 1g frozen from manufactured date. Protein 0g Complimentary Flavors: Blueberry, white chocolate, Vitamin C 15% honey, almond Not a signifi cant source of calories from fat, saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, dietary fi ber, vitamin A, cal- Flavor Alternatives: Other high acid fruits like cium and iron. Passion Fruit Concentrate, Key Lime Concentrate and *Percent Daily Values are based on a 2,000 calorie diet. Blood Orange Concentrate Dilution Information Meyer Lemon Concentrate is stronger than straight Meyer lemon juice. Although it is mouth-puckering to taste, once blended with other ingredients it will not overpower a recipe and will remain true to the fl avor of fresh fruit. -
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA § 301.76–2
Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, USDA § 301.76–2 that the Administrator determines is or any State, territory, or possession of likely to persist for the foreseeable fu- the United States. ture. [75 FR 34332, June 17, 2010, as amended at 77 Inspector. An individual authorized FR 59712, Oct. 1, 2012] by the Administrator to perform the duties required under this subpart. § 301.76–2 Regulated articles for Asian Interstate. From any State into or citrus psyllid and citrus greening. through any other State. The following are regulated articles Limited permit. A document issued by for Asian citrus psyllid and citrus an inspector or person operating under greening: a compliance agreement to allow the (a) All plants and plant parts (includ- interstate movement of regulated arti- ing leaves), except fruit, of: Aegle cles to a specified destination, for spec- marmelos, Aeglopsis chevalieri, Afraegle ified handling, processing, or utiliza- gabonensis, A. paniculata, Amyris tion. madrensis, Atalantia spp. (including Moved (move, movement). Shipped, of- Atalantia monophylla), Balsamocitrus fered for shipment, received for trans- dawei, Bergera (=Murraya) koenigii, portation, transported, carried (wheth- Calodendrum capense, Choisya ternate, C. er on one’s person or by any other arizonica, X Citroncirus webberi, Citropsis means of conveyance), or allowed to be articulata, Citropsis gilletiana, Citrus moved, shipped, transported, or car- madurensis (= X Citrofortunella ried. For the purposes of this subpart, microcarpa), Citrus spp., Clausena movements include any type of ship- anisum-olens, C. excavata, C. indica, C. ment, including mail and Internet lansium, Eremocitrus glauca, Eremocitrus commerce. hybrid, Esenbeckia berlandieri, Nursery. Any commercial location Fortunella spp., Limonia acidissima, where nursery stock is grown, propa- Merrillia caloxylon, Microcitrus gated, stored, maintained, or sold, or australasica, M. -
California Department of Food and Agriculture
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE AMENDMENT TO THE PROCLAMATION OF AN EMERGENCY PROGRAM AGAINST THE HUANGLONGBING DISEASE FOR COMMUNITIES IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY Between March 30, 2012 to May 27, 2021, the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) confirmed the presence of the causative bacterial agent of the citrus disease huanglongbing (HLB) in citrus tree tissue collected in the cities of Cerritos, Compton, Duarte, El Monte, Hacienda Heights, La Mirada, La Puente, Lakewood, Long Beach, Montebello, Norwalk, Paramount, Pico Rivera, Rosemead, San Gabriel, Temple City, and Whittier in Los Angeles County. HLB is a devastating disease of citrus and is spread through feeding action by populations of the Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama. In order to determine the extent of the infestation, and to define an appropriate response area, additional surveys took place for several days over a 250-meter radius area, centered on the detection sites. Based on the results of the surveys, implementation of the CDFA’s ACP and HLB emergency response strategies are necessary for eradication and control. The Proclamation of Emergency Program and associated Notice of Treatment are valid until May 27, 2022, which is the amount of time necessary to determine that the treatment was successful. HLB is considered the most devastating disease of citrus in the world. In the United States, HLB’s unchecked spread in Florida starting in 2006 resulted in devastating impacts on the environment and economy. Symptoms of HLB include yellow shoots with mottling and chlorosis of the leaves, misshapen fruit, fruit that does not fully color, and fruit that has a very bitter taste, which makes it unfit for human consumption. -
Amendment 02 to the Notice of Treatment for the Asian
CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE OFFICIAL NOTICE FOR THE CITIES OF KERN COUNTY PLEASE READ IMMEDIATELY THE NOTICE OF TREATMENT FOR THE ASIAN CITRUS PSYLLID Between September 16, 2020 to October 30, 2020 the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) confirmed the presence of Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama, a harmful exotic pest in the cities of Arvin, Bakersfield, Edmundson Acres, Fuller Acres, Lamont, Maricopa, Mettler, Rosedale, and Weedpatch in Kern County. This detection indicate that a breeding population exists in the area. The devastating citrus disease Huanglongbing (HLB) is spread by the feeding action of ACP. The ACP infestation is sufficiently isolated and localized to be amenable to the CDFA’s ACP treatment work plan. A Program Environmental Impact Report (PEIR) has been certified which analyzes the ACP treatment program in accordance with Public Resources Code, Sections 21000 et seq. The PEIR is available at http://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/peir/. The treatment activities described below are consistent with the PEIR. In accordance with integrated pest management principles, CDFA has evaluated possible treatment methods and determined that there are no physical, cultural, or biological control methods available to eliminate the ACP from this area. Notice of Treatment is valid until October 30, 2021, which is the amount of time necessary to determine that the treatment was successful. The treatment plan for the ACP infestation will be implemented within a 50 to 400-meter radius of the ACP detection(s), as follows: • Tempo® SC Ultra (cyfluthrin), a contact insecticide for controlling the adults and nymphs of ACP, will be applied from the ground using hydraulic spray equipment to the foliage of host plants; and • Merit® 2F or CoreTect™ (imidacloprid), a systemic insecticide for controlling the immature life stages of ACP, will be applied to the soil underneath host plants. -
Citrus Problems – Sprouting Rootstock
CITRUS PROBLEMS – SPROUTING ROOTSTOCK The citrus trees you purchase at the nursery have all been grafted. That is, a desirable, named citrus variety, such as Owari satsuma or Meyer lemon, is grafted onto a rootstock that is a completely different type of citrus. Trifoliata orange (also called sour orange) is often used as the rootstock. The point where the graft was made (called the graft union) will generally appear as a swollen point or crook in the lower part of a trunk. When you purchase a young citrus tree, look for and find the graft union. Everything above the graft union is the desirable citrus tree – the satsuma, lemon, kumquat, orange or grapefruit – called the scion. Everything below the graft union is something else entirely – either trifoliata orange (Poncirus trifoliata Rubidoux) or Swingle citrumello – called the rootstock. The purpose of the rootstock is to provide a strong, vigorous root system that will produce a robust growing, productive tree. The advantage of the trifoliata root stock is that is also imparts increased cold hardiness to the upper part of the tree Once you have located the graft union on the trunk, you must never allow any shoots to sprout and grow from below the graft union. These shoots are called “suckers.” If you let these vigorous suckers grow, you are allowing something that is not your desirable citrus variety to grow. When a citrus tree produces atypical fruit, it generally means the rootstock has been allowed to sprout and grow. The trifoliata rootstock produces poor quality, seedy, sour, round yellow fruit. -
Federal Domestic Quarantine Order Huang Long Bing (Citrus Greening)
FEDERAL DOMESTIC QUARANTINE ORDER HUANG LONG BING (CITRUS GREENING) The purpose and goal of this order is to prevent the spread of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus through regulatory authority provided by Section 412(a) of the Plant Protection Act of June 20, 2000, as amended, 7 U.S.C. 7712(a), which authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to prohibit or restrict the movement in interstate commerce of any plant, plant part, or article if the Secretary determines that the prohibition or restriction is necessary to prevent the dissemination of a plant pest within the United States. The Administrator of APHIS considers it necessary, in order to prevent the dissemination of Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, to establish restrictions on the interstate movement of nursery stock from regulated areas in Florida as described in this Federal Order. Huanglongbing, (HLB), or citrus greening, a highly injurious disease of citrus caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus, was first detected in Miami-Dade County, Florida. On September 16, 2005, APHIS imposed restrictions on the interstate movement of all Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus host plant material, and Asian citrus psyllid (Diaphorina citri) host plant material, from within the quarantined area, in order to prevent the artificial spread of this disease (see attached memorandum to STATE AND TERRITORY AGRICULTURAL REGULATORY OFFICIALS, DA#2005-30; also found at: http://www.aphis.usda.gov/ppq/ep/citrus_greening/pdf_files/spro2005-30.pdf) Regulated Articles: Hosts of Huanglongbing (Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus). The following hosts are prohibited to be shipped or moved outside the quarantine area, including all live plants, budwood, and cuttings of: Aeglopsis chevalieri, Balsamocitrus dawei, Calodendrum capense, x Citrofortunella microcarpa, × Citroncirus webberi, Citrus spp., Clausena indica, C. -
Citrus from Seed?
