WWII: the Road to War in Europe

9/3/2019

WWII: The Road to War in Europe

A Surface-Level Overview

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles • Placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany • Review: How was Germany treated and their allies after World War I? • Demanded that parts of Germany must be occupied by Allied troops for 15 years • Imposed severe military restrictions on Germany – German armed forces will number no more than 100,000 troops, and conscription must be abolished. – German naval forces will be limited to 15,000 men. NO MORE SUBS! – Import and export of weapons is prohibited. – Poison gas, armed aircraft, tanks and armored cars are prohibited. – Etc.

Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles • Germany lost control of its colonies and some of its European territory • Review: How was Germany treated after World War I? • Germany was forced to pay for the war • How could this be a cause of WWII? – In the end, Germany had to pay 132 billion marks in reparations to Allied countries – In today’s US dollars that would be equal to, roughly, $442 billion! – Germany made their final payment on October 4th, 2010

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What is Fascism?

• Authoritarian nationalism – Totalitarian (the state controls everything) FASCISM – One political party controls the state – One race or group is considered to be the (Or as I like to call it, Fa-Shizm!) best – No opposing ideas or actions are allowed – Mixed economy (some capitalism, some socialism), but the state controls it all

Japan – Emperor Hirohito 1931: Japan takes over Manchuria • Japan was trying to become an imperial power

USSR – Josef Stalin Italy – Benito Mussolini 1930s: Industrialization of USSR 1935: Italy Invades Ethiopia

• Totalitarian-Communist • Fascist = uses government violence to gain power • Forces industrialization • Invades Ethiopia • Weapons production • Wanted to create an Italian Empire

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Spain – Francisco Franco 1935-1939: Spanish Civil War

• Spanish Civil War • Gets help from Hitler and Mussolini

The Abraham Lincoln Brigade Fought in Spain,1936-1938

Salaria Kea

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Germany – Adolf Hitler George Orwell 1933: Nazis take power • Party: National Socialist Party • Goal: build up Germany’s military, expand, have a pure Germany »Fascist »White-supremacists »Only Aryans »No Jews, Romani, communists, mixed race, homosexuals

1. March 1938: Anschluss Germany annexes Austria

USSR GB G

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2. September 1938: The Sudetenland Munich Conference

• France and Great Britain agree to give Hitler the Sudetenland – The Sudetenland was a part of Czechoslovakia – Can countries give away parts of other countries?

Appeasement • giving up principles to pacify an aggressor… Do whatever it takes to NOT have war

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Sept 1938: MUNICH CONFERENCE Opposition to Appeasement

• Neville Chamberlain (GB): • Winston Churchill: “there has come back – “Britain and France from Germany peace had to choose between with honor. I believe war and dishonor. it is peace in our time.” They chose dishonor. They will have war.”

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3. March 1939: Hitler invades the rest of Czechoslovakia

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4. German-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact

• Secret treaty; HUGE surprise • G and USSR sign agreement not to fight each other 4 • Goal: no two front war! 2 • Divide up Poland 3 1

5. 1 September 1939: Germany invades Poland: WAR! • Blitzkrieg: “lightning war” – New German strategy using tanks and planes to overwhelm opponent

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German troops enter Warsaw

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September 1939- April 1940: 6. Spring 1940: Hitler on the move Phoney War • Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, • Nothing really happens…. Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg • What is Hitler going to do next? • How do France and Great Britain prepare? • What is the American response?

German troops burn a Norwegian village

Germany Invades France

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7. May 1940: British and French troops Evacuate at Dunkirk

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• http://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/dunkirk/14311.shtml • Clip from beach in Atonement

8. June 1940: France Surrenders

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Divided France 9. Battle of Britain: The Blitz

• Hitler tries to force GB to surrender by bombing London

Henri Petain The Blitz: September 7, 1940- leader of Vichy France May 11, 1941

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The Blitz: London

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Major Allied Powers Major Axis Powers • Germany • Great Britain – Adolf Hitler: leader of – Prime Minister National Socialist Party Winston Churchill (Nazis) • France • Italy – Charles de Gaulle – Benito Mussolini: leader • USSR (Russia) of Fascist Party – Josef Stalin • Japan • US – Emperor Hirohito – Pres. Roosevelt and then Pres. Truman

Europe- early 1941 Cautiously towards involvement “All aid short of war” - FDR

• Cash and Carry – US will sell weapons to GB 9 4 and F if they pay cash and 6 5 transport them in their own 7 ships British women carry 2 rifles sent by the US 8 3 – Theory: sell weapons to 1 keep US out of war • Increased defense spending • FDR reelected for 3rd term in 1940

FDR travels by train on the campaign trail

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Great Arsenal of Democracy • The US and Stalin – US extends Lend-Lease to USSR even though we did not “No man can tame a tiger into a kitten by stroking it” - FDR like communism or Stalin “If Hitler invaded Hell, the Brits would be • Lend-Lease Act (1941) prepared to work with the devil himself” – GB had no more money to - Winston Churchill (GB) pay for Cash and Carry • At Sea – Lend weapons to – FDR gives the US Navy countries whose “defense permission to was vital to the US” attack U-boats in self defense

http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/detail/3319 Start at -19:40

10. June 1941: Europe- late 1941 Hitler invades USSR

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Axis Powers 1942