Which citrus fruits will come true to type Orogrande, Tomatera, Fina, Nour, Hernandina, Clementard.) from seed? Ellendale Tom McClendon writes in Hardy Citrus Encore for the South East: Fortune Fremont (50% monoembryonic) “Most common citrus such as oranges, Temple grapefruit, lemons and most mandarins Ugli Umatilla are polyembryonic and will come true to Wilking type. Because most citrus have this trait, Highly polyembryonic citrus types : will mostly hybridization can be very difficult to produce nucellar polyembryonic seeds that will grow true to type. achieve…. This unique characteristic Citrus × aurantiifolia Mexican lime (Key lime, West allows amateurs to grow citrus from seed, Indian lime) something you can’t do with, say, Citrus × insitorum (×Citroncirus webberii) Citranges, such as Rusk, Troyer etc. apples.” [12*] Citrus × jambhiri ‘Rough lemon’, ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Otaheite’ lime Monoembryonic (don’t come true) Citrus × limettioides Palestine lime (Indian sweet lime) Citrus × microcarpa ‘Calamondin’ Meyer Lemon Citrus × paradisi Grapefruit (Marsh, Star Ruby, Nagami Kumquat Redblush, Chironja, Smooth Flat Seville) Marumi Kumquat Citrus × sinensis Sweet oranges (Blonde, navel and Pummelos blood oranges) Temple Tangor Citrus amblycarpa 'Nasnaran' mandarin Clementine Mandarin Citrus depressa ‘Shekwasha’ mandarin Citrus karna ‘Karna’, ‘Khatta’ Poncirus Trifoliata Citrus kinokuni ‘Kishu mandarin’ Citrus lycopersicaeformis ‘Kokni’ or ‘Monkey mandarin’ Polyembryonic (come true) Citrus macrophylla ‘Alemow’ Most Oranges Citrus reshni ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin Changshou Kumquat Citrus sunki (Citrus reticulata var. austera) Sour mandarin Meiwa Kumquat (mostly polyembryonic) Citrus trifoliata (Poncirus trifoliata) Trifoliate orange Most Satsumas and Tangerines The following mandarin varieties are polyembryonic: Most Lemons Dancy Most Limes Emperor Grapefruits Empress Tangelos Fairchild Kinnow Highly monoembryonic citrus types: Mediterranean (Avana, Tardivo di Ciaculli) Will produce zygotic monoembryonic seeds that will not Naartje come true to type. -
Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid
Known Host Plants of Huanglongbing (HLB) and Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina Liberibacter citri Plant Name asiaticus Citrus Huanglongbing Psyllid Aegle marmelos (L.) Corr. Serr.: bael, Bengal quince, golden apple, bela, milva X Aeglopsis chevalieri Swingle: Chevalier’s aeglopsis X X Afraegle gabonensis (Swingle) Engl.: Gabon powder-flask X Afraegle paniculata (Schum.) Engl.: Nigerian powder- flask X Artocarpus heterophyllus Lam.: jackfruit, jack, jaca, árbol del pan, jaqueiro X Atalantia missionis (Wall. ex Wight) Oliv.: see Pamburus missionis X X Atalantia monophylla (L.) Corr.: Indian atalantia X Balsamocitrus dawei Stapf: Uganda powder- flask X X Burkillanthus malaccensis (Ridl.) Swingle: Malay ghost-lime X Calodendrum capense Thunb.: Cape chestnut X × Citroncirus webberi J. Ingram & H. E. Moore: citrange X Citropsis gilletiana Swingle & M. Kellerman: Gillet’s cherry-orange X Citropsis schweinfurthii (Engl.) Swingle & Kellerm.: African cherry- orange X Citrus amblycarpa (Hassk.) Ochse: djerook leemo, djeruk-limau X Citrus aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle: lime, Key lime, Persian lime, lima, limón agrio, limón ceutí, lima mejicana, limero X X Citrus aurantium L.: sour orange, Seville orange, bigarde, marmalade orange, naranja agria, naranja amarga X Citrus depressa Hayata: shiikuwasha, shekwasha, sequasse X Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck: see Citrus maxima X Citrus hassaku hort. ex Tanaka: hassaku orange X Citrus hystrix DC.: Mauritius papeda, Kaffir lime X X Citrus ichangensis Swingle: Ichang papeda X Citrus jambhiri Lushington: rough lemon, jambhiri-orange, limón rugoso, rugoso X X Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka: xiang cheng, yuzu X Citrus kabuchi hort. ex Tanaka: this is not a published name; could they mean Citrus kinokuni hort. ex Tanaka, kishu mikan? X Citrus limon (L.) Burm.